Unit Four: Unit Four: Justice, Human Rights, Conflict Justice, Human Rights, Conflict

and Genocideand Genocide

JusticeJustice

the quality of being just or fair the quality of being just or fair the administration of law; the act of determining rights the administration of law; the act of determining rights and assigning rewards or punishmentsand assigning rewards or punishmentsJustice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and Justice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and persons.persons.equitable: implying justice dictated by reason, equitable: implying justice dictated by reason, conscience, and a natural sense of what is fair to allconscience, and a natural sense of what is fair to allthe quality of being just; righteousness, equitableness, or the quality of being just; righteousness, equitableness, or moral rightnessmoral rightnessthe moral principle determining just conduct.the moral principle determining just conduct.the administering of deserved punishment or rewardthe administering of deserved punishment or rewardJusticeJustice concerns the proper ordering of concerns the proper ordering of thingsthings and and personspersons within a within a societysociety

Human RightsHuman RightsHuman Rights are the rights that are considered by Human Rights are the rights that are considered by most societies to belong automatically to everyone. most societies to belong automatically to everyone. For example, the rights to freedom, justice and For example, the rights to freedom, justice and equality should be universal human rights.equality should be universal human rights.Universal Declaration of Human Universal Declaration of Human

Rights:Rights:Adopted by General Assembly of Adopted by General Assembly of UNUNProclaimed December 10, 1948Proclaimed December 10, 1948Declared that the inherent dignity Declared that the inherent dignity and equal rights of all people is the and equal rights of all people is the foundation for freedom, justice and foundation for freedom, justice and peace in the worldpeace in the worldDeclared that the members of the Declared that the members of the UN are to determined to promote UN are to determined to promote social progress, better international social progress, better international standards of life and promote standards of life and promote universal respect for and universal respect for and observance of human rights and observance of human rights and fundamental freedomsfundamental freedoms30 Articles in total30 Articles in total

Eleanor Roosevelt - chaired the United Nations (UN) Commission on Human Rights that was responsible for the drafting of the document

Article 1Article 1: All humans are born free and equal in dignity : All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights...should act towards each other in a spirit of and rights...should act towards each other in a spirit of brotherhoodbrotherhoodArticle 2Article 2: Everyone is entitled to the rights and freedoms : Everyone is entitled to the rights and freedoms in this Declaration, regardless of race, colour, sex, in this Declaration, regardless of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, political, or social origin, property, birth or other status, political, or international status of the country or territory to which a international status of the country or territory to which a person belongsperson belongsArticle 3Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the : Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of personsecurity of personArticle 4Article 4: No one shall be held in slavery: No one shall be held in slaveryArticle 5Article 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, : No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 7Article 7: All people are equal before the law and : All people are equal before the law and deserve the same legal protection against violations deserve the same legal protection against violations against this declarationagainst this declaration

Article 9Article 9: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest : No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or exileor exile

Article 10Article 10: Everyone is entitled to a fair hearing : Everyone is entitled to a fair hearing regarding any criminal charge placed against themregarding any criminal charge placed against them

Article 13Article 13: Everyone is entitled to freedom of : Everyone is entitled to freedom of movement, both within a country and beyondmovement, both within a country and beyond

Article 16Article 16: Every man and woman, of full age, are : Every man and woman, of full age, are entitled to marry and form a family entitled to marry and form a family

Article 18Article 18: Everyone is entitled to freedom of thought : Everyone is entitled to freedom of thought and religionand religion

Article 19:Article 19: Everyone is entitled to the freedom of opinion Everyone is entitled to the freedom of opinion and expressionand expression

Article 21Article 21: Everyone has the right to participate in their : Everyone has the right to participate in their country’s government, whose authority will be expressed country’s government, whose authority will be expressed in periodic and authentic free electionsin periodic and authentic free elections

Article 23Article 23: Everyone has the right to work, to chose their : Everyone has the right to work, to chose their employment, to protection against unemployment and employment, to protection against unemployment and unfavourable working conditions, equal pay for equal unfavourable working conditions, equal pay for equal work and to form trade unionswork and to form trade unions

Article 24Article 24: Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, : Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.periodic holidays with pay.

Article 25Article 25: Everyone has the right to a standard of living : Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of themselves adequate for the health and well-being of themselves and their family, including food, clothing, housing and and their family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.in circumstances beyond his control.

