unit 7. overview states and properties of matter kinetic molecular theory phase changes diagrams...
TRANSCRIPT
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States of MatterUnit 7
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OverviewStates and Properties of MatterKinetic Molecular TheoryPhase ChangesDiagrams
Phase DiagramsHeating/Cooling Curves
Heat of Fusion/VaporizationVapor Pressure
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States of MatterBased upon particle arrangementBased upon energy of particlesBased upon distance between particles
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3 States of MatterSOLIDS — have rigid shape, fixed volume;
external shape can reflect the atomic and molecular arrangementReasonably well understood
LIQUIDS — have no fixed shape and may not fill a container completely Not well understood
GASES — expand to fill their containerGood theoretical understanding
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Solids Definite shape & definite volume
Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position.
Not easily compressible Little free space between particles
Do not flow easily Particles cannot move/slide past one another
Infinite number of free surfaces
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Solids (Types)Crystalline
Solids: highly regular arrangement of their components
Amorphous solids: considerable disorder in their structures (glass, plastic).
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AllotropesSome chemical elements can exist in two or more different forms. Atoms of the element bond together differently.
Diamond, carbon atoms bond together in a tetrahedral lattice
Graphite, carbon atoms bond together in sheets
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Liquids Indefinite shape but definite volume
Particles are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.
Not easily compressible Little free space between particles
Liquids flow easily Particles can move/slide past one another
Have one free surface
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Surface Tension
Intermolecular cohesive attraction causing liquid to minimize its surface area Mostly in polar molecules and liquid metals
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Capillary ActionAttraction of the surface of a liquid to
the surface of a solid, which causes the liquid to rise in a tube
Illustration of capillary action for large and
small bore capillaries.
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ViscosityLiquids are fluids – they FLOW. Viscosity is the resistance to flow.
Example: Syrup has a higher viscosity than water.
High viscosity = strong intermolecular forces
Glycerine, also called glycerol, is a liquid with
a high viscosity
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Viscosity decreases as temperature increases.
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Gases Indefinite shape and indefinite volume
Particles are very far apart and move freely Easily compressible
There is a great deal of free space between particles
Flow very easily Particles randomly move past one another
Gases have no free surfaces
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Plasma1879 - Sir William
Crookes, an English physicist, identified a fourth state of matter, now called plasma
Plasma is by far the most common form of matterPlasma in the stars and in the tenuous space
between them makes up over 99% of the visible universe and perhaps most of that which is not visible
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Plasma An ionized gas Very good conductor
of electricity Composed of ions Affected by magnetic
fields Indefinite shape and
indefinite volume Particles can move past
one another. Easily compressible
Great deal of free space between particles.
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Products manufacturedusing plasmas impact our daily lives:
•Computer chips and integrated circuits •Computer hard drives •Electronics •Machine tools •Medical implants and prosthetics •Audio and video tapes •Aircraft and automobile engine parts •Printing on plastic food containers •Energy-efficient window coatings •High-efficiency window coatings •Safe drinking water •Voice and data communications components •Anti-scratch and anti-glare coatings on eyeglasses and other optics
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Kinetic Molecular Theory
1. pertaining to motion.
2. caused by motion.
3.characterized by movement: Running and dancing are kinetic activities.
ki⋅net⋅ic
Origin: 1850–55; < Gk kīnētikós moving, equiv. to kīnē- (verbid s. of kīneîn to move) + -tikos
Source: Websters Dictionary
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Kinetic Molecular TheoryAtoms and molecules are constantly in motion.
SOLIDS — little movement between particles
LIQUIDS — more space between them than a solid does, but less than a gas
GASES — molecules are moving in random patterns with varying amounts of distance between the particles
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Changes of StateChanging states requires a change in the energy of a system. Changing states may also be due to the change in pressure in a system.
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Changes of State
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Phase Diagrams
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Phase Diagrams(T) Triple Point: temperature and pressure at
which all three phases exist simultaneously in equilibrium
(C) Critical Point: temperature and pressure beyond which the liquid and solid phase is distinguishable (supercritical liquid)molecules of a substance have too much kinetic energy
to stick together (page 453 of book = supercritical fluid)
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Phase Diagrams
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Water
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Carbon dioxide
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Carbon
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Heat of Fusion (formation)Energy that must be put into a solid to melt it
Needed to overcome forces holding it togetherHeat of fusion given off when liquid freezes
Intermolecular forces within solid more stable and have lower energy than forces within liquid so energy is released during freezing
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Heat of VaporizationEnergy that must be put into a liquid to turn it into a
gasEnergy needed to overcome forces holding liquid
togetherHeat of vaporization given off when gas condenses
Intermolecular forces become stronger when gas condenses so as gas becomes liquid (more stable), energy is released
Heat of vaporization larger than heat of fusionMany more intermolecular forces must be overcome in
vaporization than melting (intermolecular forces severed in vaporization but
many carry over between solids and liquids)
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Heating/Cooling CurvesAs heat added to a substance in equilibrium,
temperature of substance can increase or the substance can change phases, but both changes cannot occur simultaneously
Horizontal line at melting point is heat of fusion
Horizontal line at boiling point is heat of vaporization
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Heating/Cooling Curves
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Vapor PressureThe pressure exerted by molecules as they escape
the surface of a liquid and become a gasAs temperature increases, vapor pressure of a liquid
increasesWhen vapor pressure of liquid increases to point
where equal with the surrounding atmospheric pressure, the liquid boils
The weaker the intermolecular forces, the easier it is for molecules to escape the surface and turn to gasWeaker intermolecular forces = higher vapor pressure
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Vapor Pressure - EquilibriumAs number of gas molecules increases, higher
probability that gas molecule will hit surface of liquid and be recapturedWhen there is even exchange of liquid and gas
molecules, vapor pressure becomes constant (dynamic equilibrium)
Appears that nothing is happening in the systemVapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its
vapor when the liquid and vapor states are in equilibrium
When liquid/solid phase is in equilibrium with the gas phase, the pressure of the gas equals the vapor pressure of the substance