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Unit 3: Text AUnit 3: Text AUnit 3: Text AUnit 3: Text A

How to Change Your Point of View

2121st Century College English: Book 4st Century College English: Book 4

Unit 3: Text AUnit 3: Text A

How to Change Your Point of ViewHow to Change Your Point of View

• Lead-in Activities

• Text Organization

• Reading & Writing Skills

• Language PointsLanguage Points

• Guided PracticeGuided Practice

• AssignmentAssignment

Lead-in ActivitiesLead-in Activities

Questions for DiscussionQuestions for Discussion

• Tell your group or class about a time you Tell your group or class about a time you encountered a particularly difficult, frustrating encountered a particularly difficult, frustrating problem. How did you go about trying to solve problem. How did you go about trying to solve it? Were you ultimately successful?it? Were you ultimately successful?

• Is there anything different between eastern style Is there anything different between eastern style and western style of thinking? If so, what are the and western style of thinking? If so, what are the typical differences? typical differences?

• Tell your group or class about a time you Tell your group or class about a time you encountered a particularly difficult, frustrating encountered a particularly difficult, frustrating problem. How did you go about trying to solve problem. How did you go about trying to solve it? Were you ultimately successful?it? Were you ultimately successful?

• Is there anything different between eastern style Is there anything different between eastern style and western style of thinking? If so, what are the and western style of thinking? If so, what are the typical differences? typical differences?

The structure of Text AThe structure of Text AThe structure of Text AThe structure of Text A

I.I. Solving the problem by changing one’s point of Solving the problem by changing one’s point of view.view.

I.I. Solving the problem by changing one’s point of Solving the problem by changing one’s point of view.view.

II.II. Lateral thinking as a technique for changing Lateral thinking as a technique for changing one’s point of view. one’s point of view.

II.II. Lateral thinking as a technique for changing Lateral thinking as a technique for changing one’s point of view. one’s point of view.

III.III. Making vital shift in emphasis instead of Making vital shift in emphasis instead of attacking it head-on.attacking it head-on.

III.III. Making vital shift in emphasis instead of Making vital shift in emphasis instead of attacking it head-on.attacking it head-on.

IV.IV. Lateral thinking is Eastern flanking Lateral thinking is Eastern flanking maneuver.maneuver.

IV.IV. Lateral thinking is Eastern flanking Lateral thinking is Eastern flanking maneuver.maneuver.

V.V. Looking at a crisis from an opportunity point Looking at a crisis from an opportunity point of view is lateral thinking.of view is lateral thinking.

V.V. Looking at a crisis from an opportunity point Looking at a crisis from an opportunity point of view is lateral thinking.of view is lateral thinking.

Para. 1-3Para. 1-3Para. 1-3Para. 1-3



Para. 13Para. 13Para. 13Para. 13

Para. 14Para. 14Para. 14Para. 14

Text OrganizationText Organization

A good expository essay is marked by a strong A good expository essay is marked by a strong connection between its general assertions and the connection between its general assertions and the specific examples used to support that assertion. Usually, specific examples used to support that assertion. Usually, when writing, we begin with a generalization and then when writing, we begin with a generalization and then support it with specifics. However, it is not always support it with specifics. However, it is not always necessary to follow this order. necessary to follow this order.

(example in text A ) The author starts with a specific (example in text A ) The author starts with a specific example of changing one’s point of view to solve the example of changing one’s point of view to solve the problem. →He moves on to present the problem with problem. →He moves on to present the problem with our thinking. → Then he gives a generalization of the our thinking. → Then he gives a generalization of the example.example.

Reading & Writing SkillsReading & Writing Skills

Language PointsLanguage Points

How to ChangeHow to Change

Your Point of ViewYour Point of View

How to ChangeHow to Change

Your Point of ViewYour Point of View

Text A:

How to How to Change Your Point of ViewByBy Caroline SeebohmCaroline Seebohm

11 Dr. Edward Jenner was busy trying to solve the problem of was busy trying to solve the problem of

smallpox. smallpox. After studying case after case, he still found no possible , he still found no possible

cure. cure. He had reached an impasse in his thinking. At this point, he . At this point, he

changed his changed his tactics. Instead of focusing on people who had . Instead of focusing on people who had

smallpox, he switched his attention to people who did not have smallpox, he switched his attention to people who did not have

smallpox. It turned out that dairymaids apparently never got the smallpox. It turned out that dairymaids apparently never got the

disease. disease.

From the discovery that harmless cowpox gave protection against deadly smallpox came vaccination and the end of smallpox as a scourge in the western world

. .


22 We often reach an impasse in our thinking. We are looking at a We often reach an impasse in our thinking. We are looking at a

problem and trying to solve it and it seems there is a dead end. It is problem and trying to solve it and it seems there is a dead end. It is

on these occasions that we become tense, we feel pressured, on these occasions that we become tense, we feel pressured,

overwhelmed, in a state of stress. We struggle vainly, overwhelmed, in a state of stress. We struggle vainly,

fighting to solve the problem. .


33 Dr. Jenner, however, did something about this situation. He stopped He stopped

fighting the problem and simply changed his point of viewfighting the problem and simply changed his point of view

— — from his patients to dairy maids. from his patients to dairy maids.

Picture the process going something like this: Suppose the brain is a : Suppose the brain is a

computer. This computer has absorbed into its memory bank all computer. This computer has absorbed into its memory bank all

your history, your experiences, your training, your information your history, your experiences, your training, your information

received through life; and it is programmed according to all this received through life; and it is programmed according to all this

data. To change your point of view, you must reprogram your data. To change your point of view, you must reprogram your

computer, computer,

thus freeing yourself to take in new ideas and develop new ways of looking at things. Dr. Jenner, . Dr. Jenner, in effect, by reprogramming his computer, erased the , by reprogramming his computer, erased the

old way of looking at his smallpox problem and was free to old way of looking at his smallpox problem and was free to

receive new alternatives..


44 That’s all very well, you may say, but how do we actually do That’s all very well, you may say, but how do we actually do

that? that?

55 Doctor and philosopher Edward de Bono has come up with a has come up with a

technique for changing our point of view, and he calls it Lateral technique for changing our point of view, and he calls it Lateral

Thinking. Thinking.


6 6 The normal Western approach to a problem is to fight it. The The normal Western approach to a problem is to fight it. The

saying, ‘‘saying, ‘‘When the going gets tough, the tough get going,’’ is typical of ,’’ is typical of

this aggressive attitude toward problem-solving. No matter what the -solving. No matter what the

problem is, or the techniques available for solving it, problem is, or the techniques available for solving it,

the framework produced by our Western way of thinking is fight. Dr. de is fight. Dr. de

Bono calls this vertical thinking; the traditional, sequential, Bono calls this vertical thinking; the traditional, sequential,

Aristotelian thinking of logic, moving firmly from one step to the thinking of logic, moving firmly from one step to the

next, like toy blocks being built one on top of the other. The flaw is, next, like toy blocks being built one on top of the other. The flaw is,

of course, that if at any point one of the steps is not reached, or one of course, that if at any point one of the steps is not reached, or one

of the toy blocks is incorrectly placed, then the whole structure of the toy blocks is incorrectly placed, then the whole structure

collapses. Impasse is reached, and frustration, tension, collapses. Impasse is reached, and frustration, tension,

feelings of fight take over..


