Unit Four Unit Four

Learning Learning SkillsSkills

Reading-centered Activities

In-class Reading

Vocabularies

range (L.2) n. group or series of similar things,

selection or variety 种类 The new model comes in an exciting range

of colors. 这种新式样有各种鲜艳的颜色。 have a wide/narrow range of interests v. vary or extend between specified limits

在（特定范围之间）变化或变动。 a . Their ages range from 25 to 50. b. Prices range between $7 and $20.

Protection n.Protection n.

distinct (L.3) adj. 1) (distinct from sth.) clearly different or

belonging to a different type 不同的，有区别的

a. Although they look similar, these plants are actually quite distinct.

2) easily heard, seen, felt or understood 清楚的， 清晰的，明显的，明白的，明确的

a. The footprints are quite distinct, they must be fresh. 足迹清晰易辨，一定是不久留下的。

b. There was a distinct sense of embarrassment in the air. 周围的气氛中有一种明显的局促不安的感觉。

perpetual (L.4)

adj. (usu. Attrib.) continuing indefinitely, permanent （常作定语）永久的， 永恒的

a. the perpetual snow of Arctic 北极终年不化的积雪

permanent (adj.) lasting or expected to last for a long time or for ever 永久的， 永恒的

impermanent (adj.) not permanent temporary (adj.) not permanent

average (L.5) adj. 1) middle point between the two extremes of a

set of values 平均的 a. The average age of us soldiers who fought

in the war was 19. 2) of the usual or ordinary kind 普通的 a. The average student spends about two hours

a night doing homework. b. An average six-year-old child could

understand it. n. on (the) average： taking account of use

按平均数计算 a. We fail one student per year on average. 每

年都有一个学生不及格。

breed (L.6) n. 1) a particular type of animal or plant 品种 a. There was a tent at the show where they

had several rare breeds of animals. 2) a kind/type (of person) 类型 a. a new breed of politician b. A new breed of film-maker has taken over

Hollywood. 好莱坞的制片已被新一代所取代。

v. 1) (esp. passive) bring up, train, educate 养育，教育

a. a well-bred child 2) keep (animals) for the purpose of producing

young 饲养（动物） breed cattle, dogs, horses They bred racehorses.

cover (L.8) v. 1) put or spread sth. over 覆盖 a. She covered her knees with a blanket. b. The ground was covered with snow.2) deal with 涉及， 处理， 适用于 a. This leaflet covers what we’ve just discussed

in more details. b. Is that word covered in the dictionary? 这部

字典里有那个单词吗？ c. Do the rules cover a case like this? 3) travel (over a certain distance) 走（一段路

段） a. They covered 12 miles yesterday. b. How far can we cover a day?

maintain (L.17) v. 1) keep sth. in existence at the same level, or the

standard 保持 , 维持 a. Despite living in different countries, the two

families have maintained close links. b. The improvement in his health is being

maintained. 他的健康状况仍在继续好转。2) keep (sth.) in good condition 保养， 维修， a well-maintained house He maintained his house very well.3) express firmly sth is true 断言（某事）属实，

坚持 a. She maintained that she was not to blame. b. He maintained that he was innocent.

adept (L.31) adj. expert or skillful in (doing) sth. 内行的， 熟练的

She is adept at (in) growing roses. He was adept in making up excuses for his

lateness. adapt v. 改编；适应 a. This novel has been adapted for TV. b. She adapted herself quickly to the new

climate. adopt v. 采纳， 采用， 采取，收养 The government adopted a hard line

towards terrorists. 政府对恐怖分子采取强硬态度。

She is thinking of adopting an orphan.

literally (L.52) adv. 1) in a literal manner, strictly 照原文，精确地 Don’t take what he says about his fishing

trip literally. 关于他所说的钓鱼的事，你不必全当真。

translate literally

2) really 确实地 a. There were literally millions of tourists in

the village over the weekend. b. His face was literally blue with anger.

Difficult Sentences

1.This same range from one extreme to the other can also be observed in their study habits. (L.2---3)

---It is likely that students differ greatly from one another in their study habits.

2. The perpetual studier is a rare breed indeed. But they exist and they aren’t very hard to spot. (L.6)

---The perpetual studier is very unusual. But there are this kind of students and we can easily find them among other students.

3. They don’t talk to anyone except to answer questions, and that only at the end of class when the lecture is over.(L.8--9)

---They only talk to others to answer questions at the end of class when the lecture is over. Otherwise they don’t talk to anyone at all.

5. If they are bored and they are on a borderline D, they might do some homework. (L.38)

---If they become tired and impatient and if they are on the verge of failing in the exam, they will probably do some homework.

6. They enjoy disrupting class, and if left alone they will infect a classroom much like cancer infects a body. (L.45)

---They love making troubles and bringing the class into disorder. And if they are left to do whatever they want to, they will easily affect the whole class just like cancer spreads over the whole body.

After-class Reading

Take Charge of Your Learning

Vocabulary

tend (L.6) v. 1) be likely to 倾向， 趋向 I tend to go to bed earlier during the winter. He tends to get angry when people oppose to

his plan.