Article 26Article 26: Everyone has the right to education: Everyone has the right to education

Article 27Article 27: Everyone has the right freely to participate in : Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.share in scientific advancement and its benefits.

Canadian Charter of Rights and Canadian Charter of Rights and FreedomsFreedoms

First part of the “Constitution Act” First part of the “Constitution Act” Established April 17, 1982Established April 17, 1982

Preceded by the Bill of RightsPreceded by the Bill of Rights Fairly ineffective and had no authority over Fairly ineffective and had no authority over

provincesprovinces

Charter more applicable to the lawCharter more applicable to the law Limits abilities of governments to take actions Limits abilities of governments to take actions

which infringe on people’s human rightswhich infringe on people’s human rights

34 articles in total34 articles in total

Article 2Article 2: Everyone has the following fundamental : Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms: freedoms: aa) freedom of conscience and religion;) freedom of conscience and religion; bb) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, ) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression,

including freedom of the press and other media of including freedom of the press and other media of communication; communication;

cc) freedom of peaceful assembly; ) freedom of peaceful assembly; dd) freedom of association. ) freedom of association. Article 3Article 3: Every Canadian citizen has the right to vote: Every Canadian citizen has the right to voteArticle 4Article 4: No government shall last more than 5 years: No government shall last more than 5 years

Article 6Article 6: Every citizen of Canada has the right to enter, : Every citizen of Canada has the right to enter,

remain in and leave Canadaremain in and leave Canada

Article 8Article 8: Everyone has the right to be secure from : Everyone has the right to be secure from unreasonable searchunreasonable search

Article 9Article 9: Everyone has the right to not be arbitrarily : Everyone has the right to not be arbitrarily detained or imprisoneddetained or imprisoned

Article 12Article 12: Everyone has the right to not be subjected to : Everyone has the right to not be subjected to cruel or unusual punishmentcruel or unusual punishment

Article 15Article 15: Everyone is equal under the law: Everyone is equal under the law

Article 16Article 16: English and French are the official languages : English and French are the official languages of Canada, and have equal rights to be used in of Canada, and have equal rights to be used in governmental proceedingsgovernmental proceedings

Article 23Article 23: Everyone is entitled to education in both the : Everyone is entitled to education in both the majority and minority language of the provincemajority and minority language of the provinceArticle 24Article 24: Everyone whose rights under this Act have : Everyone whose rights under this Act have been violated has a right to judicial proceedingsbeen violated has a right to judicial proceedingsArticle 25Article 25: The rights outlined in this Charter are not : The rights outlined in this Charter are not meant to take away from the rights of the Aboriginal meant to take away from the rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada (including those rights outlines by peoples of Canada (including those rights outlines by treaties)treaties)Article 26Article 26: This charter should not deny the existence of : This charter should not deny the existence of any other rights or freedoms that exist in Canada  any other rights or freedoms that exist in Canada  Article 27Article 27: This charter shall be interpreted in a way that : This charter shall be interpreted in a way that also preserves and enhances the multicultural heritage also preserves and enhances the multicultural heritage of Canadaof CanadaArticle 28Article 28: The rights outlined in this charter apply : The rights outlined in this charter apply equally to men and womenequally to men and women

Apartheid in South AfricaIn 1652 the Dutch came to settle in South Africa and claimed the land as their own.

They subjugated many Africans and forced them to work as servants and slaves.

In 1806, Great Britain took the colony from the Dutch; When diamonds and gold were discovered, the British forced South African Natives off the mineral-rich land.

In 1948 the racist Nationalist Party was elected to power and the government established an official policy called “apartheid.” This was an attempt to completely separate the small number of British and Dutch from the South African Native majority.

In 1958, the government separated the groups by making native South Africans live on reserves, or homelands.

Shanty towns were also created – overcrowded towns full of poorly built shacks on the edges of cities. These shanty towns became centers for groups who resisted the white government.

Thousands resisted apartheid by refusing to work, refusing to buy white products, going into “white only” areas, and marching in nonviolent demonstrations.

Most native men had to leave their homeland to find work in mines or factories while women raised whatever crops they could.