7 7 Lateral thinking, Dr. de Bono says, is a new technique of thinking Lateral thinking, Dr. de Bono says, is a new technique of thinking

about things — a technique that avoids this fight altogether, and about things — a technique that avoids this fight altogether, and

solves the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion.solves the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion.

8 8 In one of In one of Sherlock Holmes’s cases, his assistant, ’s cases, his assistant, Dr. Watson, ,

pointed out that a certain dog pointed out that a certain dog was of no importance to the case to the case

because it did not appear to have done anything. Sherlock Holmes because it did not appear to have done anything. Sherlock Holmes

took the opposite point of view and maintained that the fact the dog took the opposite point of view and maintained that the fact the dog

had done nothing was had done nothing was of the utmost significance, for , for

it should have been expected to do something, and to do something, and

on this basis he solved the case..


9 9 Lateral thinking sounds simple. Lateral thinking sounds simple. And it is. Once you have solved a . Once you have solved a

problem laterally, you wonder how you could ever have problem laterally, you wonder how you could ever have

been hung up on it. it. The key is making that vital shift in emphasis, that sidestepping of the problem, instead of attacking it head-on..

10 10 Dr. A. A. Bridger, psychiatrist at Columbia University and Dr. A. A. Bridger, psychiatrist at Columbia University and

in private practice in New York, explains how lateral thinking works , explains how lateral thinking works

with his patients. ‘‘Many people come to me wanting to stop with his patients. ‘‘Many people come to me wanting to stop

smoking, for instance,’’ he says. ‘‘Most people fail when they are smoking, for instance,’’ he says. ‘‘Most people fail when they are

trying to stop smoking because they trying to stop smoking because they wind up telling themselves, telling themselves,

‘No, I will not smoke; no, I shall not smoke; no, I will not; no, I ‘No, I will not smoke; no, I shall not smoke; no, I will not; no, I

cannot...’ It’s a fight and what happens is you cannot...’ It’s a fight and what happens is you end up smoking more. smoking more.


11 11 ‘‘So instead of looking at the problem from the old ways of no, ‘‘So instead of looking at the problem from the old ways of no,

and fighting it, I show them a whole new point of view — that and fighting it, I show them a whole new point of view — that

you are your body’s keeper, and your body is something through which y

ou experience life

. If you . If you stop to think about it, there’s really something helpless about , there’s really something helpless about

your body. It can do nothing for itself. It has no choice, it is like a your body. It can do nothing for itself. It has no choice, it is like a

baby’s body. You begin then a whole new way of looking at it — ‘I baby’s body. You begin then a whole new way of looking at it — ‘I

am now going to take care of myself, and give myself some respect am now going to take care of myself, and give myself some respect

and protection, by not smoking.’and protection, by not smoking.’


12 12 ‘‘There is a Japanese parable about a donkey tied to a pole by a ‘‘There is a Japanese parable about a donkey tied to a pole by a

rope. The rope rubs tight against his neck. The more the donkey rope. The rope rubs tight against his neck. The more the donkey

fights and pulls on the rope, the tighter and tighter it gets around fights and pulls on the rope, the tighter and tighter it gets around

his throat — until he his throat — until he winds up dead. On the other hand, as soon as . On the other hand, as soon as

he stops fighting, he finds that the rope gets slack, he can walk he stops fighting, he finds that the rope gets slack, he can walk

around, maybe find some grass to eat... That’s the same principle: around, maybe find some grass to eat... That’s the same principle:

The more you fight something the more anxious you become — the The more you fight something the more anxious you become — the

more more you’re involved in a bad pattern, the more difficult it is to escape , the more difficult it is to escape

pain. pain.


13 13 ‘‘‘Lateral thinking,’’ Dr. Bridger goes on, ‘‘is simply approaching ‘Lateral thinking,’’ Dr. Bridger goes on, ‘‘is simply approaching

a problem with what I would call a problem with what I would call an Eastern flanking maneuver. You . You

know, when a know, when a Zen archer wants to hit the target with a bow and archer wants to hit the target with a bow and

arrow, he doesn’t concentrate on the target, he concentrates rather arrow, he doesn’t concentrate on the target, he concentrates rather

on what he has in his hands, so when he lets the arrow go, his on what he has in his hands, so when he lets the arrow go, his

focus is on the arrow, rather than the target. This is what an Eastern focus is on the arrow, rather than the target. This is what an Eastern

flanking maneuver implies — instead of approaching the target flanking maneuver implies — instead of approaching the target

directly, you approach it from a directly, you approach it from a sideways point of view — or laterally point of view — or laterally

instead of vertically.’’instead of vertically.’’


14 14 ‘‘‘‘I think the answer lies in that direction,’’ affirms Dr. Bridger. ‘‘,’’ affirms Dr. Bridger. ‘‘

Take the situation where someone is in a crisis. The Chinese word where someone is in a crisis. The Chinese word

for crisis is divided into two characters, one meaning danger and for crisis is divided into two characters, one meaning danger and

the other meaning opportunity. We in the Western world focus only the other meaning opportunity. We in the Western world focus only

upon the ‘danger’ aspect of crisis. upon the ‘danger’ aspect of crisis.

Crisis in Western civilization has come to mean danger, period. And yet . And yet

the word can also mean opportunity. Let us now suggest to the the word can also mean opportunity. Let us now suggest to the

person in crisis that he cease concentrating so upon the dangers person in crisis that he cease concentrating so upon the dangers

involved and the difficulties, and concentrate instead upon the involved and the difficulties, and concentrate instead upon the

opportunity — for there is always opportunity in crisis. opportunity — for there is always opportunity in crisis.

Looking at a crisis from an opportunity point of view is a lateral thought.’’.’’


Dr. Edward Jenner (1749 – 1823)Dr. Edward Jenner (1749 – 1823)

爱德华爱德华••詹纳詹纳 (1749(174918231823 ，英国医生，，英国医生，

发现牛痘对天花有免疫力，发现牛痘对天花有免疫力， 17961796 年试年试

验牛痘接种成功验牛痘接种成功 ) )

Text-related informationText-related information

For centuries smallpox was a scourge. When late in the For centuries smallpox was a scourge. When late in the 1818thth century Edward Jenner, a young physician, startled century Edward Jenner, a young physician, startled the medical profession by claiming that people who had the medical profession by claiming that people who had has cowpox would not get smallpox, his theory was has cowpox would not get smallpox, his theory was scorned. After many years, however, doctors began scorned. After many years, however, doctors began using Jenner’s method, based upon this theory, of using Jenner’s method, based upon this theory, of preventing smallpox. He called the method vaccination. preventing smallpox. He called the method vaccination. By 1979 the disease was declared eradicated. By 1979 the disease was declared eradicated.

changed one’s point of viewchanged one’s point of view

— — change one’s perspectivechange one’s perspective

Examples:Examples:

•• The book looks at college life from a student’s The book looks at college life from a student’s point of point of viewview..

