Unit 1 Review

• Period 1 8000BCE-600BCE• Starts @ Neolithic Revolution• First human-like creature (Lucy)

Australopithecines • Out of Africa– All people come from AFR– Bearing Strait

• Civilization (farming) leads to disease, women inequality

• 8000 BCE – Neolithic Revolution/Agricultural Revolution

• First crops = wheat/barley in Middle East• Then rice/China, yams/AFR, maize/AME• Farming brings surplus of food– If your food and security…

• Domesticated animals start in Middle East– Lambs, goats, cows

• Only Llamas in AME– Columbia Exchange?

• Most civs develop independently – Especially AME

• Ag settlements (not civs)– Jericho 8000 BCE (Israel)– Chatel Huyuk 7000 BCE (Turkey)

• What is a civ?• Food surplus• Job specialization • Writing• Art• Trade• Stratification• Army• New Tech

• Metals during this time are very important• First Bronze (copper + tin)– 3000 BCE

• First Iron – 1300 BCE

• Themes• Environment altered by humans– Irrigation – Indus, Nile, Yellow all flood

• Developments from cultural interaction– Trade among empires

• As civilization progresses, woman’s status declines– Hunters/gatherers egalitarian

• River Valley Civs:• Mesopotamia• Flooding = angry gods• Travelers = causing trouble, less stability• Sumer• Cuneiform = earliest known writing• Epic of Gilgamesh– Flood found in other stories

• Govs less centralized– City states

• Sumerian Advancements• Wheel, calendar, 60 base number system

• Babylonians take over Sumer• Code of Hammurabi – Diff rules for diff classes– Super strict– Gender inequality

• Mesopotamia highlights• Polytheistic• Not centralized gov• Hammurabi’s Code• Cuneiform• Wheel• Gilgamesh

• Hittites bring iron to Mesopotamia • Diffusion – getting something from another

culture

• Major Mesopotamian cultures:• Sumer• Acadians• Babylon• Hittites• Assyrians• Persians

• Egypt• Nile predictable flooding– Less angry gods?

• 3 kingdoms – old, middle, new• Pyramids in old• Interact w/ Nubians in middle• More militaristic in new

• Pharaoh is middle• More centralized than Meso• Pyramids show stratification • Hieroglyphics (probably borrowed from Meso)• Papyrus = paper

Compare Zigs, Pyrs, AME pyrs

Compare Cuneiform, Herioglyphics, Mayan Glyphs

• Hatshepsut – women ruler– Then Egypt has more status for women than other

civs• Diffusion of bronze into Egypt from Hyksos

• Egyptian Highlights:• Polytheistic• Social Strat• Centralized (more than Meso)• Higher status for women• Pyramids• Hieroglyphics

• Indus (Pakistan) (N. India)– Cities: Mohenjo Daro, Harappa

• Indoor plumbing, peaceful• Social strat• Proof of long distance trade– Indus seals found in Meso/CHN

• Aryans take over end Indus Civ• Start Hinduism/Caste System

• China (Shang Dynasty) first• Oracle bones– Scratch questions, fire, get answers from ancestors

• Zhou (Joe) – Longest dynasty– Create mandate of heaven• God gives emperor right to rule if he is good• Maybe justification to overthrow Shang?

• Exceptions to river valley rule• Americas • Olmec in Central America• Chavin in Peru

• Important groups• Indo-Europeans

– Rode horses– Spread from C. Asia– Aryans/Huns

• Bantu migrations (2000BCE)– Sub Sahara– Spread their language, farming and iron

• Hebrews (first monotheists)• Phonecians

– Phonetics (becomes modern alphabet)

• Religion in U1• Animism – “animating” giving objects spirits– Africa, Asia

• Hinduism• Judaism • Zoroastrianism – Good and evil starts here. – Arguments for this was first monotheist religion– Good god/bad god maybe polytheistic – Maybe archetype for God/Devil