Unit 8. Motivation and Emotion

College Board - “Acorn Book” Course Description

6-8% (previously 7-9% )

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion 1

“It’s the only way I can get myself out of bed in the morning"

Source: New Yorker Magazine

A. Biological BasesB. Theories of MotivationC. Hunger, Thirst, Sex, and Pain

D. Social MotivesE. Theories of EmotionF. Stress

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Summary Outline

Evolutionary View Sources of Motivation: Biological factors Emotional factors Cognitive factors Social factors

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A. Biological Bases

Instinct Theory◦Evolutionary Approach◦Behavioral Predispositions

Drive Reduction Theory (Homeostasis)

Arousal TheoryIncentive Theory

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B. Theories of Motivation

Unit V. States of Consciousness

Instinct? Need? Drive? Incentive?

Hunger and Satiety as opposing processes

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C. Hunger, Thirst, Sex, and Pain

Role of Hypothalamus (Stimulation and lesioning studies)◦Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) Lateral = Side

◦Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) Ventro = Beneath, Medial = Center

◦Duality of Hypothalamic Functions (Hunger / Satiety)

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Biological signals

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The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 1

Electrical Stimulation

Lesioning (Destruction)

Lateral Hypothalamus

“On switch”Ventromedial

Hypothalamus“Off switch”

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The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 2

Electrical Stimulation

Lesioning (Destruction)

Lateral Hypothalamus

“On switch”

Rat eats

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

“Off switch”

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The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 3

Electrical Stimulation

Lesioning (Destruction)

Lateral Hypothalamus

“On switch”Ventromedial

Hypothalamus“Off switch”

Rat stops eating

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The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 4

Electrical Stimulation

Lesioning (Destruction)

Lateral Hypothalamus

“On switch”

Rat doesn’t eat

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

“Off switch”

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The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 5

Electrical Stimulation

Lesioning (Destruction)

Lateral Hypothalamus

“On switch”Ventromedial

Hypothalamus“Off switch”

Rat doesn’t stop eating

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The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 6

Electrical Stimulation

Lesioning (Destruction)

Lateral Hypothalamus

“On switch”

Rat eatsTriggers “on”

switch

Rat doesn’t eatRemoves “on”

switchVentromedial

Hypothalamus“Off switch”

Rat stops eatingTriggers “off”

switch

Rat doesn’t stop eating

Removes “off” switch

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Signals from the Blood ◦ Glucose Regulation - Glucostatic Theory (Glucostats)

Hormonal Regulation◦ Insulin (Hunger)◦ Cholecystokinin (CKK) (Satiety)

Set Point Genetic Predispositions (Fat cells, Obese

Gene?) Dopamine deprived lacks the motivation to

seek food but enjoys food when it is available Drugs that elevate serotonin levels are

powerful appetite suppressants

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Other Factors in Hunger and Satiety

External CuesSocial factorsCultural factorsEating Disorders◦Obesity◦Anorexia Nervosa◦Bulimia Nervosa

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Personal Factors in Hunger

Sexual Response CycleSex hormonesSocial and Cultural Factors in Sexuality

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Biology of Sex

Term DefinitionGender

Gender IdentityGender RolesSexual Orientation

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Gender

Achievement Motivation

“How will you ever know whether you’re a flying squirrel if you don’t give it a shot?”

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Achievement Motivation (McClelland)◦Fear of Failure◦(Fear of Success – Horner)

Maslow’s Hierarchy Need to Belong (Fromm) Industrial Organizational Psychology

◦Intrinsic / Extrinsic Motivation◦Theory X / Theory Y◦Task / Social Leadership

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D. Social Motives

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Achievement Motivation

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Defining Emotions, ◦Naming Emotions, ◦Categorizing Emotions

Components of Emotion ◦Cognitive: Subjective Feelings◦Physiological: Autonomic Arousal◦Behavioral: Nonverbal Expressiveness

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E. Theories of Emotion

Figure 12-3 The Limbic System

AngerDisgustFearHappinessSadnessSurprise

Paul EkmanEmotions / Facial Expression

Positive Emotions◦Enjoyment/Joy - smiling, lips wide and

out◦Interest/Excitement - eyebrows down,

eyes tracking, eyes looking, closer listening

Neutral◦Surprise/Startle - eyebrows up, eyes

blinking

Affect Theory – Sylvan TomkinsThe Innate Affects

Negative◦Anger/Rage - frowning, a clenched jaw, a

red face◦Disgust - the lower lip raised and

protruded, head forward and down◦Dis-smell (reaction to bad smell) - upper

lip raised, head pulled back◦Distress/Anguish - crying, rhythmic

sobbing, arched eyebrows, mouth lowered

◦Fear/Terror - a frozen stare, a pale face, coldness, sweat, erect hair

◦Shame/Humiliation - eyes lowered, the head down and averted, blushing

“It’s refreshing to find someone today who’s not angry.”

Emotions

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Limbic System (Amygdala)Hemispheric Contributions to Emotion

Role of Autonomic Nervous System

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Biology of Emotions

James-Lange◦View that emotions bEmotion Facial feedback hypothesis

Cannon-Bard◦Simultaneous Body response/Emotion

Schachter-Singer – Two Factor Theory◦Body response/Cognitive Interpretation Misattribution of arousal Excitation transfer

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Theories of Emotion