•• Please look at it from my Please look at it from my point of viewpoint of view. .

point of viewpoint of view— — way of considering or judging a thing, person, event, way of considering or judging a thing, person, event,

etc.etc.

after studying case after caseafter studying case after case

—— after making researches on one case after anotherafter making researches on one case after another

Examples:Examples:

•• She was definitely a mental She was definitely a mental casecase..

•• When he first went for treatment at the hospital he When he first went for treatment at the hospital he seemed to be a hopeless seemed to be a hopeless casecase (= a person who could not (= a person who could not be cured). be cured).

casecase— — in this context it refers to a person with a particular in this context it refers to a person with a particular

illness, a patientillness, a patient

He had reached an impasse in his thinking. He had reached an impasse in his thinking.

impasseimpasse— — n. a position from which progress is impossible; n. a position from which progress is impossible;

deadlock deadlock 僵局；死胡同僵局；死胡同

Examples:Examples:

•• The negotiation reached an The negotiation reached an impasseimpasse..

•• The development of this new drug has come to a The development of this new drug has come to a dead dead endend because of doubts about its safety. because of doubts about its safety.


Cf.Cf. impasse, dead end impasse, dead endImpasseImpasse means a situation in which progress has stopped means a situation in which progress has stopped completely, esp. because people cannot agree on what to completely, esp. because people cannot agree on what to do next, while do next, while dead enddead end, refers to a situation in which it is , refers to a situation in which it is impossible to make any further progress in what one is impossible to make any further progress in what one is trying to do. trying to do.

More to learnMore to learnMore to learnMore to learn


ParaphraseParaphrase??KeyKey•• He had got into a difficult situation where he could He had got into a difficult situation where he could

think of no solution to the problem.think of no solution to the problem.

tacticstactics—— n.n. a method or process of carrying out a scheme or a method or process of carrying out a scheme or

achieving some end achieving some end

Examples:Examples:•• Her Her tacticstactics were to divide his friends and therefore were to divide his friends and therefore

strengthen her own position.strengthen her own position.•• That's a smart That's a smart tactictactic to get the job to get the job..•• TacticsTactics (uncountable noun) has always been their (uncountable noun) has always been their

strong point in making war.strong point in making war.

Note:Note:When When tacticstactics is used as an uncountable noun it refers to is used as an uncountable noun it refers to the science of arranging and maneuvering military or the science of arranging and maneuvering military or naval forces.naval forces.

FromFrom the discovery that harmless the discovery that harmless cowpoxcowpox gave protection gave protection against deadlyagainst deadly smallpoxsmallpox came came vaccinationvaccination and the end of and the end of smallpox as a scourge in the western world.smallpox as a scourge in the western world.

come fromcome from— — be the result ofbe the result of

天花天花接种疫苗接种疫苗牛痘牛痘


Examples:Examples:

•• Depression often Depression often comes fromcomes from bad eating. bad eating.

•• That’s what That’s what comes fromcomes from sleeping late, you have a sleeping late, you have a headache all morning.headache all morning.

From the discovery that … came vaccination and the end of From the discovery that … came vaccination and the end of smallpox as a scourge in the western world.smallpox as a scourge in the western world.

—— Vaccination was invented and smallpox, a disaster in Vaccination was invented and smallpox, a disaster in the West countries, was eliminated as a result of the the West countries, was eliminated as a result of the discovery that…discovery that…

TranslateTranslate

??Key:Key:从无害的牛痘能预防致命的天花这一发现产生了疫苗的从无害的牛痘能预防致命的天花这一发现产生了疫苗的接种，天花作为一种灾难在西方世界结束了。接种，天花作为一种灾难在西方世界结束了。

fighting fighting to solve the problemto solve the problem—— attack the problem head-onattack the problem head-on

Examples:Examples:

•• He stopped He stopped fighting fighting to solve the problemto solve the problem and simply and simply changed his point of view…(paragraph 3 in the text)changed his point of view…(paragraph 3 in the text)

•• The normal Western approach to a problem is to The normal Western approach to a problem is to fighting fighting it.(paragraph 5)it.(paragraph 5)

• The framework produce by our European way of The framework produce by our European way of thinking is thinking is fightingfighting.(paragraph 5 in the text).(paragraph 5 in the text)

Dr. Jenner …Dr. Jenner … did something did something about this situation.about this situation.—— Dr. Jenner … took some action to change the Dr. Jenner … took some action to change the situation.situation.

Examples:Examples:

•• I’m glad somebody finally I’m glad somebody finally did something did something about the about the crime problem.crime problem.

• Don’t just stand there, Don’t just stand there, do somethingdo something, can’t you see , can’t you see he’s hurt? he’s hurt?

picture the process going something like this: … picture the process going something like this: …

—— Imagine that the steps to be taken (in changing his Imagine that the steps to be taken (in changing his point view) are more or less like this… point view) are more or less like this…

something likesomething like1)1) rather like rather like 2)2) (Infml)(Infml) about about

Examples:Examples:

•• The stone shapes The stone shapes something likesomething like a horse. a horse.

• There are There are something likesomething like 1,000 people in the lecture 1,000 people in the lecture hall. hall.

rather likerather like

aboutabout

thus freeing yourself tothus freeing yourself to take in take in new ideas and develop new new ideas and develop new ways of looking at thingsways of looking at things

—— thus removing old ideas from your mind to absorb thus removing old ideas from your mind to absorb new ideas and take up new approaches to problemsnew ideas and take up new approaches to problems

take intake in— — receive; absorbreceive; absorb

Examples:Examples:

•• He didn’t He didn’t take intake in what I’d warned him of. what I’d warned him of.

•• It was an interesting class but there was just too much It was an interesting class but there was just too much to to take intake in..

in effectin effect

—— in factin fact

Example:Example:

•• In effectIn effect he has no choice. he has no choice.

•• The two systems are, The two systems are, In effectIn effect, identical., identical.

Make a sentence with the phrase:Make a sentence with the phrase:

??

receive new alternativesreceive new alternatives

—— consider other possibilities; take in new ideasconsider other possibilities; take in new ideas


??

Example:Example:

•• There are several There are several alternativesalternatives to your plan. to your plan.

n.n. 选择选择

Doctor and philosopher Edward de BonoDoctor and philosopher Edward de Bono

—— Edward de Bono who was both a doctor and a Edward de Bono who was both a doctor and a philosopherphilosopher

爱德华爱德华 ·· 德德 ·· 博诺博诺

(1933---(1933--- ，美国哲学家，美国哲学家 ))

When the When the goinggoing gets tough, the tough get going. gets tough, the tough get going.

— — As the situation becomes more challenging, the strongAs the situation becomes more challenging, the strong

people work harder.people work harder.

Example:Example:

•• The The goinggoing was rough through the mountain. was rough through the mountain.

•• I decided to sell my stock while the I decided to sell my stock while the goinggoing was still god was still god (I.e. while the conditions were favorable).(I.e. while the conditions were favorable).

goinggoing

— — n. n. condition of a path of a travel or progress condition of a path of a travel or progress


When the going getsWhen the going gets toughtough, the, the tough tough get going. get going.

tough tough a.a.——(of a problem, etc.) difficult, full of hardship(of a problem, etc.) difficult, full of hardship


toughtough

—— a. a. (of a person) able to endure hardship; not easily (of a person) able to endure hardship; not easily defeated or injureddefeated or injured (the(the toughtough = the = the toughtough people) people)

ExamplesExamples::

•• My boss has given me a My boss has given me a toughtough job. job.