In 1986, the white South African government tried to destroy those who resisted apartheid. Still, native South Africans increased their actions against the government.

In 1994, the government agreed to an open elections. The African National Congress, the largest anti-apartheid party, won.

Nelson Mandela became the new president of South Africa.

Israel and Palestine Conflict:Israel and Palestine Conflict:BackgroundBackground

Ground Zero for Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.Ground Zero for Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.Judaism: Israel = Biblical “Promised Land”Judaism: Israel = Biblical “Promised Land”

Occupied by Moses and Hebrews around 1000 B.C.Occupied by Moses and Hebrews around 1000 B.C.

Invaded and occupied by PhilistinesInvaded and occupied by Philistines Greeks and Romans call it “Land of Philistines”, which Greeks and Romans call it “Land of Philistines”, which

becomes Palestine.becomes Palestine.

Region of Jesus Christ’s birth, ministry, and death.Region of Jesus Christ’s birth, ministry, and death.““Ownership” changes hands frequently.Ownership” changes hands frequently.Muslims capture in 640Muslims capture in 640

built Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem in 691built Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem in 691Spot where Mohammed stopped on his way to heaven.Spot where Mohammed stopped on his way to heaven.

Holiest site in Islam outside Saudi Arabia.Holiest site in Islam outside Saudi Arabia.

Ottoman Turks control from 1500’s-1900’s.Ottoman Turks control from 1500’s-1900’s.

Balfour DeclarationBalfour DeclarationEuropean Jews face persecution in late 1800’s.European Jews face persecution in late 1800’s. Founded movement called Zionism to establish Jewish Founded movement called Zionism to establish Jewish

homeland in Palestine.homeland in Palestine.Begin establishing communities in Palestine prior to Begin establishing communities in Palestine prior to World War One.World War One.

British Foreign Secretary Balfour supported the idea British Foreign Secretary Balfour supported the idea of a “national home” for the Jews.of a “national home” for the Jews. Hoped to gain Jewish support for World War One.Hoped to gain Jewish support for World War One. Balfour Declaration endorses this homeland as well as an Balfour Declaration endorses this homeland as well as an

independent state for Arabs.independent state for Arabs.Arabs interpret the independent state clause to specify Arabs interpret the independent state clause to specify Palestine; British say that isn’t what they had in mind. Palestine; British say that isn’t what they had in mind.

The British MandateThe British Mandate

Ottoman Turks on losing side of WW I;Ottoman Turks on losing side of WW I;British gain control of Palestine in 1920.British gain control of Palestine in 1920. 90k Jews90k Jews

Palestinians and Jews begin arming themselves and Palestinians and Jews begin arming themselves and conducting terrorist attacks against their counterparts.conducting terrorist attacks against their counterparts.Rise of Nazism brings flood of new Jewish settlers to Rise of Nazism brings flood of new Jewish settlers to Palestine from Europe in 1930’s.Palestine from Europe in 1930’s.UN votes to divide Palestine into Jewish and Arab UN votes to divide Palestine into Jewish and Arab states in 1947, giving the Jews 55% of the land west of states in 1947, giving the Jews 55% of the land west of the Jordan River and designating Jerusalem as an the Jordan River and designating Jerusalem as an international enclave. international enclave.

Arab-Israeli War of 1948Arab-Israeli War of 1948

14 May 1948: Zionist leader David Ben-Gurion 14 May 1948: Zionist leader David Ben-Gurion declares that Israel is an independent state.declares that Israel is an independent state.Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, and Iraq Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, and Iraq invade on 15 May.invade on 15 May.Fighting continues until Jan 1949.Fighting continues until Jan 1949.Israel prevails and gains territory in Galilee to the Israel prevails and gains territory in Galilee to the north and the Negev Desert to the south.north and the Negev Desert to the south.Jerusalem is divided between Israel and Jordan.Jerusalem is divided between Israel and Jordan.Fate of 700k Palestinian refugees is left Fate of 700k Palestinian refugees is left undecided.undecided.

Arab-Israeli War of 1956Arab-Israeli War of 1956

USSR signs arms agreement with Egypt in USSR signs arms agreement with Egypt in 1955.1955.

Israelis feel threatened by arms build up and Israelis feel threatened by arms build up and launch pre-emptive strike against Egypt.launch pre-emptive strike against Egypt. Attack and seize the Sinai and Gaza Strip.Attack and seize the Sinai and Gaza Strip.

