ELTR 1223 Survey of Renewable

Energy Technology

Unit 9 R.E. Generators:

Hydropower Prime Movers

and Others

Source:

REEC 120 Sustainability and Renewable Energy

Use Policy This material was developed by Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community

College, with funding from the National Science Foundation as part of ATE Grant No.

0802786.

Additional changes were incorporated for REED 120 with funding from the Trade

Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training (TAACCCT)

SGA/DFA PY 10-03

All materials in this presentation are designed and intended for educational use, only.

They may not be used for any publication or commercial purposes.

Source:

Author, Editors/Reviewers

Author: Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee

Community College

Editors/Modifier: Chris Miller Heartland

Community College

Source:

Objectives

Students will be able to describe, in very simple

terms, the so-called hydrologic cycle, and its

relationship to hydropower technology.

Students will be able to name a “kinetic” type of

water turbine, and briefly describe, in very simple

terms, how it operates.

Students will be able to name a “water-head”

type of water turbine, and briefly describe, in

very simple terms, how it operates.

Source:

Objectives

Students will be able to mathematically convert

feet of water head into pounds-per-square-inch

of pressure

Students will be able to describe, in very simple

terms, at least one method of extracting energy

from the ocean.

Source:

Hydro Power History

Hydropower History

Hydropower used by the Greeks to turn water

wheels for grinding wheat into flour, more than

2,000 years ago.

Mid-1770s -- French hydraulic and military

engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor wrote

Architecture Hydraulique, a four-volume work

describing vertical- and horizontal-axis machines.

Hydropower History

Source: http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/fleischmann/d_archsuse05/210_constable_mill.jpg

Hydropower History

Hydropower History

Hydro Electric Beginnings

Hydroelectric Beginnings

1880 -- Michigan's Grand Rapids electricity (DC)

generated by a dynamo belted to a water turbine

at the Wolverine Chair Factory, lit up 16 Brush-

arc lamps.

Hydroelectric Beginnings

1881 -- Niagara Falls city street lamps powered

by a brushed dynamo connected to an old flour

mill drive.

Hydroelectric Beginnings

1882 -- Hydroelectric power plant operating on

the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin.

Source: http://kids.americancorners.or.kr/ENG/images/05_history_07_10_01.jpg

The War of the Currents

The Wizard Who Spat on the Floor

Source: http://images1.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20100410182815/uncyclopedia/images/thumb/c/ce/Edisonx2.jpg/150px-

Edisonx2.jpg

The Eccentric Serb

Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Teslathinker.jpg/220px-Teslathinker.jpg

Source: http://www.pbs.org/tesla/res/images/390414_b.gif

Source: http://www.b92.net/news/pics/2006/07/118552926044aa6e07b13ae812180880_200x235.jpg

Source:

http://api.ning.com/files/6Uhv8JceS2ky6Hdh4qxdKFytN5dyrB2D4O0CUpyZCHrOUKLK80jCdtyHeWAuJa945

Y8s14QBfoB0pXnJA-cyJ-RXj6IiMqal/93033884.bin?width=136

“In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue…”

The 1893 Columbian Exposition, World’s

Fair, Chicago

Source: http://www.acenor.cl/acenor/pag.gral/documentos/historia_electricidad_archivos/Chicago1.jpg

Niagara Falls – Nov. 16, 1896 –

Westinghouse and Tesla Send Electric Power

to Buffalo, NY

Hydro Power

Fundamentals

Solar Energy + Force of Gravity =

Hydropower

Hydropower Fundamentals

Kinetic-type primer movers

“Water Wheels”

Extract energy from stream-flow

Head or Pressure-type Prime Movers

High (inlet) Elevation – Low (discharge) Elevation =

“Head”

PSI(pressure) = Feet of Water (head) X 0.433

“A pint’s a pound the world around.”