•• He has a reputation for being resolute andHe has a reputation for being resolute and tough tough..

• • You have to beYou have to be tough tough to be successful in your career. to be successful in your career.

When the going gets tough, theWhen the going gets tough, the tough tough get goingget going..

Examples:Examples:

•• We’d better We’d better get goingget going or we’ll be late. or we’ll be late.

•• I’m really getting anxious to I’m really getting anxious to get goingget going. .

get goingget going—— start to move away from a place;start doing something start to move away from a place;start doing something

This This aggressiveaggressive attitude toward… attitude toward…

—— this determined approach to…this determined approach to…

Examples:Examples:

•• Thanks to our Thanks to our aggressiveaggressive marketing tactics, our sales marketing tactics, our sales have risen sharply this year.have risen sharply this year.

•• If you want to be a success in business, you must be If you want to be a success in business, you must be aggressiveaggressive. .

aggressiveaggressive—— not afraid of opposition not afraid of opposition 敢作敢为的敢作敢为的

the the frameworkframework produced by our western way of thinking produced by our western way of thinking

—— the basic ideas that come from our western way of the basic ideas that come from our western way of thinking.thinking.

Examples:Examples:

•• Any changes that you make must fit into the existing Any changes that you make must fit into the existing frameworkframework. .

•• Negotiators are still trying to find a Negotiators are still trying to find a frameworkframework for a for a long-term peace agreement. long-term peace agreement.

frameworkframework— — a set of rules, ideas, or beliefs which you use in order to a set of rules, ideas, or beliefs which you use in order to

deal with problems or to decide what to dodeal with problems or to decide what to do


Aristotle Aristotle (384 -- 322 BC)(384 -- 322 BC)

AristotelianAristotelian

亚里士多德亚里士多德 (( 式式 )) 的的

One of the greatest thinkers of all time was Aristotle, an One of the greatest thinkers of all time was Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher. His work in the natural and ancient Greek philosopher. His work in the natural and social sciences greatly influenced virtually every area of social sciences greatly influenced virtually every area of modern thinking. One of Aristotle’s most important modern thinking. One of Aristotle’s most important contributions was defining and classifying the various contributions was defining and classifying the various branches of knowledge. He sorted them into physics, branches of knowledge. He sorted them into physics, metaphysics, psychology, rhetoric, poetics, and logic, and metaphysics, psychology, rhetoric, poetics, and logic, and thus laid the foundation of most of the sciences of today. thus laid the foundation of most of the sciences of today.

… … feelings of fight feelings of fight take overtake over..

Examples:Examples:

•• They want me to They want me to take overtake over when Mr. Evans leaves. when Mr. Evans leaves.

•• prices seem to go on rising whichever political party prices seem to go on rising whichever political party takes overtakes over..

take overtake over— — acquire or gain controlacquire or gain control


??

… … was of no importance was of no importance

TheThe of (+ adjective) + nounof (+ adjective) + noun structure is often used as a structure is often used as a postmodifier or predicative of a sentence in place of an postmodifier or predicative of a sentence in place of an adjective with the similar meaning (modified by anadjective with the similar meaning (modified by an adverb) .The preposition adverb) .The preposition ofof in the structure means in the structure means “consisting of” or “having”, and the “consisting of” or “having”, and the nounnoun denotes a denotes a quality like importance, significance, use, value, etc. The quality like importance, significance, use, value, etc. The noun structure may sound more formal than the noun structure may sound more formal than the adjective.adjective.

The matter is important. The matter is important.

The subject is not very interesting.The subject is not very interesting.

Sitting with your head bent forward might prove to Sitting with your head bent forward might prove to helpful.helpful.

The matter is of importance.The matter is of importance.

Sitting with your head bent forward might prove to be of Sitting with your head bent forward might prove to be of some help.some help.

The subject is of little interest.The subject is of little interest.

??

??

??

Rewrite the following sentences:Rewrite the following sentences:Rewrite the following sentences:Rewrite the following sentences:


歇洛克歇洛克 ·· 福尔摩斯福尔摩斯 (( 英国作家英国作家 A. A. Conan DoyleConan Doyle 所著系列侦探小说中的所著系列侦探小说中的虚构主人公，一位推理能力极强的私虚构主人公，一位推理能力极强的私家大侦探家大侦探 ) ) Sherlock Holmes is the leading Sherlock Holmes is the leading character in Conan Doyle's character in Conan Doyle's detective stories, the marvelous detective stories, the marvelous amateur detective who always amateur detective who always unravels the most battling unravels the most battling mysteries. mysteries.

Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes

Watson Watson — — 华生华生 (( 福尔摩斯的助手福尔摩斯的助手 ))


Watson Watson — — 华生华生 (( 福尔摩斯的助手福尔摩斯的助手 ) )

was of the utmost significance was of the utmost significance

—— was of the greatest importancewas of the greatest importance

for “be of + (adj) + noun” structure seefor “be of + (adj) + noun” structure see was of no importance

greatest, most extremegreatest, most extreme importanceimportance

ItIt should have been expected should have been expected

The auxiliary verb The auxiliary verb shouldshould is used with the perfect is used with the perfect infinitive in the pattern infinitive in the pattern should (not) have done sthshould (not) have done sth. to . to talk about things which, although they were supposed, talk about things which, although they were supposed, intended, or expected to happen (or not to happen), intended, or expected to happen (or not to happen), actually did not happen (or happened). actually did not happen (or happened).

Examples:Examples:

•• Yesterday should have been the start of the soccer Yesterday should have been the start of the soccer season. season.

•• The plant's dead. Maybe I should have given it moreThe plant's dead. Maybe I should have given it morewater. water.

•• The taxi should have arrived at 8:30.The taxi should have arrived at 8:30.•• You shouldn't have invited Mary to the party. You shouldn't have invited Mary to the party.

More to doMore to doMore to doMore to do

VI.VI. Complete the following sentences by translating the Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese into English. Chinese into English.

1. Your information is of the utmost importance. You （本该当即告诉我） _________________________________________________ 。

Key:

2. If you wanted soup for lunch you （本该事先告诉我） _____ ____________________________________________ 。

Key:

should have told me at onceshould have told me at once

Should have told me beforehandShould have told me beforehand

StructureStructure


3. She’s just been a slave doing that job and （早该离开那家公司了） _________________________________________________.

Key:

4. The spokesman admitted that the government’s thoughtless policy had caused a crisis in some areas of the country — a crisis that （根本就不该发生） ___________________________ 。

Key:

should have left the company long agoshould have left the company long ago

should have happenedshould have happened

StructureStructure


5. The plane （本该十分钟前起飞） __________________________ but one of the passengers had a heart attack just before the plane took off 。

Key:

6. It happened that Jim was out when I arrived at his home. I （应该打个电话） __________________________ before I went there 。

Key:

should have left ten minutes agoshould have left ten minutes ago

should have phonedshould have phoned

StructureStructure

… … and on this basis he and on this basis he solve the casesolve the case..