Relinquished in 1957.Relinquished in 1957.

French and British retake Suez Canal which French and British retake Suez Canal which Egypt had seized several months earlier.Egypt had seized several months earlier.

UN establishes peace keeping force in Sinai that UN establishes peace keeping force in Sinai that is still in place today.is still in place today.

Arafat and the PLOArafat and the PLO

Arafat forms Al-Fatah (Palestinian National Arafat forms Al-Fatah (Palestinian National Liberation Front) in 1959.Liberation Front) in 1959. Goal was to liberate Palestine from Israel through guerilla Goal was to liberate Palestine from Israel through guerilla

warfare.warfare.

Variety of Palestinian factions form the Palestinian Variety of Palestinian factions form the Palestinian Liberation Organization in 1964.Liberation Organization in 1964. Arafat becomes chairman in 1969.Arafat becomes chairman in 1969. Charter calls for elimination of state of Israel.Charter calls for elimination of state of Israel.

Hussien feels threatened and expels PLO from Hussien feels threatened and expels PLO from Jordan in 1970.Jordan in 1970. Arafat moves HQ to Lebanon.Arafat moves HQ to Lebanon. PLO driven out of Lebanon by Israel in 1982.PLO driven out of Lebanon by Israel in 1982.

Six Day WarSix Day War

5-10 June 19675-10 June 1967Egypt, Jordan, and Syria begin military mobilization.Egypt, Jordan, and Syria begin military mobilization.Israel launches surprise pre-emptive strike.Israel launches surprise pre-emptive strike. Destroys most of Egyptian Air Force on the ground.Destroys most of Egyptian Air Force on the ground.

Knocked out 350 aircraft in first three hours.Knocked out 350 aircraft in first three hours. Armored forces supported by air and infantry quickly Armored forces supported by air and infantry quickly

take Sinai, Golan Heights, West Bank (including take Sinai, Golan Heights, West Bank (including Arab portion of Jerusalem, and Gaza.Arab portion of Jerusalem, and Gaza.

Destroyed over 200 Arab tanks in two days.Destroyed over 200 Arab tanks in two days.

UN arranges cease-fire, but terms did not specify UN arranges cease-fire, but terms did not specify exactly what land Israel was required to give up.exactly what land Israel was required to give up.

Yom Kippur WarYom Kippur War

6 Oct 1973 Egypt and Syria launch surprise attack on holiest 6 Oct 1973 Egypt and Syria launch surprise attack on holiest day of Jewish year.day of Jewish year.IDF not fully mobilized and is initially pushed back.IDF not fully mobilized and is initially pushed back.Arab integrated air defenses and anti-tank missiles take heavy Arab integrated air defenses and anti-tank missiles take heavy toll on IDF.toll on IDF.10-14 Oct IDF pushed Syrians out of Golan and entered Syria.10-14 Oct IDF pushed Syrians out of Golan and entered Syria.15-24 Oct IDF pushes Egyptians back across the Suez.15-24 Oct IDF pushes Egyptians back across the Suez.

Soviets threaten to intervene when Egyptians are Soviets threaten to intervene when Egyptians are surrounded.surrounded.

Kissinger/US convince Israel to accept truce.Kissinger/US convince Israel to accept truce.Israeli invincibility brought into question; Arabs emboldened.Israeli invincibility brought into question; Arabs emboldened.

OPEC doubles oil prices and embargoes Israeli supporters.OPEC doubles oil prices and embargoes Israeli supporters.

LebanonLebanon

Israel launches air strikes against PLO positions in Israel launches air strikes against PLO positions in Lebanon in retaliation for terrorist attacks.Lebanon in retaliation for terrorist attacks.Subsequently invades Lebanon and surrounds Subsequently invades Lebanon and surrounds Beirut in 1982.Beirut in 1982.

US-led UN coalition establishes presence US-led UN coalition establishes presence ashore to keep the peace.ashore to keep the peace.

Departs after bombing of barracks.Departs after bombing of barracks. PLO agrees to leave Beirut.PLO agrees to leave Beirut.

Israel completes withdrawal of its troops from Israel completes withdrawal of its troops from Lebanon in May 2000.Lebanon in May 2000.

