unit 7_the secondary sector

8/2/2019 Unit 7_the Secondary Sector

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Unit 7: Industry


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What is industry?


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Secondary activitiesconsist ofconstruction and

industry

Construction refers tothe construction of

buildings andinfraestructures.


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Industry transforms raw materials into

finished or semi-finished products.


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Industrial System


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RAW MATERIALS

They can be of Animal origin

Milk

wool Vegetable

Cotton

linen

Artificial origin. Nylon

plasticNylon


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Energy sources

Non-renewable

Renewable.


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Human resources

Developedcountries. Working hours

controlled.

Freedom ofassociation.

Right to strike

Paid holidays

Unemploymentbenefits.

Health insurance.


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Underdeveloped countries.


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Capital

This is the money that is invested to startthe business. The amount of capital willdetermine the size and location of the

factory.


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Size

Small Medium Large

-50 50-250 To merge and join together

Vertical integration

Horizontal integration

Private companies

Individual

Collective

State Mixed


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Types of industry

Heavy industry

Capital goodsindustry

Light industry orconsumer goodsindustry.


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Heavy industry Transforms raw

materials into semi-finished products. High investment

Located close todeposits of rawmaterials and energy

sources. Very contaminating.

Need large spaces fortheir facilities.


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Metallurgical industry

Manufacturesmetal and metalproducts.

Siderurgicalindustryproduces steeland iron.


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China

Brazil

Australia

India

China

Europe

USA

Russia


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Aluminium

Very important for other industries

Shipbuilding

Automobile

High-tension power lines


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Copper

Used in

electrical

Automobile

Aeronautical industry
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Heavy chemical industry

Important for other industries

Sulphures

Acid

Nitrogen

Phosphates

Caustic soda

Derivates of coal and oil
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Capital goods industry (bienes deequipo)

Transforms semi-finished products fromheavy industry into finished goods andproducts.

Main industries

High technology

Aerospace


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Concentrated in

USA Some countries of

Europe

Russia Japan

Southeast Asia


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Light industry or consumer goodsindustry

Makes products for direct consumption


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Characteristics.

Consumes fewer rawmaterials and energyresources than heavyindustry and capitalgoods industry.

Less contaminating,but modifies natural

space bc itsconcentrated inspecific areas


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Located near cities and transport links

Size can vary.

Different types Food

Light

Chemical Electronics

Computing

Textiles


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Food industry

Transforms and manipulates vegetable,meat, fish and dairy products.


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Automobile industry

Manufactures industrial vehicles and forindividual use


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Light chemical industry

Manufactures pharmauceutical,photographic, cosmetic products andplastics.


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Electronics and computing industry

Manufactures equipment like TV, phones,computers, multimedia recorders, players(MP3, DVDs)


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Textile industry

Groups activities like spinning andweaving, making clothes and otherarticles.


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Industrial space-factors

Proximity to rawmaterials and energysources.

Companies which uselarge quantities of anatural resourcelocate their industriesnear the productioncentres of thisresource.


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Existence of population Consumers

The most heavilypopulated areas and citiesattract industries andespecially consumerindustries.


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Workers

Industries which need cheap and plentiful labourare usually located in underdeveloped countries.

Industries which need well qualified labour are

located in cities in industrialised countries.


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Means of transport andcommunication.

Industries which move large quantities ofmerchandise or perishable merchandise arelocated near communications networks.


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Economic development of the area and

presence of other industries.


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There are otherfactors such as beingfamiliar with the area,the quality of the

environment, more orless favourablelabour andenvironmental laws,financial incentives

and even thepersonal opinions ofthe industrialists.


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Types of industrial space

Dispersed Grouped spaces

Industrial Technology parks


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Changes in industrial production

Changes in theprocesses ofindustrialproduction.

Robotisation ofassembly linesof industrial

production


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Constant innovations

RDI (research+development+innovation)

New materials


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New materials

More ecological and betterquality products

Biopol (biodegradable plastic)

Nomex (Plastic that can resist hightemp.)

The use of recycled metal: Scrap

metal to manufacture steel.


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Main industrial areas in the world USA and Canada

BTW the Great Lakesand the Atlantic coast

South

West Abundance of natural

resources

Qualified workers

Advanced technology Concentration of capital

Wide communicationsnetwork.


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Latin America Industrial development is based on the abudance

of mines and human resources Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico and Chile

Iron, Steel, Copper, Heavy chemicals, cement andmachinery


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Europe: UE Industries are closed to mines and ports.

Iron, steel, aeronautics, aerospace,automobiles, textiles, chemicals, food.


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Europe: Russian Federation

Industrial development based on energysteel, heavy chemicals, aeronautics,timber.


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Asia. Japan

Qualified workers+research+low price ofproducts.

Iron, steel, shipbuilding, textiles, food,

electronics, computing, automobiles.


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Asia. China

Abundance of labour and naturalresources.

Iron, steel, heavy chemicals, textiles,automobiles and food.


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Asia. Newly industrialised countries(NICs)

Automobiles, Textiles, electrics,electronics, computing, photography,pharmaceuticals, food.

WHAT ARE NEWLY


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WHAT ARE NEWLYINDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES?

Countries that have undergone rapid andsuccessful industrialisation are callednewly industrialised countries or NICs.


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The countries of eastern Asia haveenjoyed the most spectacular growth.

The greatest increase has been in SouthKorea, Taiwan and Singapore, whichbecame known as the three Tigers.


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Asia. India

Abundance of raw materials and energysources

Iron, steel, automobiles, textiles


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Africa. South Africa Iron and steel, chemicals, textiles, food.

The most industrialised area


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Africa. Central Africa

Not much industrialised.

Metallurgical, timber, food.


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Africa. North Africa

Recent industrialisation. Heavy chemical, food and textiles.


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Oceania. Australia

Concentrated in ports and near big cities.

Iron, steel, aluminium, transport materials,chemicals and food.


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Oceania. New Zealand

Not as developed as in Australia.

Aluminium, food, textiles and electronics.


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Environmental consequences

Corrective measures: sustainabledevelopment.

Economic growth+protection of environment.


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Negative effects

Acid rain.

Greenhouse effect

Reduction of the ozonelayer.

Overexploitation ofnatural resources.


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Corrective measures

Clean technology: purification systems,filters, etc.


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Recycling and biodegradable materials.


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Preventive measures: environmentalimpact studies.


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Rehabilitation of degraded or abandonedindustrial areas.


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Reduction in the consumption of resourcesand recycling of waste.


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Energy saving and use of renewable

energy sources.


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Ecology groups andorganisations take actions to

protect the environment

unit 7_the secondary sector

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