—— bbased on his opposite point of view he managed to find ased on his opposite point of view he managed to find the solution to the criminal case.the solution to the criminal case.

Translate these phrases:Translate these phrases:

• solve the casesolve the case

• solve the problemssolve the problems

• solve a mathematic equationsolve a mathematic equation

破案破案

解决问题解决问题

解数学方程式解数学方程式

And it is.And it is.

—— And it is in fact simple.And it is in fact simple.

be/get hung up on/about sthbe/get hung up on/about sth

—— be upset or anxious about sth; be puzzled by sthbe upset or anxious about sth; be puzzled by sth

Examples:Examples:

•• SheShe’s’s really really hung up onhung up on that young man. that young man.

•• The boy The boy is is badly badly hung up onhung up on the way his mother the way his mother treated him. treated him.

Examples:Examples:

•• He avoided the blow by He avoided the blow by sidesteppingsidestepping. .

•• The speaker The speaker sidesteppedsidestepped the question by saying it the question by saying it would take him too long to answer it.would take him too long to answer it.

sidestepsidestep— — v.v. to take a set to the side to avoid; avoid (an unwelcome to take a set to the side to avoid; avoid (an unwelcome

question, duty, etc.question, duty, etc.

The key is making that vital shift in emphasis, that The key is making that vital shift in emphasis, that sidestepping of the problem, instead of attacking it head-on.sidestepping of the problem, instead of attacking it head-on.

The key is making that vital shift in emphasis, that The key is making that vital shift in emphasis, that sidestepping of the problem, instead of attacking it head-on.sidestepping of the problem, instead of attacking it head-on.

ParaphraseParaphrase??

KeyKey• The important thing is to make major changes in your The important thing is to make major changes in your

perspective, to approach the problem sideways, rather perspective, to approach the problem sideways, rather than in a direct manner. than in a direct manner.

in private in private practicepractice in New York in New York

—— running a private clinic in New Yorkrunning a private clinic in New York

Examples:Examples:

•• Some prefer to consult a doctor with a private Some prefer to consult a doctor with a private practicepractice..

•• He had a solid career in a country law He had a solid career in a country law practicepractice. .

•• These doctors lived on their earnings from private These doctors lived on their earnings from private practicepractice. .

practicepractice —— A doctor's or a lawyer's A doctor's or a lawyer's practicepractice is a place where they is a place where they

work. work. PracticePractice is also used as an unaccountable noun is also used as an unaccountable noun to refer to the business of a doctor or lawyer.to refer to the business of a doctor or lawyer.

They They wind upwind up telling themselves… telling themselves…

— — in the end they tell themselves…in the end they tell themselves…

Examples:Examples:

•• It wouldn't surprise me you he It wouldn't surprise me you he winds upwinds up in jail. in jail.

•• If I stay here long enough, I will If I stay here long enough, I will wind upwind up marrying her. marrying her.

•• wind up wind up a companya company

•• wind upwind up the speechthe speech

•• wind upwind up one’s affairsone’s affairs

wind up wind up (compare with end up)(compare with end up)—— come to or bring to an end come to or bring to an end Compare: Compare: end up; wind up ; wind up

结束演讲结束演讲

结束私务结束私务

清理一家公司清理一家公司

you you end upend up smoking more smoking more

—— in the end you smoke morein the end you smoke more

Examples:Examples:

•• They have They have ended upended up in prison for terrorist activities. in prison for terrorist activities.

•• We We ended upended up taking a taxi there. taking a taxi there.

Compare: Compare: end up; end up; wind up To end upTo end up implies that the place or situation your are in implies that the place or situation your are in may not be where you originally intended to be. may not be where you originally intended to be.

end upend up—— finish in a particular place or wayfinish in a particular place or way

You areYou are your body’syour body’s keeper keeper, , and your body is something and your body is something through which youthrough which you experienceexperience lifelife

— — You are in full control of your own body, and your life You are in full control of your own body, and your life depends on your bodydepends on your body

keeperkeeper—— a person who guards, protect or look aftera person who guards, protect or look after

Example:Example:

doorkeeperdoorkeeper 门卫门卫

goalkeepergoalkeeper 守门员守门员

shopkeepershopkeeper 店主店主

stop to thinkstop to think about itabout it

—— take time to think about it; think about it in earnest take time to think about it; think about it in earnest

Examples:Examples:

•• I don’tI don’t stop to thinkstop to think where the money was coming where the money was coming from.from.

•• We seldomWe seldom stop to considerstop to consider how poor we really are.how poor we really are.

wind up deadwind up dead

—— dead in the enddead in the end

Make a sentence with the phrase:Make a sentence with the phrase:•• ??

be involved in a bad patternbe involved in a bad pattern

—— be brought into a difficultbe brought into a difficult situationsituation

Examples:Examples:

• • a behaviora behavior pattern pattern

•• TheThe pattern pattern of family life has been changing over the of family life has been changing over the

recent years.recent years.

pattern pattern — — nn. a particular way in which something is . a particular way in which something is done or organized; a particular arrangement.done or organized; a particular arrangement.

an Eastern flanking maneuveran Eastern flanking maneuver

—— a planned and controlled movement of the armed a planned and controlled movement of the armed forces round the sides of an enemy army as developed forces round the sides of an enemy army as developed by the Easternersby the Easterners

maneuvermaneuver1)1) n. n. a planned movement of troops or warships; a planned movement of troops or warships; 2)2) a.a. skilful move or clever tricksskilful move or clever tricks

flankflank——n.n. attack the side (of); be located at the side (of) attack the side (of); be located at the side (of)

东方侧攻策略东方侧攻策略

ZenZen— — n. n. a Japanese form of Buddhism, emphasizing the value a Japanese form of Buddhism, emphasizing the value of meditation more than the reading of religious writingsof meditation more than the reading of religious writings禅，禅宗（日本佛教宗派，注重静坐沉思而并非诵读经文）禅，禅宗（日本佛教宗派，注重静坐沉思而并非诵读经文）

Example:Example:

•• Zen Buddhism Zen Buddhism 禅宗佛教禅宗佛教

SidewaysSideways——adjadj.. advadv.. to, towards or from the side to, towards or from the side

Example:Example:

•• With a With a sidewayssideways glance, she recognized the girl next to glance, she recognized the girl next to him.him. adj.adj.

•• A crab moves A crab moves sidewayssideways. . adv.adv.

Idiom:Idiom:

knock sb sidewaysknock sb sideways

defeat sb; astonish sb defeat sb; astonish sb

击败某人；使某人惊讶击败某人；使某人惊讶

I think the answer lies in that I think the answer lies in that directiondirection—— I think the answer is generally like thatI think the answer is generally like that

directiondirection —— the general way in which something develops the general way in which something develops or progresses.or progresses.

Example:Example:

•• I think we’ve got to change the law in that I think we’ve got to change the law in that directiondirection at at least.least.

•• The government has to guide the general The government has to guide the general direction direction of the of the economy. economy.

Take the situationTake the situation

=Take the situation…for example=Take the situation…for example

Example:Example:

•• Everything has advantages and disadvantages. Everything has advantages and disadvantages. Take Take the situationthe situation that China enters the World Trade that China enters the World Trade Organization. Organization.