Nearly 1k IDF soldiers killed during 22 year Nearly 1k IDF soldiers killed during 22 year occupation.occupation.

Peace AccordsPeace Accords

Camp David 1979Camp David 1979 Egypt recognizes Israel’s right to exist.Egypt recognizes Israel’s right to exist. Israel returns Sinai to Egypt.Israel returns Sinai to Egypt. Leads to Sadat’s assassination in 1981.Leads to Sadat’s assassination in 1981.

Oslo Accords 1993Oslo Accords 1993 Israel and PLO accept each other’s right to exist.Israel and PLO accept each other’s right to exist. Allows limited Palestinian self-rule in Gaza and Allows limited Palestinian self-rule in Gaza and

Jericho.Jericho. Establishes framework for settlement of Gaza and Establishes framework for settlement of Gaza and

West Bank issues.West Bank issues. Leads to Rabin’s assassination in 1995.Leads to Rabin’s assassination in 1995.

Peace AccordsPeace Accords

Wye River Accords 1998Wye River Accords 1998 Arafat agrees to crack down on terrorists.Arafat agrees to crack down on terrorists. Israeli will pull troops back from occupied Israeli will pull troops back from occupied

territories.territories. 14.2 percent of the West Bank land will be 14.2 percent of the West Bank land will be

transferred to Palestinian control.transferred to Palestinian control. Safe passage corridors will be established Safe passage corridors will be established

for Palestinians between Gaza and the for Palestinians between Gaza and the West Bank.West Bank.

750 Palestinians will be released from 750 Palestinians will be released from Israeli prisons.Israeli prisons.

Where Do We Stand?Where Do We Stand?

Israel has begun implementing its provisions from Wye.Israel has begun implementing its provisions from Wye.Many blame Arafat for terrorism; he argues it is beyond his control.Many blame Arafat for terrorism; he argues it is beyond his control.Both sides constrained by hard-liners among their backers.Both sides constrained by hard-liners among their backers.Former Israeli Prime Minister Sharon visits Temple Mount in Former Israeli Prime Minister Sharon visits Temple Mount in Jerusalem in Sept 2000, spurring a rash of riots and terrorism by Jerusalem in Sept 2000, spurring a rash of riots and terrorism by Palestinians.Palestinians.

Israel responds to riots with force.Israel responds to riots with force.

Guns beat rocks…Guns beat rocks… Status of Jerusalem and religious sites is the critical issue for Status of Jerusalem and religious sites is the critical issue for

both sides, and the issue that is least open to compromise.both sides, and the issue that is least open to compromise.

Both sides claim as their capital.Both sides claim as their capital.Boundaries of Palestinian state also still at issue.Boundaries of Palestinian state also still at issue.Conflict simmers to this day; there are frequent moments of violence Conflict simmers to this day; there are frequent moments of violence halted only after further loss of life.halted only after further loss of life.

GenocideGenocide

United Nations definition:United Nations definition: Intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, Intent to destroy in whole or in part a national,

ethnic, racial or religious groupethnic, racial or religious group

Genocide occurs in 8 stagesGenocide occurs in 8 stages Stages can occur simultaneouslyStages can occur simultaneously Earlier ones must occur before later ones, but Earlier ones must occur before later ones, but

earlier ones can continue over timeearlier ones can continue over time Things can be done at each stage to combat Things can be done at each stage to combat

genocide from occurringgenocide from occurring

ClassificationClassification

Societies are distinguished into “us” and Societies are distinguished into “us” and “them”“them” By ethnicity, race, religion or nationalityBy ethnicity, race, religion or nationality

The main way of preventing genocide at The main way of preventing genocide at this early stage is to develop opportunities this early stage is to develop opportunities in a society for people to work and live in a society for people to work and live together who are from different ethnic, together who are from different ethnic, social, national or religious backgroundssocial, national or religious backgrounds

SymbolizationSymbolization

Give names or symbols to the classified groupsGive names or symbols to the classified groupsDistinguish by name, dress (e.g. Yellow stars Distinguish by name, dress (e.g. Yellow stars during Holocaust)during Holocaust)Classification and symbolization are universally Classification and symbolization are universally human and can be imposed on a group by human and can be imposed on a group by themselvesthemselves Not always a problem to have a symbol Not always a problem to have a symbol

representing a group, only when it results in representing a group, only when it results in discriminationdiscrimination

