Unit 3: The New Republic and Antebellum Period

(1789-1850)Challenges to the New Republic (1789-

1825)

I can analyze and explain the major domestic and foreign crises that faced the United States after the adoption of the Constitution.

Daily Learning Target

The “Father of Our Country” 1789-1797

First Cabinet: Jefferson – Sec. of State;

Hamilton -Sec. of Treasury Hamilton wanted a large

National Bank (the Bank of the U.S. in 1792) – it barely passed Congress

He wanted stable economy, strong defense, no national debt and a way to regulate state and local banks.

President Washington Defined the Office of President

Disagreement over the Bank led to our first political parties

The Federalists – Led by Hamilton; believed in a loose interpretation of Constitution (Elastic Clause)

Democratic-Republicans – Led by Jefferson; wanted a strict interpretation of Constitution and said the National Bank was unconstitutional

The First U.S. Political Parties

The French Revolution (1789-1799) created problems for the U.S.

The U.S. said it was neutral. Were we?

1793 – Britain began seizing U.S. ships and impressing U.S. sailors – forcing them into British Navy

Jay’s Treaty (1794) – British gave up forts on American side of Great Lakes, but kept restrictions on U.S. shipping/ trade.

War with Britain was avoided, but some cried foul.

Early Struggles With Foreign Policy

American forces under General “Mad Anthony” Wayne defeat alliance of Native Americans led by Shawnee War chief, Blue Jacket, near Toledo, Ohio.

This led to increased western settlement as Indians gave up 2/3 of Ohio and S. Indiana.

Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) - with Spain - (got LA from France in 1763) allowed the U.S. to use the port of New Orleans to export goods – very important for western settlement

The Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794 & Pinckney’s Treaty 1795

Problems with France (offended by Jay’s Treaty) dominated the Adams (Federalist) Presidency

France copied Britain and began seizing and fighting with American ships, called the Quasi-War (1798-1800)

Alien Act of 1798 – toughened the citizenship requirements for immigrants and restricted free speech. Most new immigrants usually voted Democratic-Republican, not Federalist.

Sedition Act of 1798 – made it illegal to criticize the government in a time of crisis (i.e. the French threat).

John Adams (1797-1801)

Democratic-Republican - didn’t believe in a strong presidency or federal government; he was for “states’ rights”

Had Congress remove Alien & Sedition Acts; he was for 1st Amendment

Reduced taxes, Federal government spending, and national debt

Marbury vs. Madison (1803) – Supreme Court Case that set precedent for judicial review – the power to decide the constitutionality of federal law.

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

The Louisiana Purchase (1803) – from France for $15 Million was apex of his presidency

Lewis & Clark Expedition (1804-06) – Explored Louisiana Territory & reached Pacific Ocean

Zebulon Pike Expedition (1806-07) explored SW Louisiana Territory – captured by Spanish in Colorado; released later

Jefferson’s Presidency

Britain practiced impressment – a policy of seizing U.S. sailors and forcing them to work in Royal Navy

Embargo Act of 1807 – suspended trade with Great Britain

Thought Britain would need our food and cotton more than we needed their clothing – Embargo failed because it hurt U.S. economy

Congress ended it in1809 as Jefferson left office, but problems with Britain didn’t end

Jefferson’s Presidency Continued

The War of 1812 – Madison felt there was no choice but war with Britain

Often called “the second war of Independence”

Britain invaded Washington, DC & burned Capitol, White House

The U.S. tried, but failed to take Canada

U.S. held off more powerful Britain and their Indian allies

Battle of New Orleans (1815) – Andrew Jackson becomes a national hero with great American victory

James Madison (1809-1817)

Wanted to prevent Spain or any other European nation from re-establishing colonies in the Americas

Monroe Doctrine (1823) – said we would use force to keep Western Hemisphere free of European domination; pledged U.S. would stay out of European affairs

We now saw ourselves as the supreme power in the hemisphere

We lacked the military to enforce it, but it would shape American foreign policy in the late 1800s and early 1900s

James Monroe (1817-1825)

1. Washington set the tradition of appointing a group of advisors known as the _________.a. Directory b. Cabinet c. Judiciary

2. Britain and other European nations declared war on this country when it overthrew the monarchy in 1789?a. Spain b. Prussia c. France

3. Some feel the Louisiana Purchase was his greatest achievement?a. Jefferson b. Madison c. Monroe

4. This failed law of 1807 was passed to keep American ships in port to avoid conflicts with the British Navy?a. Impressment Act b. Embargo Act c. Boycott Act

5. The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 was passed toa. prevent Mexico from breaking away from Spain.b. prevent European nations from creating new colonies in the Americas.c. prevent Great Britain from trading with the United States.

Bell Ringer: The New Republic (1789-1825)