Crisis in Western civilization has come to mean danger, Crisis in Western civilization has come to mean danger, period.period.

Note:Note: In informal American English, In informal American English, periodperiod is added to is added to the end of a statement to stress its completeness, the end of a statement to stress its completeness, indicating that one is definite about it and is not going to indicating that one is definite about it and is not going to discuss it further. discuss it further. (( 美口美口 , , 常用于叙述事实或看法后表示强常用于叙述事实或看法后表示强调调 )) 就是这话；就是这么回事就是这话；就是这么回事

Paraphrase the sentence:Paraphrase the sentence:

??

Examples:Examples:

•• I could have helped them, and I didn't. I could have helped them, and I didn't. PeriodPeriod. .

•• We can't pay higher wages, We can't pay higher wages, periodperiod..

Key:Key:

• • Westerners perceive crisis in a negative way: it has Westerners perceive crisis in a negative way: it has acquired the meaning of danger, and that's it.acquired the meaning of danger, and that's it.

Looking at a crisis from an opportunity point of view is a Looking at a crisis from an opportunity point of view is a lateral thoughtlateral thought

Paraphrase the sentenceParaphrase the sentence??KeyKey • • Considering a crisis to be in part an opportunity is an Considering a crisis to be in part an opportunity is an

example of lateral thinking.example of lateral thinking.

Guided PracticeGuided Practice

Vocabulary ClozeCloze Translation Structure WritingStructure Writing

Exercises • Exercises • VocabularyVocabulary

《读写教程 IV 》 : Ex. III, p. 83Ex. III, p. 83《读写教程 IV 》 : Ex. III, p. 83Ex. III, p. 83

1.1. Generally speaking, ________ covers what you need to do at Generally speaking, ________ covers what you need to do at

the moment while strategy provides the broad guidelines the moment while strategy provides the broad guidelines

that determine the overall direction.that determine the overall direction.

VocabularyVocabulary

2.2. My family’s health and security are of the ________ My family’s health and security are of the ________

importance to me.importance to me.

tacticstactics

utmostutmost

III.III. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary. where necessary.

dead enddead end frameworkframework structurestructure tacticstactics utmost utmost verticalvertical slackslack significantsignificant ceasecease implyimply

eraseerase head-onhead-on flawflaw affirmaffirm



3.3. If one of those staysIf one of those stays （（支柱）支柱） gives way, the entire ________ gives way, the entire ________

may collapse.may collapse.






4.4. Unlike a tightrope, a ________ will sway up and down or Unlike a tightrope, a ________ will sway up and down or

from side to side.from side to side.


structurestructure

slackslack

5.5. The president wanted to see him on a matter of great The president wanted to see him on a matter of great

___________ .___________ .


6.6. Two foreign tourists died ad two soldiers were badly hurt Two foreign tourists died ad two soldiers were badly hurt

yesterday when a coach and an Army truck collided almost yesterday when a coach and an Army truck collided almost

________ along a straight stretch of road.________ along a straight stretch of road.

significancesignificance

head-onhead-on






7.7. We tried all sorts of solutions to that problem, and they all We tried all sorts of solutions to that problem, and they all

came to a ________.came to a ________.


8.8. The blow on his head ________ the details of the accident The blow on his head ________ the details of the accident

from his memory.from his memory.

dead enddead end

erasederased






9.9. We usually judge others within the __________ of our own We usually judge others within the __________ of our own

experience.experience.


10.10. By the time the lifeboat arrived, the ship was almost By the time the lifeboat arrived, the ship was almost

________ in the water. The wounded soldier is sitting in the ________ in the water. The wounded soldier is sitting in the

________________ position, upright in bed. position, upright in bed.

frameworkframework

verticalvertical

verticalvertical






11.11. The music ________ suddenly when she turned off the radio.The music ________ suddenly when she turned off the radio.


12.12. By pointing out just one ________ , she destroyed his entire By pointing out just one ________ , she destroyed his entire

argument.argument.

ceasedceased

flawflaw






13.13. The music ________ suddenly when she turned off the radio.The music ________ suddenly when she turned off the radio.


14.14. He ________ his plan to make payments on time.He ________ his plan to make payments on time.

ceasedceased

affirmedaffirmed






ClozeCloze

《读写教程 IV 》 : Ex. IX, p. 86Ex. IX, p. 86《读写教程 IV 》 : Ex. IX, p. 86Ex. IX, p. 86

ClozeCloze

IX. Fill in each blank with the most appropriate word from the four Fill in each blank with the most appropriate word from the four choices given.choices given.

Traditional western ways of Traditional western ways of

thinking can often lead to an thinking can often lead to an

1)____1)____ when we are confronting a when we are confronting a

truly difficult problem. This truly difficult problem. This

happened to Dr. Edward Jenner happened to Dr. Edward Jenner

when he was trying to when he was trying to 2)____2)____ up up

with a vaccine for the deadly with a vaccine for the deadly

disease known as smallpox. Jenner disease known as smallpox. Jenner

was was 3)____3)____ to solve the problem he to solve the problem he

faced by changing the faced by changing the 4)____ 4)____

within which he looked at it. within which he looked at it.

3.3. A) capableA) capable B)B) able able C) incapable C) incapable D)D) unableunable

1.1. A) impressA) impress B) impressionB) impression C) impasseC) impasse D) impassionD) impassion

2.2. A) findA) find B) B) solve solve C) endC) endD) comeD) come


C

D

B

D


2.2. A) findA) find B) B) solve solve C) endC) endD) comeD) come

3.3. A) capableA) capable B)B) able able C) incapable C) incapable D)D) unableunable


ClozeCloze

Rather than focusing on Rather than focusing on people who had smallpox, he people who had smallpox, he 5)____5)____ carefully at those who carefully at those who seemed never to get the disease. seemed never to get the disease. This change in This change in 6)____6)____ is an is an example of what is known as example of what is known as “lateral thinking.” The term “lateral thinking.” The term means choosing not to approach a means choosing not to approach a problem head-on, but instead problem head-on, but instead looking at it looking at it 7)____7)____.. In lateral In lateral thinking, being able to take in and thinking, being able to take in and 8)____ 8)____ all kinds of ideas, no all kinds of ideas, no matter how unlikely they might matter how unlikely they might seem, is of the seem, is of the 9)____ 9)____ significance. significance.

7.7. A) alongside A) alongside B) sideways B) sideways C) from the side C) from the side D) to the sideD) to the side

5.5. A) looked A) looked B) examined B) examined C) treated C) treated D)D) consideredconsidered

6.6. A) smallpox A) smallpox B) tactics B) tactics C) vaccination C) vaccination D) sidestepD) sidestep

8. 8. A) take out A) take out B) take B) take up up C) condenseC) condense D) D) considerconsider9. 9. A) mostA) most B) utmost B) utmost

C) greatC) great D) practical D) practical

A

B

B

D

B

6.6. A) smallpox A) smallpox B) tacticsB) tactics C) vaccination C) vaccination D) sidestepD) sidestep

7.7. A) alongside A) alongside B) sideways B) sideways C) from the side C) from the side D) to the sideD) to the side

8. 8. A) take out A) take out B) take B) take up up C) condenseC) condense D) D) considerconsider9. 9. A) mostA) most B) utmostB) utmost

C) greatC) great D) practical D) practical

5.5. A) lookedA) looked B)B)examined C) treatedexamined C) treated D)D)

consideredconsidered

ClozeCloze

Lateral thinking can help all Lateral thinking can help all

kinds of people, from smokers who kinds of people, from smokers who

want to give want to give 10)____10)____ their habit, to their habit, to

archers who need to relax in order archers who need to relax in order

to perform to perform 11)____11)____ their best. This their best. This

idea does not idea does not 12)____12)____ that solutions that solutions

which come from vertical thinking which come from vertical thinking

are always deeply are always deeply 13) 13) ________ . .

