unit 5 – post war era united nations, cold war, immigration

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UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

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Page 1: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA

United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Page 2: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Emerging from the War

League of Nations set up after WWI did not work to stop the onset of WWII

What did they do that failed? Thought they would stop wars by using economic

sanctions, but members didn’t want to trade with aggressive nations

Didn’t use troops to defend against threats Didn’t include all of the world’s powerful nations Mostly ignored by 1936, most nations wouldn’t

support its actions without deliberation

Page 3: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Finding a Solution

People around the world were motivated to make an organization that protected human rights & dignity because of the horrors of the Holocaust

In the summer of 1945, fifty nations met at San Francisco to set up a new organization Created the United Nations Included all the world’s major powers U.S. committed and headquarters were in New York

City Founding members committed to world peace &

security, economic development and human rights

Page 4: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

United Nations

How did the organization operate? Permanent members of the council must agree to make

decisions (US, Soviet Union, China, Britain, France) They each have a veto power to prevent actions from

taking place if they don’t agree

Important institutions were also created as part of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

(UNICEF) World Health Organization (WHO) Forum on Indigenous Issues

Olive branches symbolize peace

Page 5: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Commitment to Human Rights In 1946, Canadian law expert John

Peters Humphrey established the United Nations Human Rights Division Prepared a statement of human rights December 10, 1948, UN adopted the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Used as basic principles or law in many countries

Open your books to p. 177 articles

Page 6: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

The Cold War

United States and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers from the war, but had very different ideas about how their countries should be run and this lead to conflicts

Soviet troops were not withdrawn from Eastern Europe after WWII

Communist-controlled governments occupied a wide area of territory between SU and democratic Western Europe

Joseph Stalin (leader of Soviet Union) wanted to expand communism and protect his country from invasion through Western Europe

Page 7: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

The Cold War

Dividing line between democratic countries and communist countries is called the Iron Curtain Relations between US and

Soviet Union turned into the Cold War Would use any mean necessary,

except battling with each other, to become the world's supreme leader threats, spies and propaganda

Page 8: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

The Cold War

To prevent the Soviet Union from taking over other nations to spread communism, the United Nations Security Council put in place a policy of containment to stop the Soviet Union 1949: Canada joined with US and Western European Allies

(Britain, France) to form North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) collective security agreement Would protect each other if attacked Stationed troops and air force squadrons in Europe

In 1955, Soviet Union and communist Eastern Europe organized into its own alliance called the Warsaw Pact Also set up troops and air force squadrons to protect

themselves

Page 9: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Canadians in the Cold War

Since WWII, Canada has been under pressure to cooperate with the U.S. to defend North America we had joint developments like the Alaskan highway

The Soviet Union exploded a nuclear bomb in 1949 Cold War fears were raised to a new level A new Arms Race began to build more powerful nuclear weapons

Joint Defense Agreement of 1950 that combined the resources of Canada and the United States

Americans were given permission to use Canadian airspace to intercept incoming missiles and planes Shortest route to Soviet Union was over North Pole and Canadian

Arctic

Page 10: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Canadians in the Cold War

By 1953, the US and Soviet Union had developed the hydrogen bomb More powerful than the first nuclear bombs Canada and the US worked together to create radar stations

to detect planes and missiles coming from the Soviet Union Canada decided not to develop nuclear weapons

In 1957, the Soviet Union used a rocket to launch the first satellite, Sputnik 1, into space Nuclear weapons could be fired with large missiles rather

than aircraft ballistic weapons with nuclear warheads Soviet missiles could reach American cities in just 30

minutes

Page 11: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Canadians in the Cold War

Also in 1957, the North American Air Defence Command (NORAD) was formed Joined Canadian and American radar, fighter jets,

missile units under a single command to defend North America

Headquarters were in Colorado and base built in North Bay, ON

Problems: Canada was a “junior” partner In an attack, the General didn’t have to talk with a

Canadian official to intercept enemies

Page 12: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

How Did Canadians Feel?

Nationalists thought we had given up too much control of our military forces to the US Canada should be more independent

Others thought our own military wouldn’t be able to protect us enough Good thing to work with allies like the US and Western Europe to

improve security

People were also concerned about nuclear weapons at NORAD bases

Lastly, people were concerned about a nuclear attack and nuclear fallout Radioactive dust created by atomic bombs Contaminates air, land and water and can poison people long after

exposure; cancer and birth deformities are examples of health risks

Page 13: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

How Did We Prepare?

Schools practiced air raid drills (students huddle under desks)

Nuclear fallout shelters were built (“Diefenbunker” for Prime Minister Diefenbaker; built near Ottawa for key government officials)

Page 14: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Cold War Conflicts

Create the following chart in your notes and, working with a partner, complete the questions…

QUESTIONS KOREAN WAR SUEZ CRISISWho was fighting (for and against)

Where were they fighting?

