Unit 5 2nd Half Review. ppt

Mexican Revolution,Irish Famine and the Revolutions of 1848

Unification of Italy Unification of Germany

Nationalism in the Middle East Agricultural Revolution

ImperialismMeiji Restoration

Mexican Revolution

• The Mexican Revolution was caused by Mexicans disagreeing on political matters.

Porfirio Díaz

• Mexican soldier and politician who became president after a coup in 1876 and governed the country until 1911.

• His increasingly dictatorial methods led to his overthrow and flight to Paris, where he died in exile.

Francisco “Pancho” Villa

• Leader of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1911) against Díaz.

• Villa crossed the border and attacked Columbus, New Mexico, killing a number of citizens and destroying part of the town. A punitive expedition dispatched to Mexico from the U.S. failed to capture Villa. He was assassinated in 1923.

Zapata

• Mexican revolutionary who led a revolt (1910-1919) for agrarian reforms, during which he captured Mexico City three times.

The encomienda system

• The Spanish king gave land in Latin America & Indians to Spaniards, who became encomenderos.

• In return, the encomenderos were had to provide religious instruction for their Indians and to protect them.

• Similar to Feudal Europe and Tokugawa Japan

Hierarchy of class structure in Latin America

Hierarchy of class structure in Latin America

• Peninsulares: a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World

• Creoles: full Spanish descent born in the Americas

• Mestizos: people of mixed European (Spanish) and Native American ancestry living in the region of Latin America

• Mulattos: person of mixed race", a person who has both black and white

Cash crops

• A crop which is grown for money.

• Subsistence crops: are those fed to the farmer's own family.

Irish Famine

• Cause of the Irish famine: between 1845 and 1852; a blight (mould) that attacted potatoes and made them uneatable.

• How famine was result of Geography: Ireland’s amount rainfall.

• Landownership system in Ireland: Pushed off the best pasture land and forced to farm smaller plots of land, the Irish turned to the potato, a crop that could be grown abundantly in less favorable soil. Eventually, they were virtually dependent on the potato for survival

Effect of Famine on the Irish People

Effect of Famine on the Irish People

• Emigration: By 1854, between 1½ and 2 million Irish left their country due to evictions, starvation, and harsh living conditions

The Revolutions of 1848

• Karl Marx: (1818-1883) founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867

Revolution of 1848 in Italy

• Reasons for Revolution there was no “Italy" at the time of the Revolutions of 1848, but a collection of independent states. movement for Italian freedom and unification, thereafter known as the Risorgimento (Italian for “revival”).

The Revolutions of 1848: Austria

• Reasons for Revolution: nationalism within the Austrian Empire different ethnic groups seeking independence: Balkans, Hungarians, Bulgarians, Romanians.

• New liberal & socialistic values and ideas began to spring up.

1st Republic: Reign of Terror, the Directoryand Napoleon’s rise to power.

The Revolutions of 1848: France

• Reasons for Revolution: ended the reign of the last French King, (Louis Philippe), and led to the creation of the 2nd Republic (1848-1852).

• The revolution established the

“Right to Work“ principle

Benefits for the unemployed.

A sort of industrial parliament to organize (unionize) labor.

*1st Republic: Reign of Terror, the Directory and Napoleon’s rise to power.

The Revolutions of 1848: Germany

• Reasons for Revolution : The "March Revolution" Germans held assemblies and demonstrations. Demanding freedom of the press and freedom of assembly, right to bear arms and a national parliment.

The Vienna

Congress (1814 – 1815)

• Conference of European rulers and ministers called to reestablish the map of Europe after the downfall of Napoleon.

Unification of Italy

• Nationalism: devotion and loyalty to one's own nation; patriotism.

• Risorgimento: the Italian movement for unification. (Italian for "revival").

Red Shirts

Unification of Italy

• Camillo di Cavour:, architect of Italy's unification.

• Victor Emmanuel: of Sardinia, the symbol of the Risorgimento, the Italian unification movement. The first king of Italy.

Unification of Italy

• Giuseppe Mazzini: Started the national revolutionary movement. Soul of Unification.

Unification of Italy

• Garibaldi: general and nationalist who led 1,000 volunteers. His conquest led to the formation of the kingdom of Italy (1861).

Unification of Germany

• Nationalism: devotion and loyalty to one's own nation; patriotism.