12.12. A) implyA) imply B)B) infer infer C) referC) refer

D) occurD) occur

10.10. A) awayA) away B)B) up up C) offC) off D) inD) in

11.11. A) for A) for B) on B) on C) at C) at D) D)

withwith

13.13. A) flayedA) flayed B) flawed B) flawed C) meantC) meantD) feltD) felt

B

C

A

B

10.10. A) awayA) away B)B) upup C) offC) off D) inD) in

11.11. A) for A) for B) on B) on C) atC) at D) D)

withwith12.12. A) implyA) imply

B)B) infer infer C) referC) refer

D) occurD) occur

13.13. A) flayedA) flayed B) flawed B) flawed C) meantC) meantD) feltD) felt

ClozeCloze

The truth is that different ways of The truth is that different ways of

thinking have different thinking have different 14)____ 14)____

when you get stuck struggling with when you get stuck struggling with

a problem head-on, thinking a problem head-on, thinking

laterally can help you to shift your laterally can help you to shift your

point of view and perhaps see a point of view and perhaps see a

15)____ 15)____ you wouldn’t other wise you wouldn’t other wise

notice.notice.

15.15. A)A) solving solving B) dissolving B) dissolving C)C) solution solution D)D) parable parable

14.14. A) aids A) aids B) assistantsB) assistants C) meritsC) merits D) advantagesD) advantages

C

D14.14. A) aids A) aids

B) assistantsB) assistants C) meritsC) merits D) advantagesD) advantages

15.15. A)A) solving solving B) dissolving B) dissolving C)C) solution solution D)D) parable parable

TranslationTranslation

Ex. X

Ex. XI

TranslationTranslation

《读写教程 IV 》 : Ex. X, p. 87Ex. X, p. 87《读写教程 IV 》 : Ex. X, p. 87Ex. X, p. 87

Translation — Chinese to EnglishTranslation — Chinese to English

XI. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.


The normal Western approach to a problem is to fight it.

The saying, “When the going gets tough, the tough get going,”

is typical of this aggressive attitude toward problem-solving.

No matter what the problem is, or the techniques available

for solving it, the framework produced by our Western way

of thinking is fight.



















““ 进展越困难，硬汉子越向前”这句话便代表了这种解决进展越困难，硬汉子越向前”这句话便代表了这种解决问题的积极进取的态度。问题的积极进取的态度。

不管是什么问题，或者可以用来解决问题的方法是什么，不管是什么问题，或者可以用来解决问题的方法是什么，我们西方人的思维方式产生的框架总是搏斗。我们西方人的思维方式产生的框架总是搏斗。

一般西方人解决问题的方法是与之搏斗。一般西方人解决问题的方法是与之搏斗。


Dr. de Bono calls this vertical thinking; the traditional,

sequential, Aristotelian thinking of logic, moving firmly from

one step to the next, like toy blocks being built one on top of

the other. The flaw is, of course, that if at any point one of the

step is not reached, or one of the toy blocks is incorrectly

placed, then the whole structure collapse. Impasse is reached,

and frustration, tension, feelings of fight take over.








德• 博诺医生称之为纵向思维；即那种传统的、按顺序的、德• 博诺医生称之为纵向思维；即那种传统的、按顺序的、亚里士多德式的逻辑思维，坚定地从一步移到下一步，就像玩具亚里士多德式的逻辑思维，坚定地从一步移到下一步，就像玩具积木一块搭在另一块上。积木一块搭在另一块上。















当然，它的缺点是，如果在任何时刻其中一步没有达到，或当然，它的缺点是，如果在任何时刻其中一步没有达到，或者一块积木没有放对，那么整个结构就会坍塌。者一块积木没有放对，那么整个结构就会坍塌。

事情就会陷入僵局，沮丧、紧张和搏斗的情绪就会笼罩心头。事情就会陷入僵局，沮丧、紧张和搏斗的情绪就会笼罩心头。


《读写教程 IV 》 : Ex. XI, p. 88Ex. XI, p. 88《读写教程 IV 》 : Ex. XI, p. 88Ex. XI, p. 88

Tom was hung up on the problem but could do nothing about it until he learnt to solve it with different tactics.


1.1. 汤姆因一问题而心神不宁但又一筹莫展，直到他学会以汤姆因一问题而心神不宁但又一筹莫展，直到他学会以不同的策略把它解决才不心烦不同的策略把它解决才不心烦。。

be hung up onbe hung up on can do nothing can do nothing

about it about it with different tacticswith different tactics

Lateral thinking has helped him to advance his new theory which seemed to have reached a dead end.


2.2. 横向思维帮助他提出了原来似乎走进死胡同的新理论。横向思维帮助他提出了原来似乎走进死胡同的新理论。

advance advance

lateral thinkinglateral thinkingdead enddead end

The framework of our latest construction plan has been affirmed by the local government. Whether it will be carried out on time is of the utmost significance to the development of the coastal city.


3.3. 我们最新的建设计划的框架已获得地方政府的批准。它是我们最新的建设计划的框架已获得地方政府的批准。它是否会按时实施对这座沿海城市的发展具有极为重大的意义否会按时实施对这座沿海城市的发展具有极为重大的意义。。 frameworkframework affirmaffirm

be of the utmost importancebe of the utmost importance

While trying to find a solution to the problem, Edward reached an impasse in his thinking, but later he changed his point of view and solved the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion.


4.4. 在设法寻找一个解决问题的办法的过程中，爱德华在思在设法寻找一个解决问题的办法的过程中，爱德华在思想上陷入了僵局，但后来他改变了观察角度，以一种完想上陷入了僵局，但后来他改变了观察角度，以一种完全意想不到的方式解决了问题全意想不到的方式解决了问题。。

reach an impassereach an impasse

an entirely unexpected fashionan entirely unexpected fashion

change one’s change one’s point of viewpoint of view

Many people believe that computer labs will eventually take over from the libraries and students who want to take in new knowledge will end up learning everything in the computer lab.


5.5. 许多人认为计算机机房将最终取代图书馆，想吸收新知识许多人认为计算机机房将最终取代图书馆，想吸收新知识的学生最终将在计算机机房里学习一切的学生最终将在计算机机房里学习一切。。

end up doingend up doing

take intake in

take overtake over

His car crashed into a truck almost head-on yesterday. If he does not stop driving so carelessly, I am sure he will wind up in the emergency room of a hospital.


