unit 4 evolution ch 10: principles of evolution ch 11: evolution of populations ch 12: the history...
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Unit 4 EvolutionCH 10: Principles of Evolution
Ch 11: Evolution of PopulationsCh 12: The History of Life
Ch 10 Principles of Evolution10.1 Early ideas about evolution
• Scientists:– Carolus Linneaus: Swedish botanist, developed
classification system (binomial nomenclature) for species
– Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon: French naturalist, suggested species shared ancestors, he and Charles Lyell suggested earth was much oder then 6000yrs
– Erasmus Darwin: Charles’ grandfather, English doctor/ poet, proposed living things from common ancestor
10.1 cont’d
– Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: French naturalist, proposed all organisms evolved towards perfection/ complexity b/c of change in enviro.
• Leading up to Darwin’s theory– Georges Cuvier: French zoologist, fossils different
in layers and catastrophism– James Hutton: Scottish geologist, proposed
gradualism– Charles Lyell: English geologist, agreed and theory
of uniformitarism
10.2 Darwin’s observations• Island species differences
– Variation was interspecific and intraspecific based on islands he visited
– Galapagos Islands: tortoises (necks/ legs), finches (size beak)
Darwin’s observations cont’d• Fossil/ geologic evidence
– Giant armadillo fossils; suggested ancestor and earth older 6000yrs
– Marine fossils in mountains; volcanoes/ other activity changed land over time (gradualism)
– Darwin and His Work
10.3 Theory of Natural Selection• Artificial selections- people make genetic
diversity of plants/animals• Natural selection
– Darwin- heredity; Malthus- struggle for survival/ competition
neck feathers
crop
tail feathers
• 4 principles of Natural Selection:– Variation: inherited/ mutations– Overproduction: many offspring= survival or
compete– Adaptation: better suited for environment– Descent with modification: better trait passed on– “fitness”: ability to survive in environment/ adapt
wrist bone
five digits
10.3 cont’d• Natural selection changes phenotypes not
genotypes• Why evolve?
– Changing environments: ex food/ finches– Not really ‘passed on’ over many generations, can
be response to need in environment
– Natural Selection
10.4 Evidence of Evolution• Evidence/ support
– Fossils: age/ location/ environment when organism was alive; layers had oldest at bottom
– Geography: Galapagos similar plants/ animals as S. America; distance from mainland, biogeography
Human hand
Bat wing
Mole foot
Fly wing
– Embryology: crab/ barnacles look alike as larva; embryos in verts. Look similar too
– Anatomy: homologous structures (forelimbs)- look same but have different functions; analogous structures (wings)- do the same function, but look very different; vestigial structures (ostrich/snake)- organs or structures had function for earlier ancestors
Human hand Bat wingMole foot
10.5 Evolutionary Biology Today• Paleontology- fossils/ extinct organisms; NEW
and lacked transitional fossils
• Fossil/ anatomical evidence– DNA sequence analysis: nucleotides show how
closely related– Pseudogenes: no longer function but still in DNA
(like vestigial organs)– Homeobox genes: control development of specific
structures- links us back to common ancestor– Protein comparisons: molecular fingerprinting to
show common cells and make ancestor connections
Videos of Evolutionary Biology
• Evolution is in all biology fields!
• Natural Selection
• Evolutionary Bio 1
• Evolutionary Bio 2
End of CH 10 Review
• Pick 2 of the following to complete• Title the page “Ch 10 review” and keep it in
your classwork section.
1. Student Premium: Animated Biology clips2. Student Premium: Virtual Investigation3. Student Premium: Interactive Review Games
11.1 Genetic Variation within Popln• Genetic variation leads to phenotypic variation.• Phenotypic variation is necessary for natural selection.• Genetic variation is stored in a population’s gene pool.
– made up of all alleles in a population– allele combinations form when organisms have offspring
Genetic variation comes from several sources.
• Mutation is a random change in the DNA of a gene.
• Recombination forms new combinations of alleles.
– can form new allele– can be passed on to
offspring if in reproductive cells
– usually occurs during meiosis – parents’ alleles
arranged in new ways in gametes
11.2 Natural Selection in Popln• A normal distribution
graphs as a bell-shaped curve.– highest frequency
near mean value
– frequencies decrease toward each extreme value
• Traits not undergoing natural selection have a normal distribution.
Natural Selection changes poplns• Microevolution is evolution within a population.
(observable change in the allele frequencies)• Directional selection favors phenotypes at one
extreme.• Stabilizing selection favors the intermediate
phenotype.• Disruptive selection favors both extreme phenotypes.
11.3 Other Mechanisms of Evolution• Genetic drift causes a loss
of genetic diversity.• It is most common in small
populations.• A population bottleneck can
lead to genetic drift. – It occurs when a few
individuals start a new population.
– The founder effect is genetic drift that occurs after start of new population.