• Zollverin customs union: an agreement amongst the German states to have preferential customs policies for member states. Economic unification; excluded Austria, and fueled German identity

• German Confederation: a collection of smaller states

Unification of Germany

• Prussia: the largest and most important of the German states. Capital: Berlin

• Austrian-Prussian War of 1866: not a single German state was with Prussia when the war actually came. Prussia beat Austria in 7 weeks!

• Franco-Prussian War of 1866 -1870: over the vacant throne of Spain. Prussian victory was swift.

• Result: the removal of Napoleon III.

Unification of Germany

• Bismarck: Prussian statesman, engineered the unification of Germany; he served as its 1st Chancellor, ("Iron Chancellor“) (Blood and Iron). Pax Germanica

• King Wilhelm IV: King of Prussia and the first German Emperor (187 1 -1888)

Nationalism in the Middle East

• Zionism: an international political movement for homeland, Israel. Started by Theodore Herzl 1860-1904 in the late 19th century.

• Alfred Dreyfus: “Dreyfus Affair” 1894 French military officer falsely accused of spying. Although found not guilty, trial caused eruption of Anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews) that Herzl believed a homeland was necessary for Jews.

Nationalism in the Middle East

• The Indian National Congress: Goal: Home rule struggle against the British Empire. Independence: 1947

• British Raj: British India part of the British Empire.

• Viceroy: royal official who governed India.

Nationalism in the Middle East

• Ottoman Empire: founded in the late 13th cent. by Turkish tribes. Economically, socially, and militarily, Turkey was a medieval state, unaffected by the developments in the rest of Europe. The sultans themselves had sunk into indolence and depravity.

•

Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire

• The Young Turk Movement: first among military students, the movement was against the monarchy of the sultan. The Young Turks: "pride in one's ethnic identity". (Suleyman the Magnificent),

The Armenian Genocide, 1915

• The genocide, the deliberate and systematic destruction of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire by the Ottoman military

• The total number of Armenian deaths generally held to have been between one and one-and-a-half million.

Agricultural Revolution

• General Inclosure Act of 1801: The large, fenced fields for sheep moved landlords to expel tenants for the slightest default, in order to enclose large areas.

Agricultural Revolution

• Charles Townsend introduced Crop Rotation in 1730: planting a different crop each year. While wheat or corn would wear out the land, turnips or clover would restore the field.

• Thomas Malthus’ Theory: 1798 population tends to increase faster than the supply of food available for its needs. If population grows too fast, the growth is checked by famine, disease, and war.

Industrial Revolution

• Traditional beliefs and customs in England before Industrialization: agrarian family farm

• Urbanization: the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban 

• Positive Effects of Industrialization: growth of economic opportunities, increase in products available for consumers, Middle Class develops.

Industrial Revolution

• Negative Effects of Industrialization: harsh working conditions: long hours, dangerous conditions, repetitive motions that cause disabilities, child labor, discrepancy between female/male wages leads to discrimination and domestic abuse of women, pollution, loss of sense of communities.

• Charles Dickens: English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870): Oliver Twist, Great Expectations

Industrial Revolution

• Unions: organization of workers. The union bargains with the employer over wages, work rules, safety. Unions were illegal for many years in Great Britain.

• Strikes: a refusal to work by the labor force• Reform Legislation passed in Great Britain in the

1800s: legalizing trade unions, setting minimum wages, and limiting child labor; Child labor (for children under 10) was abolished 1878.

• Karl Marx’s views of Industrialization: Industrialization benefits the wealthy and exploits the poor

Industrial Revolution

Mechanization: In the cotton industry;

1. John Kay: flying shuttle increased the width of cotton cloth and speed of production

2. Richard Arkwright: water frame (waterwheels to power looms).

3. James Watt: steam engine (the power plant of the Industrial Revolution) Railroads, Ships, steam shovels, factory machines.

4. Edmund Cartwight: power loom

Why Industrialization led to Imperialism: (2 Reasons)

1. Need for raw Materials for European factories to transform into finished goods.

2. Need for markets for those finished goods, for profit. Suez Canal

Imperialism

• Mercantilism: European rulers believed to strengthen their countries they needed: gold and silver, colonies and industry

• Social Darwinism: 19th-century theory, the social order is the product of natural selection.