2) take care of 照料， 照看 a. She will tend the injured. b. The nurse skillfully tended their wounds.

supplement (L.23) v. add to or complete sth. with sth. else 增加

或补充 a. She supplements her diet with eggs and

fruit.

n. 1) thing added to sth. else to improve it 增加或补充 a. The money I get from teaching the piano is a useful supplement to my ordinary income.

2) （报纸的）增刊 a. the color supplements of the Sunday

newspaper.

deduce (L.42) v. arrive at (facts, a theory etc.) by reasoning 演绎，推论

a. What do you deduce from these facts? induce: v. 1) persuade or influence sb. to do sth. 劝诱或

促使（某人）做某事 a. We can’t induce the old lady to travel by

air.2) lead or cause sb. to do sth. 导致或使得（某

人）做某事 a. What induced you to do such a stupid

thing?3) bring about, cause 产生， 造成 a. illness induced by overwork

Difficult sentences

1. … even if it means that sometimes you will have to disregard some of your teacher’s approaches or other people’s suggestions. (L.3)

即使这意味着有时你必须忽视老师的某些方法或其他人的一些建议。

2. The language must, in some sense, become a part of you rather than remain an external mechanical system that you manipulate according to a set of instructions. (L.14---16)

在某种意义上，你必须使这种语言成为你的一部分，而不是把它仅看作一个可以根据一套说明指令便可操作的机械体系。

3. One can describe rather precisely what is involved in bicycle riding, but until a learner actually gets on the bike and falls off a few times, no meaningful learning can take place.(L.17---19)

你可以准确无误的描述出如何才能把车骑好的技巧，但是，只有当学习者真正的骑上车并摔几次跤时他才算开始了有意义的学习。

4. For instance, if your goal is to have a good accent, you can work independently on your pronunciation if it is not stressed in your course. (L.24---26)

例如，你的目标是有个良好的发音而这在你所学的课程中未得到强调，那么你就可以通过自学来提高你的发音。

5. Also note whether you find written or oral exercises more helpful and whether you retain a rule better when it is given to you before practice or when you deduce your own rule from examples presented to you. (L. 40---42)

你也要弄清楚自己认为笔头还是口头练习更有帮助，是在实践这些学习规律还是自己从得到的范例中总结规律，使你能更好的掌握规律。

Myths and Misconceptions about Reading

Vocabulary

distinguish (L.4) v. 1) recognize the difference 区别， 辨别 a. People who can’t distinguish between colors are

called color-blind. b. The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one

from the other. 2) show the difference 显示差别 a. The male is distinguished (from the female) by it

mouth. 3) be a characteristic mark of sb. or sth., make sb. or sth.

different 某人或某物的特征， 使某人或某物有所不同

a. Speech distinguishes human beings from the animals. 4) manage to see, hear 看清， 听清

a. distinguish distant objects 5) distinguish oneself, deserve to be noticed by doing sth. well 出名 a. She distinguished herself by her coolness and

bravery.

vary (L.21) v. 1) be different in size, strength 呈现不同 a. The results of the experiment varied widely. 2) change, esp. according to some factor 改变， 变动 a. Prices vary with the seasons. b. Her mood varied from optimism to extreme

depression. 3) make sth. different by introducing changes 使某物改变 a. vary the pace differ v. 1) be different from sth. in quality, features 不同，相异 Humans differ from other animals in their ability to

speak.2) have an unlike or opposite opinion, disagree 发生分歧 He differed with his brother over a question.

assimilate (L.60) v. 1) (allow sb./sth to) become a part of

another social group 同化 a. The USA has assimilated people

from many different countries.

2) absorb (ideas, knowledge) 吸收（思想，知识）

a. Children in school are expected to assimilate what they have been taught.

3) make sth. similar to sth. 尤用于被动态，使相似

plot (L.70) n. 1) a secret plan, involving several people to do

sth. harmful or illegal （秘密）计划，密谋

a. There have been rumors of a plot to overthrow the president.

2) the set of connected events that a story, film is based on 情节

a. The plot of this novel was so complicated that I couldn’t follow it.

3) a small piece of land for building or growing things on小块地

a. I grow roses on my little plot of land.

Difficult sentences

1. If you concentrate on each word in print, you create comprehension problems for yourself. (L.1)

如果你专注于书面上印出的每个字，你的理解就很可能出现偏差。

2. The inefficient reader sends to the brain such “weak signals” ---seemingly unrelated chunks of information--- that the brain loses its focus on reading and gets distracted or bored. (L.5---7)

低效率的读者反馈给大脑的是如此“微弱的信号” ------- 看似不相联的信息 ------- 以至于大脑丧失了对阅读的注意力而分心或变的厌倦。

3. While you cannot eliminate mentally hearing all words when you read, too much subvocalization reduces your reading rate by as much as 50%. (L.27)

如果阅读时你不能从思想上消除默读，那么太多的默读会使你的阅读速度降低 50% 。

4. The smooth, logical flow of thought is broken if you continuously go back over sentences while reading. (L.34)

在阅读中，不断的重读句子会打断流畅的逻辑思维。

5. If you try to remember every thing, you can wind up remembering very little and become frustrated because of the tremendous task you have imposed on yourself. (L.46)

如果你试图记住所有内容，最终你记住的可能是很小一部分，而且你也会因为强加于自己的巨大的工作量巨大以至沮丧不已。