Unit2Part3,4&5NewFrance1663-1760

RoyalGovernmentisestablishedAnewgovernmentisformedinNewFrancein1663.KingLouisXIV(knownasthe‘SunKing’)wantedNewFrancetodevelopmoreinordertomakeFrancestronger,butheknewthatthecolonywouldhavetobestrongerinorderforthistohappen.SoKingLouisandhisadvisorssetupanewGovernmentinNewFrancecalledtheRoyalGovernment.Before1663thecompaniesincludingtheCompanyof100AssociatesgovernedthecolonyofNewFrance.Theyprovedtobeinadequate.TheRoyalGovernmenthad2keyobjectives:**increasethepopulationofNewFrance**increasetheexploitationofnaturalresourcesinthecolonyandexpanditseconomy.TheRoyalGovernmentYouwillnoticeonthechartbelowthattheRoyalGovernmenthad2partstoit…..apartthatwasinFranceandapartthatwasinNewFrance.

InthisnewformofgovernmenttheKingheldallthepower.Thiswasapopularbeliefinthe18thcenturycalledAbsolutism.Thekingdidnothavetojustifyhisdecisionstoanyoneandhispowerwasabsoluteandfinal.Thiswasalsoknownasthe“divinerightofkings”,wheretheybelievedtheywereplacedintheirroyalpositiononthegoodgracesofGod.SonowthattheKingwastheheadofthegovernment,heruledoverNewFranceeventhoughhehadneversetfootonthecolonyandhewasthousandsofkmaway.ColonialMilitaryInNewFrancethereweretwotypesofsoldiers:RegularsoldiersMilitiamenFrancepaidtheRegularSoldiers.Thehigh-rankingofficersweremostoftenfromnoblefamiliesinFrance.TheMilitiamenwerenotpaidmostofthetime.TheyfellunderthecommandofthemilitiacaptainwhotookhisordersfromtheGovernorGeneral.In1665theKingofFrancesentoverthefirstlargemilitarycontingent.TheywereknownasTheCarnigan-SalieresRegiment.Thiswas1200well-trained,seasonedsoldiers.TheirmainmissionwastoassurethesecurityanddefenseofthecolonyespeciallyinlightofthewarwiththeIroquois.WhiletheCarnigan-SalieresfoughtofftheIroquois,burningtheirfarmsandforcingpeaceby1667,themilitiamenwerecalledintohelpbuildfortificationsliketheoneinMontrealandChambly.PopulationGrowthRememberthatoneobjectiveofthenewgovernmentwastogrowthepopulationinNewFrance.ThememberintheRoyalGovernmentresponsibletogrowthepopulationinNewFrancewastheIntendant.ThefirstIntendantwasJeanTalon.Hedidseveralthingstohelpthepopulationgrow.*FillesdeRoy.YoungsinglewomeninFrancewereofferedadowryandtransportationtoNewFrancewiththeexpectationthattheywouldmarryacolonistandstartafamily.*Carnigan-SaliereswereofferedaSeigneuryiftheystayedinthecolonyoncetheconflictwiththeIroquoiswasfinished.400ofthesemenacceptedtheofferandbecamelandownersonthesouthshoreofMontreal.

*finesandincentiveswereputoncolonistswhogotmarriedorwhodidn’tgetmarriedandhavechildrenbyacertainage.Talon’seffortsweresuccessfulinincreasingthepopulationinNewFrance.Hiseffortscombinedwithlowmortalityratesallowedthepopulationtofinallygrow….somewhat.ChanginguptheEconomyThesecondobjectiveofthenewRoyalGovernmentwastodiversifytheeconomy.ThisbasicallymeanstheIntendanthadtofindotherwaysforthecolonytomakemoney.Before1663muchofNewFrance’seconomywasbasedonthefurtrade.JeanTalontriedtochangethat.HewantedagriculturetogrowsothatthecolonistsproducedalltheyneededandanyextrascouldbesenttoFrance.Here-organizedthefurtradeexpandingtheregionandissuinglicensescalledcongesdetraitetothevoyageurswhowerecontractedtogetthefurs.By1696NewFranceendedupinaBeaverCrisisbecauseofoverhuntingoftheanimal.EvenafterJeanTalonlefttoreturntoFrance,theeffortsoftheRoyalGovernmenttoexpandtheterritoryandfindnewresourcescontinued.TheyexploredwestpasttheGreatLakesandsouthtotheGulfofMexico(viatheMississippiRiver).TheyfoundanareaveryrichinresourcescalledTheOhioRiverValley.ThisareaandtheothernewareaswereofcoursealreadysettledbyvariousNativegroups.AlargemeetingwassetupinMontrealtofindapeacefulwaytoachieveFrenchobjectivesofexploitingtheresourcesinthesenewareasandoldonesaswell.In1701theFrenchandtheIroquoisConfederacysigned“TheGreatPeaceofMontreal”.

Unit2Part4NewFrance’sPopulationIn1713NewFrancehadabout24000people,butby1752thatnumbergrewtoabout75000.MostofthesepeoplelivedinruralareasandmostwereFrenchspeaking.Atthistime,Francewasdividedbyclass.Thenobilitywasthetopoftheclasssystem.TheClergywerealsonearthetop.ThethirdclasswascalledtheThirdEstate.Thiswasabout97%ofFrance’spopulationanditincludedeveryonefromtheverypooresttocraftsmen,merchantsandsmalllandowners.ThepeoplewhosettledthecolonycamefromFranceandwerefromallthreeclasses,butmostcamefromtheThirdEstate.AlsoinNewFrancewereafewslaves.

