unit 1 powerpoint review for chapters 1 & 2. introduction environment –external conditions...
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 1 PowerpointReview for Chapters 1 & 2
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Introduction
• Environment– External conditions that affect
living organisms
• Ecology– Study of relationships between
living organisms and their environment
• Environmental Science– how nature works.– how the environment effects us.– how we effect the environment.– how we can live more
sustainably without degrading our life-support system.
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Solar Capital and Earth Capital• Solar Capital
– Energy from the sun– Provides 99% of the energy used
on earth
• Earth Capital– Life-support and Economic
Services
• Environment– Planet’s air, water, soil, wildlife,
minerals, natural purification, recycling, pest control,…
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Carrying Capacity
• The maximum number of organisms of a local, regional, or global environment can support over a specified period
• Variables– Location– Time
• Short term ~ seasonal changes• Long-term ~global changes in
factors such as climate
– Technology
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Sustainability
• The ability of a specified system to survive and function over time
• $1,000,000 – 10% interest– Live on up to $100,000
per year
• Examples: Sustainable earth, resource harvest, and society
• The steps to sustainability must be supported by sound science.
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Linear Growth
• Quantity increases by a constant amount per unit of time
• 1,2,3,4,5, …• 1,3,5,7,9, …• When plotted on a
graph, growth of money yields a fairly straight line sloping upward
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1960 1980 2000 2020
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Exponential Growth
• Growth yields a J-shaped curve
• Describes the human population problem that disturbs the environment today
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Population Growth
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Rule of 70
• How long does it take to double? – Resource use– Population size– Money in a savings account
• Rule of 70 – 70 divided by the percentage growth rate =
doubling time in years– 70 / 7% means it takes ten years to double
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Economic Growth - Key Terms• Economic Growth
– Increase in the capacity to provide goods and services for people’s use
• Gross National Product– Measures economic
growth in a country• Gross Domestic
Product– Market value in
current dollars of all goods and services produced only within a country during one year
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Economic Growth - Key Terms• More Developed Countries (MDC)
– Highly industrialized – Average per capita GNP above $4000
• Less Developed Countries (LDC)– Low to moderate industrialization – Average per capita GNP below $4000
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Economic Growth - Key Terms
• Development– Change from a society that is
largely rural, agricultural, illiterate, poor and rapidly growing population
• Per Capita GNP– GNP divided by the total population– Shows one person’s slice of the
economic pie
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POPULATION GROWTH, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
• Economic growth provides people with more goods and services.
– Measured in gross domestic product (GDP) and purchasing power parity (PPP).
• Economic development uses economic growth to improve living standards.
– The world’s countries economic status (developed vs. developing) are based on their degree of industrialization and GDP-PPP.
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Wealth Gap• The gap between
the per capita GNP of the rich, middle-income and poor has widened since 1980
• More than 1 billion people survive on less than one dollar per day
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Sustainable Development
• Assumes the right to use the earth’s resources and earth capital to meet needs
• It is our obligation to create sustainability
• Environmentally sustainable societies meets basic needs of its people in a just and equitable manner without degrading the natural capital that supplies these resources.
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Resources
RenewableRenewable Non-RenewableNon-Renewable
Potentially Potentially RenewableRenewable
Direct solar energy
Fossil fuels Fresh air
Winds, tides, flowing water
Metallic minerals (iron, copper, aluminum)
Fresh water
Nonmetallic minerals (clay, sand, phosphates)
Fertile soil
Plants and animals
(biodiversity)
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Biodiversity
• Genetic Diversity– Variety in a genetic makeup among individuals
within a single species
• Species Diversity– Variety among the species or distinct types of
living organisms found in different habitats of the planet
• Ecological Diversity– Variety of forests, deserts, grasslands, streams,
lakes, oceans, wetlands, and other communities
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Environmental Degradation
Common Property Resources
• Tragedy of the Commons
• Resources owned by none, but available to all users free of charge
• May convert potentially renewable resources into nonrenewable resources
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Natural capital degradation
• The exponential increasing flow of material resources through the world’s economic systems depletes, degrades and pollutes the environment.