Can combat this by legally forbidding hate Can combat this by legally forbidding hate symbols and literaturesymbols and literature But only successful when supported by societyBut only successful when supported by society

DehumanizationDehumanization

Dehumanization is when one group treats Dehumanization is when one group treats another group as second class citizens or another group as second class citizens or worseworse may be compared with animals, parasites, insects may be compared with animals, parasites, insects

or diseasesor diseases

When a group of people is thought of as “less When a group of people is thought of as “less than human” it is easier for the group in than human” it is easier for the group in control to murder them.control to murder them.Hate propaganda in print and on hate radios is Hate propaganda in print and on hate radios is used to make the victims seem like villains.used to make the victims seem like villains.

OrganizationOrganization

Always organized, usually by the state, Always organized, usually by the state, though sometimes informally or by though sometimes informally or by terrorist groups terrorist groups

Special army units or militias are often Special army units or militias are often trained and armedtrained and armed

Plans are made for murderPlans are made for murder

PolarizationPolarization

Extremists drive the groups apart. Extremists drive the groups apart. Hate groups broadcast propaganda that Hate groups broadcast propaganda that reinforces prejudice and hate. reinforces prejudice and hate. Laws may forbid intermarriage or social Laws may forbid intermarriage or social interaction between the groupsinteraction between the groupsModerates are targeted and intimidated Moderates are targeted and intimidated into silenceinto silenceModerate leaders are those best able to Moderate leaders are those best able to prevent genocide and they are often the prevent genocide and they are often the first to be assassinated.first to be assassinated.

PreparationPreparation

Victims are identified and separatedVictims are identified and separated Segregated into confined living quarters, Segregated into confined living quarters,

concentration camps or restricted to famine-concentration camps or restricted to famine-struck region and starvedstruck region and starved

Death lists are drawn up. Death lists are drawn up.

Members of victim groups are forced to Members of victim groups are forced to wear or carry identifyingwear or carry identifying

At this stage, an international Genocide At this stage, an international Genocide Alert must be calledAlert must be called

ExterminationExtermination

Extermination begins, and quickly becomes Extermination begins, and quickly becomes the mass killing legally called "genocide.“the mass killing legally called "genocide.“ Called "extermination" by the killers because they Called "extermination" by the killers because they

do not believe their victims to be fully human do not believe their victims to be fully human

Sometimes the genocide results in revenge Sometimes the genocide results in revenge killings by groups against each other, killings by groups against each other, creating the downward cycle of mutual creating the downward cycle of mutual genocide where the victims actually organize genocide where the victims actually organize and commit a second genocide on the and commit a second genocide on the perpetrators.perpetrators.

DenialDenialDenial is among the surest indicators of Denial is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres. further genocidal massacres. The perpetrators try to cover up the evidence The perpetrators try to cover up the evidence and intimidate the witnesses. and intimidate the witnesses. Deny that they committed any crimes, and often Deny that they committed any crimes, and often

blame what happened on the victimsblame what happened on the victims They block investigations of the crimes, and They block investigations of the crimes, and

continue to govern until driven from power by continue to govern until driven from power by force, when they flee into exile. force, when they flee into exile.

Leaders of the genocide continue to deny the Leaders of the genocide continue to deny the crime unless they are captured and a tribunal crime unless they are captured and a tribunal is established to try themis established to try them

““More than 50 million people were More than 50 million people were systematically murdered in the past 100 systematically murdered in the past 100 years- the century of mass murder.”years- the century of mass murder.”

““In sheer numbers, these and other In sheer numbers, these and other killings make the 20killings make the 20thth century the century the bloodiest period in human history.” bloodiest period in human history.”

National Geo. 2006

Genocide in HistoryGenocide in History

There are many cases of Genocide which have existed There are many cases of Genocide which have existed throughout our history dating back to biblical times. throughout our history dating back to biblical times.