Genetic drift has negative effects on a population.– less likely to have some individuals that can adapt – harmful alleles can become more common due to
chance
There are two types of sexual selection.– intrasexual selection: competition among males– intersexual selection: males display certain traits
to females
11.4 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium– very large population: no
genetic drift – no emigration or immigration:
no gene flow – no mutations: no new alleles
added to gene pool– random mating:
no sexual selection– no natural selection:
all traits aid equallyin survival
• p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
"The Hardy-Weinberg equation is based on Mendelian genetics. It is derived from a simple Punnett square in which p is the frequency of the dominant allele and q is the frequency of the recessive allele."
11.5 Speciation through isolation• Populations become isolated when there is no
gene flow. – Isolated populations adapt to their own
environments.– Genetic differences can add up over generations.
• Reproductive isolation can occur between isolated populations.
• Behavioral barriers can cause isolation.– called behavioral isolation– includes differences in courtship or mating behaviors
• Speciation is the rise of two or more species from one existing species.
• Geographic barriers can cause isolation.– called geographic isolation– physical barriers divide population
• Temporal barriers can cause isolation.– called temporal isolation– timing of reproductive periods prevents
mating
11.6 Patterns of evolution• Natural selection can
have direction.• Convergent evolution:
evolution similar traits in unrelated species.
• Divergent evolution: evolution toward different traits in closely related species.
• Mass extinctions are rare but much more intense.– destroy many species at global level– thought to be caused by catastrophic events– at least five mass extinctions in last 600
million years
• Many species evolve from one species during adaptive radiation.– ancestral species
diversifies into many descendent species
– descendent speciesusually adapted towide range ofenvironments
Ch 12 The History of Life12.1 The Fossil Record
How Fossils Form:• Permineralization: minerals carried by water are
deposited around a hard structure.– Natural cast forms: flowing water removes all of the original
tissue, leaving an impression.• Amber-preserved fossils: organisms that become trapped
in tree resin that hardens after the tree is buried.• Preserved remains form when an entire organism
becomes encased in material such as ice.• Only a tiny percentage of living things became
fossils!!
Radiometric Dating:• Relative dating estimates the time during
which an organism lived.– It compares the placement of fossils in layers of
rock.• Radiometric dating uses decay of unstable
isotopes.– Isotopes are atoms of an element that differ in
their number of neutrons
12.2 The Geologic Time Scale
• Index fossils can provide the relative age of a rock layer. – existed only during specific spans of time– occurred in large geographic areas
• Index fossils include fusulinids and trilobites. • The history of Earth is represented in the
geologic time scale.
• Eras last tens to hundreds of millions of years.– consist of two or
more periods– three eras:
Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic
• Periods last tens of millions of years.– most commonly used units of time on time
scale– associated with rock systems.
• Epochs last several million years.
12.3 Origin of Life• The most widely
accepted hypothesis of Earth’s origins is the nebula hypothesis.
• There are two organic molecule hypotheses.– Miller-Urey experiment:
test input of E from light– meteorite hypothesis: off
Australia, had 90aa found on Earth
electrodes
heat source amino acids
water
“atmosphere”
“ocean”
• There are different hypotheses of early cell structure.– iron-sulfide bubbles hypothesis
• Martin/Russell proposed• Conditions needed for early life
– lipid membrane hypothesis• Crucial step in the origin of life!
• A hypothesis proposes that RNA was the first genetic material.
– Ribozymes are RNA molecules that catalyze their own replication.
– DNA needs enzymes to replicate itself.
12.4 Early Single-Celled Organisms
• Microbes have changed the physical and chemical composition of Earth.
• The oldest known fossils are a group of marine cyanobacteria. – prokaryotic cells– added oxygen to
atmosphere– deposited minerals
• Fossil stromatolites provide evidence of early colonies of life.
• Endosymbiosis is a relationship in which one organism lives within the body of another.
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts may have developed through endosymbiosis.
• Genetic variation is an advantage of sexual reproduction.
• Sexual reproduction may have led to the evolution of multicellular life.
12.5 Radiation of Multicellular Life• Life moved onto land
during the Paleozoic Era.• Multicellular organisms
first appeared during the Paleozoic era.
• The era began 544 million years ago and ended 248 million years ago.
• The Cambrian explosion led to a huge diversity of animal species.
Reptiles radiated during the Mesozoic era.
• The Mesozoic era is known as the Age of Reptiles.• It began 248 million years ago and ended 65 million years ago.• Dinosaurs, birds, flowering plants, and first mammals
appeared.
Mammals radiated during the Cenozoic era.
• The Cenozoic era began 65 million years ago and continues today.
• Placental mammals and monotremes evolved and diversified.
• Anatomically modern humans appeared late in the era.
12.6 Primate Evolution• Primates are mammals with flexible hands and
feet, forward-looking eyes and enlarged brains.
• Primates evolved into prosimians and anthropoids.– Prosimians are the oldest living primates.– They are mostly small and nocturnal.
– They are subdivided into the New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and hominoids.
– Anthropoids are humanlike primates.
– Homonoids are divided into hominids, great apes, and lesser apes.
– Hominids include living and extinct humans.
• Bipedal means walking on two legs.– foraging– carrying infants and food– using tools
• Walking upright has important adaptive advantages.