Figure 1-11Figure 1-11
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Nonrenewable Resources
• Nonrenewable/Exhaustible Resources– Exist in a fixed quantity in the earth’s crust and can
be used up
• Mineral– Any hard, usually crystalline material that is formed
naturally
• Reserves– Known deposits from which a usable
mineral can be profitably extracted at current prices
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Nonrenewable Resources
• Recycling– Collecting and
reprocessing a resource into new products
• Reuse– Using a
resource over and over in the same form
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS: CAUSES AND CONNECTIONS
• The major causes of environmental problems are:– Population growth– Wasteful resource use– Poverty– Poor environmental
accounting– Ecological ignorance
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Poverty and Environmental Problems
• 1 of 3 children under 5, suffer from severe malnutrition.
Figure 1-12 and 1-13Figure 1-12 and 1-13
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Our Ecological Footprint
• Humanity’s ecological footprint has exceeded earths ecological capacity. Figure 1-7Figure 1-7
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Pollution
• Any addition to air, water, soil, or food that threatens the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms
• Solid, liquid, or gaseous by-products or wastes
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Point Source Pollutants
• From a single, identifiable sources– Smokestack of a
power plant– Drainpipe of a
meat-packing plant– Exhaust pipe of an
automobile
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Nonpoint Source Pollutants
• Dispersed and often difficult to identify sources– Runoff of fertilizers and pesticides– Storm Drains (#1 source of oil spills in oceans)
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Negativity of Pollutant
• Chemical Nature– How active and harmful
it is to living organisms
• Concentration– Amount per unit volume
or weight of air, water, soil or body weight
• Persistence– Time it stays in the air,
water, soil or body
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Types of Pollutants
• Factors that determine the severity of a pollutant’s effects: chemical nature, concentration, and persistence.
• Pollutants are classified based on their persistence:– Degradable pollutants– Biodegradable pollutants– Slowly degradable pollutants– Nondegradable pollutants
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Water Pollution
• Sediment• Nutrient overload• Toxic chemicals• Infectious agents• Oxygen depletion• Pesticides• Oil spills• Excess heat
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Air Pollution
• Global climate change
• Stratospheric ozone depletion
• Urban air pollution• Acid deposition• Outdoor pollutants• Indoor pollutants• Noise
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Solution: Pollution cleanup
• Output Pollution Cleanup– Involves cleaning up
pollutants after they have been produced
– Most expensive and time consuming
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Solutions: Pollution Prevention
• Input Pollution Control or Throughput Solution– Slows or eliminates the
production of pollutants, often by switching to less harmful chemicals or processes
• Four R’s– Reduce, reuse, refuse,
recycle
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Biodiversity Depletion
• Habitat destruction• Habitat degradation• Extinction
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Food Supply Problems
• Overgrazing• Farmland loss and
degradation• Wetlands loss and degradation• Overfishing• Coastal pollution• Soil erosion• Soil salinization• Soil waterlogging• Water shortages• Groundwater depletion• Loss of biodiversity• Poor nutrition
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Agricultural Revolution
• Agricultural Revolution
– Cultural shift that began in several regions of the world
– Involved a gradual move from a lifestyle based on nomadic hunting
• Agroforestry– Planting a mixture of
food crops and tree crops
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Agricultural Revolution
• Slash-and-burn– Cutting down trees
and other vegetation and then burning the underbrush to clear small patches of land
• Subsistence Farming– Family grew only
enough food to feed itself.
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What Is Science?
• Science is a pursuit of knowledge about how the world works
• Scientific data is collected by making observations and taking measurements
• Observations involve the five senses, and help answer questions or problems
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Observation• QualitativeQualitative
– of, relating to, or involving quality or kind
– ie.: red, hot, burns quickly, etc.
• QuantitativeQuantitative– of, relating to, or
involving the measurement of quantity or amount
– ie.: 350 degrees Celsius, 5 inches, etc.
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Vocabulary
• Experiment – A procedure to study a phenomenon
under known conditions – Must have a Control
• Hypotheses – A possible explanation of something
observed in nature.
• Model – An approximate representation of a
system being studied.
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Theory and Law
• Scientific Theory – A hypothesis that has been supported by
multiple scientists’ experiments in multiple locations
• A Scientific Law – a description of what we find happening in
nature over and over again in a certain way
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Scientific Laws
• Law of Conservation of Matter – Matter can be changed from one form to
another, but never created or destroyed.
