unit 2 - statistical survey
TRANSCRIPT
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STATISTICAL SURVEY
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Definition
A statistical surveyis a scientific process of
collectionandanalysis ofnumericaldata.
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Stages of statistical survey
Planning
Execution
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Stages of planning
Natureof problem tobeinvestigatedandclearly
defined
Objectives shouldbeclearly stated
Scopeofinvestigationtobeidentified
DeterminethenatureofDatatobe
collected(Primaryor secondary)
Organizationofinvestigation
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Basic Terms
Units or Individuals
Theobjects on which thecharacteristics aremeasured
Populationor Universe
Thetotalityofall Units areindividuals ina survey
1. FinitePopulation
2. Infinite population
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Basic Terms
Sample
A partor subsetofthe population
Quantitativecharacteristic ? Qualitativecharacteristic ?
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Basic Terms
Variable
The quantitativecharacteristicthat varies from unittounit
Attribute
The qualitativecharacteristicthat varies from unittounit
Discrete Variable
Variable Thatassumes only specified values
Example : No.Ofchildren per family
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Basic Terms
Continuous Variable
Variablethatassumes allthe values inthe range
Example : Heightof persons
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Data Collection PrimaryData
Data Collectedfor thefirsttime keepingin view
theobjectiveofthe survey
More reliable
High Costinvolved
A sample which consists ofentire populationis
calledcensus.
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Methods ofPrimaryData Collection
DirectPersonal Interview
IndirectOral Interview
Informationthrough Agencies Informationthrough MailedQuestionnaire
Information Through Schedule
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DirectPersonal Interview
Investigator meets the respondent
Accuracydepends onthe knowledgeandattitude
of theinvestigator
When ?
1. Scopeofinvestigationis narrow
2. Investigationis confidentialand requires personal
attention
3. Accuracyis important
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Merits ofDirectPersonal Interview
Accurateand reliable
IndirectQuestioningis possible
Datais homogenous andcomparable Additional Informationcanbegathered
Misinterpretationcanbeavoided
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Demerits ofDirectPersonal Interview
Most Costly
Time Consuming
If scopeofinvestigationis wide , wecannot useit Informationleakageis possible
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IndirectOralinterview
Canbe used whenareatobecoveredis large
Investigator collects datafrom athird party
(Example : Enquirycommissions)
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Merits & Demerits OF IndirectOral
Interview
Economical whencomparedtoDirect personal
Interview
Confidentialdatacanbecollected
Likelytobe unbiasedand reliable
Demerit:
Degreeof Accuracy maybeless
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Collecting Informationthrough Agencies
Data willcollected Through localor national
reseach agencies
(Ex: Nielsen Company)
When ?
1. Areais verylarge
2. Periodicinformationtobecollected
3. Demerit:
Less quality
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Datafrom MailedQuestionnaire
QuestionnairetobeMailedtothe respondents with
acoveringletter
Objectives tobeexplainedinthecoveringletter
Respondents fillthe questionnaireand sends back.
KeyFactor:
Proper DesigningofQuestionnaire
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How tocreatea successful
questionnaire
It shouldbe smallandnotlengthy
Well structuredandclear
Proper Logical sequence
Questions shouldnotdisturbthe privacyof respondents
Not manydescriptive questions
Clear instructions tobegiveninthecoveringletter
Completed questionnaire shouldbe keptconfidentialand usedfor thecollected purposeonly.
Nochancetobegivenfor misinterpretationof questions
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Types of questions
ContingencyQuestions :
Questiontobeansweredonlyifthe respondentgivesparticular answer tothe previous question.
Ex:Doyou like Chocolates ? Yes [ ] No [ ]
Ifyes , which chocolateyou like
Dairy milk [ ]
Munch [ ]
Kit kat [ ]
Others [ ]
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Types ofQuestions matrix question
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Closedended questions
Thechoices to respondents are restrictedone. The respondents havetochooseonlyfrom theavailableoptions. (yes or no / Multiplechoice)
Example :
Doyou likeB
ollywoodFilmsYes [ ]
No [ ]
Types ofdataavailableare
Primarydata [ ]
SecondaryData [ ]Noneofthe Above [ ]
Allofthe Above[ ]
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ClosedendedQuestions
Scale rating questions Respondents areaskedtoratethe statementina 5 pointor 3 point scale
Example:
I like Chennai skillsA. Strongly Agree [ ]
B. Agree [ ]
C. Neither AgreeNor Disagree [ ]D. Disagree[ ]
E. StronglyDisagree [ ]
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Openended questions
Itis descriptiveinnature. The respondents has to
writetheanswers.
Sentence Completion
Example :
I likePepsibecause ..
..
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Openended questions
Storycompletion
Picturecompletion filltheemptyconversation
balloon
Thematic Appreciation Test explaina picture
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Informationthrough schedules
Inthis method a scheduleor questionnaire willbe
designedandgettingfilledbytheinvestigator
trough personalcontact.
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SecondaryData
Anyinformationthatis collectedand usedearlier
for adifferent purpose , usedfor another purpose
is called the secondarydata
This kindofdatacanbecollectedfrom either a
disclosedor undisclosed source.
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Published sources
Reports andofficial publications ofinternational
andnationalorganizations
Publications from government sources
Journals and magazines
Annual reports ofcompanies
Publications of research scholars and research
agencies
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Unpublished sources
Unpublisheddataofgovernment resources
Reports of privateoffices
Un published research works
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Measures tobeconsidered
Collectionand processingofdata
Accuracyofdata
Thedegreeof summarizationof data
Thedegreeofcomparability
Proper interpretationof data
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Merits of secondarydata
Secondarydatais cheaper
Large quantitycanbeobtained
Timeand moneycanbe savedinalargeextent
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Demerits of Secondarydata
Difficulttojudgetheaccuracyandapplicability
Difficultyin selectinga suitabledata
Someextentof primarydata maybeneeded
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Differencebetween primaryand
secondarydata
Primary Data Secondary Data
Original.Moreaccurate
and reliable
Not reliable
Data collection is
expensive
Itis not expensive
Noteasilyaccessible Easily accessiblethrough
internetor other resources
Datais homogenous Datais not homogenous
Timeconsuming Nottimeconsuming
Extracarenot needed Extracareis required
Datagives detail
information
Data maynotbeadequate
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Pilot Survey
A Trial survey undertakenbeforethe main survey
Reduces inconveniences andloss ofinformationin
the main questionnaire
Helps toidentifythechanges tobe madeinthe
questionnaire
Helps intime savingin main survey
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Limitations of pilot survey
Only possibleon small population
Mayledto wrong predictions
Thedatacollectedcannotbe usedfor main survey
Same participants shouldnotbe usedinthe main
survey
If pilot studyis unsuccessful, theninvestigator may
drop a main survey
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Scrutinyand Editingofdata
Thedatacollectedneeds tobe scrutinizedfor
reliabilityandneeds editingbasedonthe scrutiny
Points of scrutiny:
1.Legibility
2.Completeness
3.Consistency