unit 10 tenses- the complexities of time

8/2/2019 Unit 10 Tenses- The Complexities of Time

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Unit 10 Tenses- The

complexities of Time

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Time would be easy to express in Englishif only three dimensions (past, present,future) were need to be shown.

Unfortunately this is not so. It is oftenmuch more complicated; the past affectsthe present, and the present relates to the

future. To show time correctly, appropriatetenses have to be used.

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Present Perfect

Present Time

Present ContinuousPresent Simple Present Perfect Continuous

Past Time

Past Continuous Past Perfect ContinuousPast PerfectPast Simple

Future Time

Will/shall + infinitive ( will/shall + go)Going to + infinitive ( I am going to + go)

Will + present continuous (will + be going)Will + present perfect ( will + have given)

Will + present perfect continuous (will + have been waiting)

Present ContinuousWith a

Time Phrase

Present SimpleWith

A time phrase

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12 conditions of tense@time

Condition/

time

simple continuous perfect Perfectcontinuous

Present Present

Simple(wait)

PresentContinuousbe/(am/is/are)+ waiting)

PresentPerfect

(Have +waited)

PresentPerfect

Continuous(have + beenwaiting)

Past Past Simple

(waited)

PastContinuousBe/(was/were +waiting)

Past Perfect

(had +

waited)

Past PerfectContinuous(had been +

waiting)

Future Future

Simple

(will wait)

FutureContinuous

(will be +waiting)

FuturePerfect

(will + havewaited)

FuturePerfectContinuous(will +have beenwaiting)

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Conditional sentences

In addition to that, you have to know thetensesto use in conditional sentences

Conditional

Present Tense+

if/ unless/ lest/ supposing+

clause

Past Tense+

if / unless/ lest/ supposing+

clause

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Important!!!!!! VERB FORMS 1. If you want to use the tenses correctly, you must have

a good understanding of the verbs. 2. Verbs can be classified into 2:-

Regular verbs ( wait, dance, walk etc) Irregular verbs ( eat, put, drink, swim etc)

3. Regular verbs A regular verb has its past or participle formed by

addition of e or ed or *en (certain participles only) Examples: wait (waited) dance (danced) walk (walked) 4. Irregular verbs

An irregular verbs either retains its form for the past andpast participle, or changes it. This change isaccomplished without the addition of d or ed.

Examples: eat ( ate-eaten) put (put-put) give (gave-given) swim- (swam - swum) drink ( drank drunk)

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EXERCISE SPECIAL

USE YOURDICTIONARY andFIND AS MANY ASYOU CAN ALL THEIRREGULAR VERBS.

LIST DOWN THEPAST TENSE FORMAND THEPARTICIPLE FORMS

EXAMPLES:

IR-REGULARVERBS

Verb Past Participle

Hit Hit hit

swim swam swum

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten

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ACTION VERBSvs AUXILIARYVERBS

Auxiliary verbs are helping verbs fortheycannot make a phrase on their own but must beaccompanied by a main verb (action verb)

Example : I am Noor. I have taughtMalayLiterature before teaching English. I do likeFrench language and Arabic too.

I can understanda little bit of French, I must find

someone who can teachme the languagefurther. I would liketo be able to speak in thelanguage again.

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Auxiliary Verbs (The helpers)

Primary Modal

Verb to beIs/am/are

(was/were)

Verb to haveHave/has

(had)

Verb to doDo/does(did)

Can, could,May, mightMust, oughtWill, would

Shall, should

Dareneed

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Auxiliary verbs helps to form tenses: Examples:

1. be + ing (continuous tense) They are watching the film. He is studying English.

2. be + ed/en (present passive voice) The film were watched by them.

He was picked up for the job. WO 1 Azman was given a medal for his bravery.

3. have + past participle (perfect tense) They havedonetheir assignment. I have givenyouthe homework on grammar.