Genocides From 1500-1950Genocides From 1500-1950 The Native Canadian people (Mi’kmaw, Beothuk)The Native Canadian people (Mi’kmaw, Beothuk) The Congo 1820-1920 The Congo 1820-1920 Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire (1932–1933)(1932–1933) Holodomor Holodomor World War IIWorld War II Mao ZedongMao Zedong

Native CanadiansNative Canadians

After the arrival of the Europeans in 1492- After the arrival of the Europeans in 1492- Native populations began to drastically Native populations began to drastically decrease. decrease. Some methods of genocide included Some methods of genocide included MurderMurder Infected smallpox blanketsInfected smallpox blankets Scalping ProclamationsScalping Proclamations TreatiesTreaties Centralization (1942)Centralization (1942) The Indian Act (Residential Schools) 1928-1982The Indian Act (Residential Schools) 1928-1982

Population declined 80-90% in the first 100 years

The CongoThe Congo

The population decreased due to murder, The population decreased due to murder, disease, starvation. disease, starvation. Congo “Free State” was privately owned Congo “Free State” was privately owned by King Leopold II and he started the by King Leopold II and he started the mass murders and slave labor.mass murders and slave labor.

21.5 million people died in Congo

from 1880-1920

Holodomor 1932-1933Holodomor 1932-1933

Famine was the act of Genocide committed by theFamine was the act of Genocide committed by the Soviet GovernmentSoviet Government

In 1932 the Soviets increased grain production 44%, In 1932 the Soviets increased grain production 44%, which resulted in Grain Shortage- the peasants could which resulted in Grain Shortage- the peasants could not feed themselves. The Soviet knew this, but would not feed themselves. The Soviet knew this, but would not let them eat (by law) until the quota was met. not let them eat (by law) until the quota was met.

They could not travel for food.They could not travel for food.

Stalin states that “Stalin states that “"the great bulk (of the 10 million) "the great bulk (of the 10 million) were very unpopular and were wiped out by their were very unpopular and were wiped out by their labourers."labourers."

7,000,000 to 15,000,000 people, mostly Ukrainians, died

Armenian Genocide (1915-1923)Armenian Genocide (1915-1923)

The Ottoman Empire (Turkish) existed from The Ottoman Empire (Turkish) existed from 1299 to 1923. They were responsible for the 1299 to 1923. They were responsible for the following:following: Deportation of 2,000,000 from their homeland- Deportation of 2,000,000 from their homeland-

1,500,000 of the men, women and children were then 1,500,000 of the men, women and children were then murdered.murdered.

500,000 were expelled from the Armenian homeland 500,000 were expelled from the Armenian homeland which existed for 2,500 years.which existed for 2,500 years.

The Turkish government disputes these chargesThe Turkish government disputes these charges 15 countries agree (France and Russia)15 countries agree (France and Russia)

Up to 1.5 million Armenians were slaughtered

WORLD WAR II 1939-1945WORLD WAR II 1939-1945

During the Holocaust the Nazis’ killed During the Holocaust the Nazis’ killed 6million Jews, 3 million POW’s, 2 million6million Jews, 3 million POW’s, 2 millionPoles and 400,000 other “undesirables”(slaves, Poles and 400,000 other “undesirables”(slaves,

homosexuals and communists)homosexuals and communists)The holocaust was most predominant from The holocaust was most predominant from

previous genocides because of the cruelty, scale previous genocides because of the cruelty, scale and efficiency of the mass murders. and efficiency of the mass murders.

People were killed by: open-air shootings, by People were killed by: open-air shootings, by killing squads, extermination camps (gas killing squads, extermination camps (gas chambers, mass shootings)chambers, mass shootings)

Over 11 million People were killed.

Mao Zedong killed 30 million Chinese people during his reign in 1945-1976

Although World War II is the most common Genocide that occurred during 1500-1950’s, it is very important for us to understand the other cases of Genocide that have occurred throughout our history and our World.

Cambodia 1975-1979Cambodia 1975-1979

The communist party Khmer Rouge ruled The communist party Khmer Rouge ruled Cambodia from 1975-1979. They were Cambodia from 1975-1979. They were responsible for forced labour, starvation, and responsible for forced labour, starvation, and execution. execution.

This was one of the most lethal regimes of the This was one of the most lethal regimes of the 2020thth century. century.

This communist party killed “suspect ethnic This communist party killed “suspect ethnic groups”- Chinese, Vietnamese,Buddhist monks, groups”- Chinese, Vietnamese,Buddhist monks, and refugees. and refugees.