ThesepeoplecameoverwiththeirownpracticesandcustomsfromFrance.Veryquicklytheylearnedthattheyhadtoadaptthewaytheylivedinordertosurviveinthecolony.TheyAcclimatized.ManyoftheirpracticescamefromNativeInfluence,afteralltheNativeshadbeensuccessfullysurvivingintheareaforthousandsofyears.Someofthepracticestheyadoptedincluded:showshoesdifferentfoodavailableclothingchoiceshomebuildingpracticestransportationmodes–toboggans

WarNewFrance’sfortuneswouldchangeintheearly1700’s.From1663-1713,thecolonyofNewFrancewasallowedtogrowandprosperundertheRoyalGovernment.UnfortunatelytheEnglishcoloniestothesouthofNewFrancewerealsogrowingandwantingtoexpandintotheOhioRiverValleywhichwasinhabitedmostlybytheAmerindianalliesoftheFrench,anditwascontrolledbytheFrench.ItwasrichinfursforthefurtradeandFrancedidnotwanttolosethis.AllofthismadeEnglishexpansionverydifficult.WarsofSuccession&TheTreatyofUtrecht.Asisoftenthecase,whenthemothercountriesareatwar,thecoloniesarealsoatwar.Whenthemothercountriesmakepeace,thecoloniesareoftenaffectedbythepeace.Thishappensseveraltimesduringthe1700’stoNewFrance.AcontinuedwarwithEnglandcausesmanyterritorialchanges.ThefirstbigchangecameaftertheTreatyofUtrechtwassignedin1713.ThistreatyendedthewarthatstartedovertheSpanishSuccession(afightoverwhowillbeKingofSpain).FrancewasdefeatedbyGreatBritainandasaresultlostsometerritory.Inparticular,FrancelostpartsofNewFranceincludingAcadia(currentdayNovaScotia),Newfoundland,theHudsonBayareaandtheIroquoisterritories.ThisallowedtheEnglishtohaveastrongerpresenceinsomekeyareasofNorthAmericaandgaveEnglandcontroloverseveralprosperousareas.

Francereactedquicklytothislossby:1. FortifyingQuebecCityandMontreal2. TryingtoincreasesettlementsinLouisiana3. SendingexplorerstotheRockyMountainsintheWest4. BuildingfortsalongtheRichelieuRiverandtheGreatLakesarea5. BuildagiantfortressonIleRoyale(CapeBretontoday)calledLouisbourg6. AttempttosettleIleRoyaleandIleStJean(PEItoday)

Englandreactedby:

1. BuildingfortsintheareaofAcadia2. RenamingtheareaofAcadiaas“NovaScotia”3. SendBritishimmigrantstoNovaScotiatobalanceoutthepopulationsincesomany

therewereFrenchTheSevenYear’sWar/WarofConquestThepeacefollowingtheTreatyofUtrechtdidnotlastthatlong.By1754thetensionbetweenNewFranceandthe13Colonies(coloniesofEngland)causedmorefighting.EveninEuropeFranceandEnglandwereatwaronceagain.Thiswarlastedfrom1756-1763.Theyfoughtover3mainpoints:

1. controloverthefurtradewestoftheAppalachianMountains.2. controloverthefisheriesintheAtlanticandtheGulfofStLawrenceRiverarea3. controlovertheOhioValley

Themilitarystrengthwasnotbalancedduringthiswar.The13colonieshadlargerarmiesandtheirpopulationwasmuchlarger,howevertheirpoliticalsystemwasslowtomakedecisions,unlikethepoliticsinNewFrance,whichallowedforquickmilitarybaseddecisionstobemade.In1758,GeneralWolfeofEnglandcapturedthegreatFrenchFortressofLouisbourgsecuringEngland’scontroloverthegreatestportionoftheeastcoastfisheries.In1759GeneralWolfehadmadehiswayintoQuebecandputthecityundersiege.HefoughttheFrenchtroopswhowereunderGenreralMontcalmonthePlainsofAbraham.WolfeandhisEnglishtroopsweresuccessfulandQuebeccitysurrendered.BothWolfeandMontcalmwerekilled.Whilewaitingforthewartoend,EnglandsetupaMilitaryRegime.Thisisatypeofgovernmentwherethemilitaryisinchargeandnottheelectedpeople.TheSevenYear’sWarendedandtheTreatyofPariswassignedin1763.

Bytheendofthewar,EnglandhadcompletecontroloverNorthAmerica.NewFrancewasnowaBritishColony,andFrance’spresenceinNorthAmericawasreducedtothreeverysmallislands.

AssimilationoftheFrenchInhabitants.OnceEnglandtookcontroloverallofAcadia(todaythisareaisNovaScotia),theymetwithachallenge….whattodowiththeFrenchpeoplewhowerealreadylivingthere????GovernorMurraywasgiventhetaskofassimilatingtheFrenchpeople.HoweverthiswasaverydifficulttaskforhimbecauseofthelargenumbersofFrenchpeopleinthecolony.TheydefinitelyoutnumberedtheEnglishsoldiers.TheytriedtogettheAcadians(theFrenchpeoplelivinginAcadia)tosignanagreementthattheywouldsupporttheKingofEngland.Someagreedtosignthis,howevermostAcadiansjustwantedtobeleftaloneandchoseneutrality.ThiswasnotgoodenoughfortheBritishGovernororderedallAcadiansdeported.

InJuly1755,EnglishsoldierstookcontroloverthelandsthathadbeenownedbyAcadiansforover150years.Theythengavethemseveralminutestogatheruptheirpersonalbelongingsandescortedthemtothedockswhereshipswerewaitingtotakethemaway.SomeweresenttoFrance,whileothersweresenttoareasalongthecoastofthe13Colonies.Thedeportationlastedforabout8years,andbytheendabouthalfoftheAcadiansweregonefromAcadia.SomeflednorthtoNewBrunswickorQuebec,whileotherswenttoIleStJean(PEI).