1 Ft3 = 7.48 gallons; 1 gallon = 8.34 pounds

8.34 lbs/gal x 7.48 gal/ft3 x 1 ft2 / 144 in2 = 0.433

Hydropower Fundamentals

Hydro Prime Mover Types:

Head-type Turbines

Low-Head and High-Flow

“Reaction Turbines”

Kinetic turbines (water wheels, and other flow converters)

Propeller turbines

Francis turbines (like a squirrel-cage centrifugal turbine)

High-Head and Low-Flow

“Impulse Turbines”

Pelton Turbines

Cross-flow Turbines

Turbine Types and Applications

300 Meters

984 Feet

30 Meters

98 Feet

or

5 Meters

16 Feet

Hydro Prime Mover Types:

Kinetic

Source: http://hydropower.navajo.cz/hydropower-2.jpg

Low-Head Propeller

Turbine

Low-Head = less

than 16 feet Source:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hydroel

ectricTurbineRunner.png/300px-HydroelectricTurbineRunner.png

Medium Head Francis Runner

Source:

http://www.capture3d.com/Images/Applications/turbines-

3DmeasureFig9.jpg

High Head Pelton Turbine

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzQPNpP55xQ&NR=1

Tesla Designed a Total System

Bladeless hydro-frictional turbine

3-Phase alternator

Distribution transformers

Wireless transmission of electric power, to all

points on the earth

World peace and harmony

Tesla’s Frictional Turbine

Source: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/tesla-turbine-4.jpg

Creating Water Head:

Impoundment

Source: http://media.thesolarguide.com/i/illust_howworks.gif

Creating Water Head:

Diversion

Source: http://gator787.hostgator.com/~reapmgmt/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/diversionhydro-280x213.jpg

Hydro Plant Sizes

Large Hydropower

Although definitions vary, DOE defines large

hydropower as a capacity of more than 30 MW.

Small Hydropower

Although definitions vary, DOE defines small

hydropower as a capacity of 100 KW to 30 MW.

Micro Hydropower

A micro hydropower plant has a capacity of up to 100

kilowatts. A small or micro-hydroelectric power

system can produce enough electricity for a home,

farm, ranch, or small village.

Micro-Hydro

Micro Hydro

Typically

need at least

3 feet of

head and 20

gpm of flow

Harris Micro-hydro

Source: http://www.firemountainsolar.com/pics/home_harrisCollageSM.jpg

Stream Engine Micro-hydro

Micro-hydro Installation

Head (feet) x Flow (gpm) / 10 = Watts

[For example, 30 gpm x 100 feet/ 10 = 300 watts]

Other Hydro-Related

Prime Movers

Ocean Energy

The tidal forces and thermal storage of the

ocean provide a major energy source

Wave action adds to the extractable surface

energy

Major ocean currents (like the Gulf Stream) may

be exploited to extract energy with rotors

Source: http://www.yourgreendream.com/images/articles/wp_wave.jpg

Ocean Energy: Tidal Energy

Tides are produced by gravitational forces of the

moon and sun and the Earth’s rotation

Existing and possible sites:

France: La Rance river estuary 240 MW station

England: Severn River

Canada: Passamaquoddy in the Bay of Fundy (1935

attempt failed)

California: high potential along the northern coast

Environmental, economic, and esthetic aspects

have delayed implementation

Barage Tidal Power

Tidal-Stream Generators

Source: http://www.metaefficient.com/wp-content/uploads/seagen_marine_current_turbine.jpg

Tidal-Stream Generators

Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SeaGen_installed.jpg/200px-SeaGen_installed.jpg

Tidal-Stream Generators

Ocean Energy: Wave Energy

Salter “ducks” rock up and down as the wave

passes beneath it. This oscillating mechanical

energy is converted to electrical energy

A Wavegen, wave-driven, air compressor or

oscillating water column (OWC) spins a two-way

Wells turbine to produce electricity

Wave Power

Source:

http://www.kitco.com/ind/K

irtley_Sam/images/may17

2007_2.jpg

Source: http://www.rise.org.au/info/Tech/wave/image002.gif

Ocean Energy: OTEC (Ocean Thermal

Electric Conversion)

OTEC requires some 40°F temperature difference

between the surface and deep waters to extract energy

Open-cycle plants vaporize warm water and condense

it using the cold sea water, yielding potable water and

electricity from turbines-driven alternators

Closed-cycle units evaporate ammonia at 78°F to

drive a turbine and an alternator

A Final, Related Prime Mover

Energy from the Earth’s Forces

Winds, waves, tides, and thermal gradients

are renewable energy sources that might be

valuable in some areas.

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ner5tWA-

4o&feature=related

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MT-4ZMgDBNI