• Atomic Theory of Matter– All matter is made of atoms which cannot be
destroyed, created, or subdivided.
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Accuracy and Precision
• Accuracy– The extent to which a
measurement agrees with the accepted or correct value for that quantity.
• Precision – A measure of reproducibility, or
how closely a series of measurements of the same quantity agrees with one another.
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Reasoning
• Inductive Reasoning – Uses observations and facts to arrive at
hypotheses– All mammals breathe oxygen.
• Deductive Reasoning– Uses logic to arrive at a specific
conclusion based on a generalization– All birds have feathers, Eagles are birds,
therefore All eagles have feathers.
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Scientific Methods
• What is the question to be answered?
• What relevant facts and data are known?
• What new data should be collected?
• After collection, can it be used to make a law?
• What hypothesis can be invented to explain this? How can it become a theory?
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Experiments
• Variables are what affect processes in the experiment.
• Controlled experiments have only one variable
• Experimental group gets the variable
• Control group does not have the variable– Placebo is a harmless pill
that resembles the pill being tested.
– In double blind experiments, neither the patient nor the doctors know who is the control or experiment group.
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Systems
• A system is a set of components that function and interact in some regular and predictable manner
• Human body, a river, an economy, The Earth!– The earth is a closed
system for matter and an open system for energy
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Feedback Loops• A feedback loop occurs
when an output of a system is fed back as an input (two kinds)– Positive loops are
runaway cycles where a change in a certain direction causes further change in the same direction
– Negative loops occur when a change in a certain direction leads to a lessening of that change
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Resource Consumption and Environmental Problems
• Underconsumption
• Overconsumption
– Affluenza: unsustainable addiction to overconsumption and materialism.
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• The pH (potential of Hydrogen) is the concentration of hydrogen ions in one liter of solution.
Figure 2-5Figure 2-5
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Compounds and Chemical Formulas
• Chemical formulas are shorthand ways to show the atoms and ions in a chemical compound. – Combining Hydrogen
ions (H+) and Hydroxide ions (OH-) makes the compound H2O (dihydrogen oxide, a.k.a. water).
– Combining Sodium ions (Na+) and Chloride ions (Cl-) makes the compound NaCl (sodium chloride a.k.a. salt).
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Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life
• Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all forms of life.– Prokaryotic cells
(bacteria) lack a distinct nucleus.
– Eukaryotic cells (plants and animals) have a distinct nucleus.
Figure 2-6Figure 2-6
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Macromolecules, DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
• Large, complex organic molecules (macromolecules) make up the basic molecular units found in living organisms.– Complex carbohydrates– Proteins– Nucleic acids– Lipids
Figure 2-7Figure 2-7
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Matter Quality• Matter can be classified as
having high or low quality depending on how useful it is to us as a resource.– High quality matter is
concentrated and easily extracted.
– low quality matter is more widely dispersed and more difficult to extract.
Figure 2-8Figure 2-8
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CHANGES IN MATTER• Matter can change from one
physical form to another or change its chemical composition.– When a physical or chemical
change occurs, no atoms are created or destroyed.
• Law of conservation of matter.
– Physical change maintains original chemical composition.
– Chemical change involves a chemical reaction which changes the arrangement of the elements or compounds involved.
• Chemical equations are used to represent the reaction.
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Chemical Change
• Energy is given off during the reaction as a product.
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ENERGY
• Energy is the ability to do work and transfer heat.
– Kinetic energy – energy in motion
• heat, electromagnetic radiation
– Potential energy – stored for possible use
• batteries, glucose molecules
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ENERGY LAWS: TWO RULES WE CANNOT BREAK
• The first law of thermodynamics: we cannot create or destroy energy.
– We can change energy from one form to another.
• The second law of thermodynamics: energy quality always decreases.
– When energy changes from one form to another, it is always degraded to a more dispersed form.
– Energy efficiency is a measure of how much useful work is accomplished before it changes to its next form.
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Sustainable Low-Throughput Economies: Learning from Nature
• Matter-Recycling-and-Reuse Economies: Working in Circles
– Mimics nature by recycling and reusing, thus reducing pollutants and waste.
– It is not sustainable for growing populations.