Imperialism

• “Scramble for Africa”: Race for Africa, Europeans carve up Africa for their own 1880s – WW I

• Cecil Rhodes: British South African founder of the diamond company De Beers, which owned 90% of Diamond mines. Wanted Britain to own Africa.

• Zulus: the largest South African ethnic group; King Shaka (1816-1828), mightiest military force in southern Africa, Zulu 1879 War.

Imperialism

• Boers: Dutch settlers in South Africa (farmers), also known as Afrikaners.

• Boer War: 1899-1902 between the Boers and Great Britain over South Africa. British victory. The Berlin Conference: 1884, conference

of 14 states (including the U.S.) to settle the political partitioning of Africa.

White Man’s Burden: 1899

• Poem written by British Rudyard Kipling. The racialized notion of the “White Man’s burden” became a euphemism for imperialism.

British Imperialism

• Queen Victoria: reign (1837-1901) Industrialization & Imperialism transform Gt. Britain

• “The Sun never sets on the British Empire”: Britain had colonies all around the world.

• Extraterritoriality : immunity from the jurisdiction of a nation, granted to foreign diplomatic officials, foreign warships, etc.

British Imperialism

• British East India Company: joint-stock company (began 1600 Elizabeth I gave charter) monopoly on trade with India.

• Opium War: 1839-1842; 1856-1860 dispute over British smuggling opium into China. British victory: China forced to sign Unequal Treaties.

Taiping Rebellion, 1851-64

• Causes: Famine, drought, economic tensions, military defeats at Western hands.

• Led by Hong Xiuquan, a Chinese Christian who wanted to reform Chinese culture

• over 30 million people were reported killed.

• Further weakening the Qing Dynasty

Treaty of Nanjing 1860

• 1860 Chinese loose ports (Hong Kong) to British and other foreign countries.

• Must open Beijing to foreigners, allow Christian missionaries.

• Must pay a large indemnity

• The trade of opium to continue. It devastated Chinese economy

Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901):

• Chinese uprising against foreign influence. Made up of common peasants.

• Attacked foreigners building railroads, Chinese Christians, missionaries.

• Foreigners fled to the foreign embassy quarter and held out for 55 days. A multinational coalition rushed 20,000 troops to their rescue. The Chinese government was forced to compensate the victims and make many additional concessions.

Sun Yat-sen

• Father of the Chinese Revolution Three People's Principles: Nationalism, Democracy, and Equalization The "Three Stages of Revolution“:

• 1st Dictatorship, to dismantle the imperial government.

• 2nd “Political Tutelage" people trained in democracy by allowing them regional autonomy.

• 3rd Democracy.

Sepoy Mutiny 1857

• Indian Rebellion against the British rule and perceived lack of regard for Indian tradition or culture.

• Began with rumor British guns were oiled with pork or beef fat.

Mohandas Gandhi

• Leader of the Indian Independence Movement. Used Civil Disobedience/ Non-Violence as tactic: Boycott of British cloth, Salt March, protests, newspaper.

• Inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

Before the Meiji Restoration

• Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1868) : a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns (feudal lords used samurai as soldiers)

Japan was closed to Westerners

• U.S. Commodore Perry: opened Japan to US trade

Meiji Restoration

• Meiji Restoration: all Tokugawa lands were seized and placed under 'Imperial control',modernizing Japan’s economy to compete with Western nations, increased foreign trade, Imperialized (Korea & Taiwan) thru Sino-Japanese War & Russo-Japanese War) 1. Establishment of deliberative assemblies

• 2. Involvement of all classes in carrying out state affairs

• 3. The revocation of laws regulating personal behavior and class restrictions on employment

• 4. Replacement of "evil customs" with the "just laws of nature" and

• 5. An international search for knowledge to strengthen the foundations of imperial rule.

Meiji Restoration

• cultural diffusion: the spread of Cultural ideas (religion, goods, people, language etc) from one culture to another.

• westernization: a process whereby non-western societies adopt western culture

Causes of Japan’s Imperialization

• Meiji Restoration afraid that Japan would be colonized by western nations

• Effects of Japan’s Industrialization: Japan Imperialized to Feed Its Industrial Needs (Korea & Taiwan) thru Sino-Japanese War & Russo-Japanese War)

• Russo-Japanese War: (Causes) Effects) a conflict 1904-05