Why were they fighting?

When did the event take place?

What was the outcome?

Canadian Contribution (casualties?) and importance

Page 15: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Korean War

QUESTIONS KOREAN WAR

Who was fighting (for and against)

Canada, the U.S., Britain and 11 other countries fought North Korea, China and Soviet Union (just as a supplier)

Where were they fighting?

South Korea

Why were they fighting?

North Korea wanted to take over South Korea to expand communism

When did the event take place?

Fighting started in 1949, Canada arrived in late 1950

What was the outcome?

In 1953, a truce was called and the border was drawn almost where it was at the beginning of the war (DMZ now present along border)

Canadian Contribution (casualties?) and

importance

27 000 Canadians served, 1200+ wounded and 516 killed

Important contribution in peacemaking

Page 16: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Suez Crisis

QUESTIONS SUEZ CRISIS

Who was fighting (for and against)

Britain, France & Israel were fighting with Egypt

Where were they fighting?

Egypt, Suez Canal

Why were they fighting?

The canal between Africa and Asia was made by private investors in the late 1800s as a shipping shortcut between Europe and Asia

Region dominated by Britain & France when the canal was built, but by 1956, Egypt was an independent nation and President Nasser took over the canal which angered Britain and France

When did the event take place?

1956

What was the outcome?

Egypt agreed to pay for use of the canalLester Pearson given Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 gave to Canada

Page 17: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Suez Crisis

QUESTIONS SUEZ CRISIS

Canadian Contribution (casualties?) and

importance

Canada (Lester B. Pearson) came up with a plan to send an international peacekeeping force to defuse the conflict• United Nations: supported Canada's plan• United States: would step in if the Soviet Union interfered• Soviet Union: wanted influence with African nations by defending

Egypt• Israel: wanted to resist expansion by neighbouring Arab states (Egypt)• Britain/France: take back control of canal paid by their investors• Egypt: take control of its own territory, collect tolls from canal use

Emergency Force (UNEF) set up• Included 1000 Canadians, shooting only if attacked• Became the model for future peacekeeping missions

* Beginning of Canada's record of peacekeeping missions* Canada was willing to make a foreign policy decision that opposed Britain

Page 18: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Population Explosion

Within 15 years after the war ended, Canadian population increased by 50% 12 million to 18 million

Accounted for by immigration and the baby boom

Page 19: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Immigration

Two million people came to Canada between 1945 and 1960 World War II, politics, unemployment: PUSH FACTORS New life, economic opportunities: PULL FACTORS

Applicants from Britain, countries in the British Commonwealth, Western Europe and United States favoured at first Policy changed in 1946 because of large number of displaced

people in Europe

Began to accept refugees (people left homeless because of war and political changes) Between 1947 and 1952, 186 000 refugees moved to Canada Many were Holocaust survivors reversed ruling that limited the

number of Jews allowed into the country

Page 20: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Immigration

Periods of peak immigration: 1945-1952 European refugees, war brides

and children coming back with Canadian soldiers, immigrants

1952-1960 economic migrants looking for a better life, 38 000 Hungarians fleeing from anti-communist revolution (1957) Slowed down after 1958 because the economy slowed

Challenges faced by immigrants included: Loneliness, fear, language barriers

Page 21: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Baby Boom

Rapid increase in births between 1946 and 1965

Social and economical factors: Couples wed early (twenties) and started families right

away Post-war couples young still enough to have children Canadian economy boomed for long period after the war

could clothe and feed many young children much easier

Almost 9 million children were born between 1946-1965 Death rate was declining (better economy and health

care) so the population increased rapidly

Page 22: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Popular Culture in the 1950’s In the 1950’s, a new creature appeared in the

cultural scene the teenager 1.6 million Canadians aged 15-19 in 1955

Teenagers had spending allowances and part-time jobs 70% had own bank accounts Gave them “buying power”

Spent about $100 million a year Could spend on things that they liked

Bought more than 4 million records a year

Page 23: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Popular Culture in the 1950’s Developed their own style and music tastes

Girls: hair in pony tails, wore poodle skirts & bobby socks Boys: hair slicked back (“greasers”), jeans, t-shirts Music: rock n’ roll, R & B Movie Icons: rebellious men and sexy women predominant

Page 25: UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA United Nations, Cold War, Immigration

Popular Culture in the 1950’s

QUESTIONS TEENS IN THE 1950s

TEENS TODAY

Style of Dress

Music Listened To

Movies Enjoyed

Technology Available

Level of Education

Parents’ Opinion

* Create a chart in your notes, and complete it with a partner!