4. Shall/will + verb (future tense) He will do it tonight. I shall punish you if you dont finish them.

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Auxiliaries are necessary in :

a question Can you wait a while?

negative intention I cannot afford to buythe dictionary.

permission Shall I buy another story

book, Mak? Yes you will.(Howyeh! Howyeh! Thank you!)

request May I come in? (Yes, you may)

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Dare? and need

Other than being modal auxiliaries need anddare can also be used as main verbs.

Example:

Modal auxuliaries Main verbs / action verbs

1. The recruit neednotweara uniform at themoment.

2. Dare he defythe CIsorder?

The recruit needs no uniformat the moment.

I shall be surprised if he dares

to defy the CIs order.

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The Infinitive

The infinitive refers to the basic form of theverb: (to) eat, (to) take, (to) climb, (to) sit

Infinitive is usually preceded by to

Examples:

We are allowed to eat three times a day.

Children are to sit at the corner.

It is difficult to climb Bukit Busu.

It takes two to tango.

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A. Present Time

Present time can be expressed by

1. the simple present tense

2. the present continuous/progressive tense

3. the present perfect tense 4. the present perfect continuous/

progressive tense

***** (important)5. The simple past tense (in daily conversation) toshow politeness

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1. The Simple Present Tense

The simple present tense is used toexpress:

1.1) A habitual activity.

Examples:

1.1a. She goes to bed at 12.30 oclock every night.

1.1b. She swims at AORC every Saturday.

1.1c. They play badminton regularly. 1.1d. I read the printed edition of Sherlock Holmes.

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1.2) A statement of fact or universal truth

Examples:

1.2a. He told the child that the worldis round.

1.2b. Syawal told Fiza that the sun is muchbigger than the moon.

1.2c. We learn that hydrogen is the lightest gas.

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1.3) Commentaries, especially in sports.

Examples:

1.3a. Dollah Salleh kicks the ball to Hassan

Miskam. Hassan Miskam passes to Safee Sali,Safee Sali heads it into the goal.

1.4) Literary criticism

Examples:

1.4a. The pantunis well written. The repetition ofthe middle and the end rhyme is balance.

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2. The Present Continuous tense(be+ verb+ing)

The present continuous tense or progressivetense is used for:

2.1) An activity that is still going on at the time of

speaking or one which is of short duration 2.1a. She is singing in her bath.

2.1b. My neighbours baby is crying loudly.

2.1c. The gardener is watering the plants.

2.2) A temporary activity

2.2a. I am living in Kedah. (The stay is not permanent)

2.2b. Mej Noor is enjoying her job. (for the moment)

2.2c. You are attending a course. (for 3 years)

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2.3) An event in the future

Examples: 2.3a. We are buying a carpet for the dining hall.

2.3b. Puan Marina is going to contact theMalaysian Nursing Board.

2.3c. We are expecting a visit from the DG .

Because of its very nature, the continuous tense isbest used with verbs which indicate activity, eitherrepeated or briefly sustained such as knock, jump,fall, leave, write.

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3. Present perfect tensehave + verb=ed/en (past participle)

The present perfect tense is used for:

3.1) A past activity which still affects thepresent

Example:

3.1a I have workedin Tawau. (and I dont mindworking there again)

3.1b.The doctor has treatedsuch cancer casesbefore.. (so he knows exactly what to do now)

3.1c. Mr Rajean has reada lot books on anatomy..( so he is very knowledgeable about it)

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3.2) A completed activity at some recentindefinite time.

Examples:

3.2a. He has finished reading the whole Al Quran. 3.2b. My only child has completed his study.

3.2c. She has sat for her music examination.

3.2d. The nurse has given the patient medicine.

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3.3) Question referring to the indefinite past

Examples:

3.3a. Have you ever been to Melbourne?

3.3b. Has her father agreed to marry you both off? 3.3c. Have they bought the tickets?

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3.4) already and not yet statements

Examples:

3.4a. I have already eaten. She has already eaten

We have already eaten. 3.4b. He has not yet eaten. The boys have not yet

eaten either.

3.4c. My friend has already bought the galaxy.

3.4d. I have not yet own an i-pad.