6.6. 昨天他的汽车几乎是迎头撞上了一辆卡车昨天他的汽车几乎是迎头撞上了一辆卡车。。如果他继续这如果他继续这样随便开车，我确信他最后一定会被送进医院的急诊室。样随便开车，我确信他最后一定会被送进医院的急诊室。

crash into… head-oncrash into… head-onemergency roomemergency room

wind up inwind up in

There is a flaw in the design of the structure of the painting. Why don’t you erase the vertical lines and simplify it a little bit?


7.7. 这幅画的结构设计有一个缺点这幅画的结构设计有一个缺点。。你为什么不擦掉那几条你为什么不擦掉那几条垂线，把它简化一点呢？垂线，把它简化一点呢？

flawflaw

vertical linesvertical linesdesign of the structuredesign of the structure

eraseerase

John should have given up smoking a long time ago. After all, health is of the utmost importance to everybody.


8.8. 约翰本该在很久以前就把烟戒掉了约翰本该在很久以前就把烟戒掉了。。毕竟健康对每个人来毕竟健康对每个人来说都是最重要的。说都是最重要的。

of the utmost importanceof the utmost importance

give up smokinggive up smoking

Structured WritingStructured Writing

《读写教程 III 》 : Ex. XIII, p. 89Ex. XIII, p. 89《读写教程 III 》 : Ex. XIII, p. 89Ex. XIII, p. 89


Structured WritingStructured WritingStructured WritingStructured Writing

Generalization and specific example Generalization and specific example —— Choose one of the

following topics and write two paragraphs which fit together

well, one a generalization and one a specific example. Decide

which you would rather put first, the generalization or the

specific example. Be careful to use the appropriate verb forms.

Example Example in Text Ain Text AExample Example in Text Ain Text A SampleSampleSampleSample WritingWritingWritingWriting


The author starts with a specific example of changing The author starts with a specific example of changing

one’s point of view to solve the problem.one’s point of view to solve the problem.

The author starts with a specific example of changing The author starts with a specific example of changing

one’s point of view to solve the problem.one’s point of view to solve the problem.

He moves on to present the problem with our thinking.He moves on to present the problem with our thinking. He moves on to present the problem with our thinking.He moves on to present the problem with our thinking.

Then he gives a generalization of the example.Then he gives a generalization of the example. Then he gives a generalization of the example.Then he gives a generalization of the example.

The author starts with a specific example :The author starts with a specific example :

Dr. Edward Jenner was busy trying to solve the problem of Dr. Edward Jenner was busy trying to solve the problem of

smallpox. After studying case after case, he still found no possible cure. smallpox. After studying case after case, he still found no possible cure.

He had reached an impasse in his thinking. At this point, he changed his He had reached an impasse in his thinking. At this point, he changed his

tactics. Instead of focusing on people who had smallpox, he switched his tactics. Instead of focusing on people who had smallpox, he switched his

attention to people who did not have smallpox. It turned out that attention to people who did not have smallpox. It turned out that

dairymaids apparently never got the disease. From the discovery that dairymaids apparently never got the disease. From the discovery that

harmless cowpox gave protection against deadly smallpox came harmless cowpox gave protection against deadly smallpox came

vaccination and the end of smallpox as a scourge in the western world. vaccination and the end of smallpox as a scourge in the western world.


He moves on to present the problem with our thinking:He moves on to present the problem with our thinking:

We often reach an impasse in our thinking. We are looking We often reach an impasse in our thinking. We are looking

at a problem and trying to solve it and it seems there is a dead end. at a problem and trying to solve it and it seems there is a dead end.

It is on these occasions that we become tense, we feel pressured, It is on these occasions that we become tense, we feel pressured,

overwhelmed, in a state of stress. We struggle vainly, fighting to overwhelmed, in a state of stress. We struggle vainly, fighting to

solve the problem. solve the problem.


Then he gives a generalization of the example:Then he gives a generalization of the example:

Dr. Jenner, however, did something about this situation. He Dr. Jenner, however, did something about this situation. He

stopped fighting the problem and simply changed his point of view— stopped fighting the problem and simply changed his point of view—

from his patients to dairy maids. Picture the process going something from his patients to dairy maids. Picture the process going something

like this: Suppose the brain is a computer. This computer has absorbed like this: Suppose the brain is a computer. This computer has absorbed

into its memory bank all your history, your experiences, your training, into its memory bank all your history, your experiences, your training,

your information received through life; and it is programmed according your information received through life; and it is programmed according

to all this data. To change your point of view, you must reprogram your to all this data. To change your point of view, you must reprogram your

computer, thus freeing yourself to take in new ideas and develop new computer, thus freeing yourself to take in new ideas and develop new

ways of looking at things. Dr. Jenner, in effect, by reprogramming his ways of looking at things. Dr. Jenner, in effect, by reprogramming his

computer, erased the old way of looking at his smallpox problem and computer, erased the old way of looking at his smallpox problem and

was free to receive new alternatives.was free to receive new alternatives.


Sample:Sample:

A farmer’s donkey fell in an abandoned well. The farmer decided A farmer’s donkey fell in an abandoned well. The farmer decided not to save the donkey since it was old. Then he began to shovel dirt not to save the donkey since it was old. Then he began to shovel dirt into the well. The donkey began to cry. A few minutes later, he quieted into the well. The donkey began to cry. A few minutes later, he quieted down. The farmer peered into the well, and was astonished by what he down. The farmer peered into the well, and was astonished by what he saw. With every shovelful of dirt that hit its back, the donkey would saw. With every shovelful of dirt that hit its back, the donkey would shake it off and take a step on the new layer of dirt. As the farmer shake it off and take a step on the new layer of dirt. As the farmer continued to shovel dirt on top of the animal, it would shake it off and continued to shovel dirt on top of the animal, it would shake it off and take another step up. Soon, the donkey stepped over the edge of the take another step up. Soon, the donkey stepped over the edge of the well and trotted off. well and trotted off.

The lesson we get from this story is that if life shovels some dirt on The lesson we get from this story is that if life shovels some dirt on us, we must get out of the well and not let it bury us. We must learn to us, we must get out of the well and not let it bury us. We must learn to shake it off and take a step up. Each of our troubles is a stepping shake it off and take a step up. Each of our troubles is a stepping stone. We can get out of the deepest wells by never giving up!stone. We can get out of the deepest wells by never giving up!



Here are some ideas you can choose from:Here are some ideas you can choose from:

1.1. Love is more important than money.Love is more important than money.

2.2. Money is more important than love.Money is more important than love.

3.3. There are more interesting sights to see inside of There are more interesting sights to see inside of

China than outside.China than outside.

4.4. There are more interesting sights to see outside of There are more interesting sights to see outside of

China than inside.China than inside.

1.1. Review Text AReview Text A

2.2. Do exercises: Do exercises:

• • Structure Structure (Ex. VIII, p. 86)(Ex. VIII, p. 86)

• • ClozeCloze (Ex., IX, p. 86)(Ex., IX, p. 86)

• • Translation Translation (Ex. X, XI, p. 87,88)(Ex. X, XI, p. 87,88)

3.3. Structured WritingStructured Writing (p. 89)(p. 89)

AssignmentAssignmentAssignmentAssignment

unit 3: text a how to change your point of view about netease - 公司简介 - 联系方法 -...

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