The Khmer Rouge killed 1.7 million

Saddam Hussein’s Baath Saddam Hussein’s Baath PartyParty

In 1987-1991 (approx) the Baath Party killed 100,000 In 1987-1991 (approx) the Baath Party killed 100,000 Kurds. (Kurds. (The Kurds are people of Indo-European origin The Kurds are people of Indo-European origin who live mainly in the mountains and uplands where who live mainly in the mountains and uplands where Turkey, Iraq, and Iran meet, in an area known as Turkey, Iraq, and Iran meet, in an area known as "Kurdistan" for hundreds of years"Kurdistan" for hundreds of years))The Gulf War (1990) It is estimated that 300,000 people The Gulf War (1990) It is estimated that 300,000 people are buried in 260 mass graves. are buried in 260 mass graves. 1991-2003- Estimates of 500,000 to 1.2 million people 1991-2003- Estimates of 500,000 to 1.2 million people were killed through bombings. were killed through bombings. After the September 11, 2001 attacks- the US invaded After the September 11, 2001 attacks- the US invaded Iraq-2003 Saddam was captured.Iraq-2003 Saddam was captured.

RWANDA 1994RWANDA 1994

The The Rwandan GenocideRwandan Genocide was the slaughter of an estimated was the slaughter of an estimated 800,000 to 1,000,000800,000 to 1,000,000 Tutsis Tutsis and moderate and moderate Hutus Hutus, mostly carried , mostly carried out by two extremist Hutu militia groupsout by two extremist Hutu militia groups (Interahamwe and (Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi)Impuzamugambi) during a period of 100 days from April 6th during a period of 100 days from April 6th through mid-July 1994.through mid-July 1994.

The Western and First World Countries did nothing to help this The Western and First World Countries did nothing to help this situation. situation.

Prior to the attacks the UN did not respond to reports of the Prior to the attacks the UN did not respond to reports of the Hutu plans.Hutu plans.

This Genocide was ended when the Tutsi rebel movement This Genocide was ended when the Tutsi rebel movement (Rwandese Political Front) lead by Paul Kagame seized power (Rwandese Political Front) lead by Paul Kagame seized power of the Hutu Government. of the Hutu Government.

Rwanda 1994 Rwanda 1994

““Hutu Mobs armed with machetes and other weapons Hutu Mobs armed with machetes and other weapons killed roughly 8,000 Tutsis a day during a three-month killed roughly 8,000 Tutsis a day during a three-month campaign of terror. Powerful nations stood by as the campaign of terror. Powerful nations stood by as the slaughter surged on despite pleas from Rwandan and UN slaughter surged on despite pleas from Rwandan and UN observers”observers” National Geographic 2006.National Geographic 2006.

Sudan Civil War 1983-Sudan Civil War 1983-

Sudan signed a peace agreement in 2002- Sudan signed a peace agreement in 2002- where they were accused of genocide. where they were accused of genocide.

Since the civil war began in 1983:Since the civil war began in 1983: 2,000,000 people have been killed2,000,000 people have been killed 4, 000, 000 people have been displaced.4, 000, 000 people have been displaced.

Mukesh KapilaMukesh Kapila ( UN coordinator) has stated that ( UN coordinator) has stated that "This is "This is more than just a conflict. It is an organised attempt [by more than just a conflict. It is an organised attempt [by Khartoum] to do away with a group of people. The only Khartoum] to do away with a group of people. The only difference between Rwanda [in 1994] and Darfur now is the difference between Rwanda [in 1994] and Darfur now is the numbers of dead, murdered, tortured and raped involved“numbers of dead, murdered, tortured and raped involved“..

Sudan Cont…Sudan Cont…

In 2004, it became widely known that a nomadic In 2004, it became widely known that a nomadic group was trying to get rid of 80 African groups group was trying to get rid of 80 African groups in the Darfur region. in the Darfur region. This was is very similar to Rwanda. However This was is very similar to Rwanda. However professional/intellectuals are not being attacked- professional/intellectuals are not being attacked- it is a fight between the nomads and farmers for it is a fight between the nomads and farmers for land. land. There is risk of famine and a threat to There is risk of famine and a threat to international security. international security.