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3.5) Since and for statements.

Examples:

3.5a. I have not heard from him since early

February. 3.5b. He has known my brother since schooldays.

3.5c. She has been in Germany for 6 months.

3.5d. Faruks sisterhas been ill for weeks.

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4. Present Perfect ContinuousTense ( have + been + verb+ing)

The present perfect continuous tense isused for:

4.1) An activity which is initiated in the recent

past and is continued to the present. (the useof been is necessary in PPCT.

Examples:

4.1a. They have been playing football all morning.(and still playing at the moment of speaking)

4.1b. I have been thinking about it. (and still am)

4.1c. Mej Noor has been working hard at the TKR

auditing (and still auditing itShhess!) 25


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4.2) Since and for statement (almost the

same as Present Perfect Tense)

Examples:

4.2a. His sister has been dieting for months.

4.2b. The lady has been swimming for an hour.

4.2c. She has been teaching in military traininginstitution since 2002.

4.2d. She has been teaching the military personnelfor 10 years.

4.2e. We have been suffering to learn Englishsincelast month aaaaaaaAAAaaaaa..

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5. PAST TENSE in Dailyconversation to show politeness

5.1) Daily conversation to show politeness.

Examples:

5.1a. I hoped you would give some help.

(Is more polite than) 5.1b. I hope you will give me some help.

(Hak yang ni dok paksa orang tau, jgn cakap

macam ni!)

5.1c. I wondered if you could finish the job for me.

(is more polite than )

5.1d. I wonder if you can finish the job for me.

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B. PAST TIME

Past time can be expressed by:

1. the present perfect tense (slide 20)

2. the present perfect continuous (slide 25) 3. the simple past tense

4. the past continuous/ progressive tense

5. the past perfect 6. the past perfect continuous tense

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3. The Simple Past Tense

The simple past tense is used for:

3.1) A completed activity.

Examples:

3.1a. Cinderella stepmother took two of herdaughters to the ball.

3.1b. She left Cinderella home alone.

3.1c. I won the essay competition twice.

3.1d. She was once a high jump gold medalist.

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3.2) A definite point in the past.

Examples:

3.2a. I borrowed that book two weeks ago.

3.2b. I left office at 6 oclock yesterday. 3.2c. The Diploma courses in INSAN started in

2003.

3.2d. The signal came on 12nd Feb.

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3.3) Indirect speech, if the direct statement isin the PRESENT TENSE.

Examples:

3.3a. I am here. whisperedthe child. 3.3b. The child whisperedthat she was there.

3.3c. I do not believe it. his sistersaid.

3.3d. His sister saidthat she did not believe it.

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4. Past Continuous Tense

The past continuous tense is used for:

4.1) A sustained activity in the past, but onelikely to be of short duration.

Examples: 4.1a. He was watching television.

4.2a. We were enjoying the meal.

4.2c. Ali was flying a kite near the paddy field.


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4.2) The earlier activity in two past activities.

Examples:

4.2a. He was eating dinner when we arrived.

4.2b. The soldier was sleeping when the enemybroke into their defense.

4.2c. The guard was sleeping when the fire brokeout.

4.2d. She was reading when the phone rang.


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4.3) Description in a narration

Examples:

4.3a.The day was drawingto an end. The old

man was playinga flute. A cow was grazinglazily.

4.3b.The sun was getting hotter. The boy wassweating profusely and pantingfor air. His dog

was chasingbehind him.


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4.4) Indirect speech, if the originalstatement is in the present continuoustense

4.4a. Direct - He said I am writing a letter.

Indirect: He said that he was writingaletter.

4.4b. Direct - She said, I am waiting for him.Indirect: She said she was waitingfor

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5. The Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense is used for

5.1) The earlier activity in two performedactivities.

Examples:- 5.1 a) The robber had escaped when the police

arrived.

5.1 b) Ana Raffali had left the hotel when her fansswarmed in.

5.1 c) I had finished my work when my brothercame.


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unit 10 tenses- the complexities of time

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