unit 3 outline
DESCRIPTION
The Vocal Tract (VT) Source-Filter Theory of Speech Production Capturing Speech Dynamics The Vowels The Diphthongs The Glides The Liquids. Unit 3 outline. Articulation: Lecture Outline. Brief anatomy review Introduction to Source-Filter Theory Introduction to tube acoustics. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Unit 3 outline](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56813127550346895d979b87/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SPPA 403 Speech Science 1
Unit 3 outline
• The Vocal Tract (VT)• Source-Filter Theory
of Speech Production• Capturing Speech
Dynamics• The Vowels• The Diphthongs• The Glides• The Liquids
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 2
Articulation: Lecture Outline
• Brief anatomy review
• Introduction to Source-Filter Theory
• Introduction to tube acoustics
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 3
Supraglottal (Articulatory) system
• Comprised of– Cavities– Articulators
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 4
Supraglottal Cavities?
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 5
• Oral
• Nasal
• Pharyngeal
• (Buccal)-cavity between the teeth and cheek
Supraglottal Cavities
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 6
nasal cavity
oral cavity
pharyngealcavity
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 7
The vocal tract
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 8
Immobile articulators?
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 9
Immobile articulators
• Hard palate
• Teeth
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 10
Hard Palate
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 11
Teeth
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 12
Mobile articulators?
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 13
Mobile articulators
• Pharyngeal walls
• Soft Palate
• Mandible
• Tongue
• Face, lips and cheeks
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 14
Pharyngeal walls
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 15
Soft palate
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 16
Mandible
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 17
Tongue
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 18
Face, lips and cheeks
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 19
The vocal tract
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 20
Unit 3 outline
• The Vocal Tract (VT)• Source-Filter Theory of Speech
Production• Capturing Speech Dynamics• The Vowels• The Diphthongs• The Glides• The Liquids
![Page 21: Unit 3 outline](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56813127550346895d979b87/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SPPA 403 Speech Science 21
Simplifying the vocal tract into “tubes” and “valves”
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 22
Simplifying the vocal tract into “tubes” and “valves”
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 23
The “tube” and “valve” analogy
• Tubes…– Act as an acoustic resonator or filter
• Valves…– Open and close the vocal tract to some tubes
• velopharyngeal port• Oral articulator approximations
– Serve as sound source• Larynx (glottal spectrum)• Within the vocal tract (i.e. /s/)
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 24
Source-filter theory of speech production
• The sounds we hear as speech is a function of– Sound source– Vocal tract filtering
• source and the filter are independent of each other
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 25
Source-filter theory simplified
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 26
Name that vowel!
Same source, different filters
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 27
“Larynx? We don’t need no stinking larynx…”
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 28
Source characteristics
• The source – does not have to be the larynx– does not have to be periodic
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 29
Passing white noise through the filter
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 30
Passing white noise through the filter
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 31
Same source, different filters
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 32
Vocal tract as a tube
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 33
Vocal tract as a tube
• Tubes have physical characteristics
• Tubes are acoustic resonators
• Acoustic resonators have frequency response curves (FRC)
• Physical characteristics dictate FRC
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 34
Note
• Frequency response curve is also termed the transfer function
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 35
Frequency response curve (FRC)
• FRC peaks – resonant or formant frequency
• Resonators have an infinite number of formants
• F1, F2, F3 … denotes formants from low to high frequency
F1 F2 F3 F4
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 36
Vocal tract as a tube (Figure 9-1)
Vocal tract: bent tube, closed at one end, with differing Cross-sectional diameter.
Straight tube, closed at one end,of differing cross-sectionaldiameter
Straight tube, closed at one end,with a uniform cross-sectionaldiameter
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 37
Characteristics affecting filter properties
• Length.
• Cross-sectional area along its length.
• Whether it is closed at either or both ends.
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 38
Area function of a tube
…
Are
a (c
m2)
Length along tube (cm)
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 39
Area function of a tube
• Area function dictates the frequency response curve for that tube
Are
a (c
m2)
Length along tube (cm)
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 40
Uniform tube (unchanging area function) closed at one end
• First resonance or formant
F1 = c/4l
Where
c=speed of sound (35,000 cm/sec)
l = length of the tube
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 41
Uniform tube closed at one end
• Higher resonant frequencies or formants are odd multiples of F1
For example,
• F1 = (c/4l )*1
• F2 = (c/4l )*3
• F3 = (c/4l )*5
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 42
Tube example
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 43
What about the vocal tract?
• The vocal tract is fairly uniform in its cross-sectional diameter for neutral or central vowel (schwa)
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 44
Male vocal tract
Average length 17.5 cm
F1 = (35000/4(17.5))*1 = 1*35000/70 = 500 Hz
F2 = (35000/4(17.5))*3 = 1500 Hz
F3 = (35000/4(17.5))*5= 2500 Hz
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 45
Female vocal tract
Average length 14 cm
F1 = (34000/4(14))*1 = 1*35000/56 = 607 Hz
F2 = (35000/4(14))*3 = 1821 Hz
F3 = (35000/4(14))*5= 3035 Hz
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 46
Male-female comparison
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SPPA 403 Speech Science 47
Articulation in the context of source-filter theory
• neutral vocal tract configuration is an example of an articulatory configuration
• Articulation systematically changes– the filter properties of the vocal tract– the type of sound source