unit 1: ecology. the flow of energy through an ecosystem is one of the most important factors that...
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Unit 1: EcologyUnit 1: Ecology
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The flow of energy through The flow of energy through an ecosystem is one of the an ecosystem is one of the most important factors that most important factors that determines the system’s determines the system’s capacity to sustain life.capacity to sustain life.
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
ATP :ATP : AdenineAdenine Ribose Ribose 3 phosphate groups 3 phosphate groups
– the bonds between – the bonds between the phosphates are the phosphates are where the energy is where the energy is stored – bonds must stored – bonds must be broken to release be broken to release the energythe energy
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Reminder: ATP/ADP CycleReminder: ATP/ADP Cycle
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Interactions and InterdependenceInteractions and Interdependence
EcologyEcology The study of interactions and The study of interactions and
relationships between organisms relationships between organisms and their environment.and their environment.
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Interactions and InterdependenceInteractions and Interdependence
What non-living things in their environment What non-living things in their environment do organisms interact with?do organisms interact with? Sunlight, air, water, soil, rocksSunlight, air, water, soil, rocks
In what ways are these nonliving things In what ways are these nonliving things essential to organisms?essential to organisms? Photosynthesis, Oxygen in air, bacteria live in Photosynthesis, Oxygen in air, bacteria live in
soil, mosses on rocks, etc.soil, mosses on rocks, etc.
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BiosphereBiosphere
Contains the combined portions of the Contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists, including planet in which all of life exists, including land, water, and air (atmosphere)land, water, and air (atmosphere)
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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
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ProducersProducers
Sunlight is the main energy source for life Sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earth.on Earth.
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ProducersProducers Producers are also known as Producers are also known as autotrophsautotrophs
– they make their own food – they make their own food Two types:Two types:
Photo-autotrophs: use sunlight in process of Photo-autotrophs: use sunlight in process of photosynthesisphotosynthesis
Chemo-autotrophs: use inorganic chemicalsChemo-autotrophs: use inorganic chemicals
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Producers -- Energy from the SunProducers -- Energy from the Sun
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Using light energy to power chemical Using light energy to power chemical
reactions to turn Carbon Dioxide (COreactions to turn Carbon Dioxide (CO22) and ) and
water into Oxygen(Owater into Oxygen(O22) and sugars.) and sugars.
6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O 6OO 6O22 + C + C66HH1212OO66
Light energy
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Producers -- Energy from the SunProducers -- Energy from the Sun
On land, plants are the main On land, plants are the main autotrophs.autotrophs.
In freshwater ecosystems, algae In freshwater ecosystems, algae are the main autotrophsare the main autotrophs
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Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
Cellular respiration: Both Cellular respiration: Both autotrophs & heterotrophs autotrophs & heterotrophs perform this to release energy perform this to release energy from food to do cellular work.from food to do cellular work.
6O6O22 + C + C66HH1212OO6 6 --> 6CO--> 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O O
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Biochemical pathwaysBiochemical pathways
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ConsumersConsumers
HeterotrophsHeterotrophs Consumers that rely on other organisms for Consumers that rely on other organisms for
their energy and food supply.their energy and food supply. Indirect use of sun’s energyIndirect use of sun’s energy
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Consumers -- Heterotrophs Consumers -- Heterotrophs
Herbivores Herbivores — eat plants (rabbit)— eat plants (rabbit)
Carnivores Carnivores — eat other animals— eat other animals OmnivoresOmnivores — eat both plants and animals — eat both plants and animals DetritivoresDetritivores — feed on plant and animal — feed on plant and animal
remains called detritus.remains called detritus. DecomposersDecomposers — break down organic — break down organic
matter (bacteria and fungi).matter (bacteria and fungi).
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Feeding RelationshipsFeeding Relationships
Energy flows through an ecosystem in Energy flows through an ecosystem in oneone direction:direction:
SunlightSunlightProducers Producers ConsumersConsumers
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Energy TransformationsEnergy Transformations Only 10% of the energy at each Only 10% of the energy at each trophic leveltrophic level
is passed on to the next:is passed on to the next: Primary – 1Primary – 1stst
Secondary – 2Secondary – 2ndnd
Tertiary – 3Tertiary – 3rdrd
Quaternary – 4Quaternary – 4thth
The other 90% is lost as heat when The other 90% is lost as heat when consumers burn food during cellular consumers burn food during cellular respiration (this is good because it helps us to respiration (this is good because it helps us to maintain our body temperature!)maintain our body temperature!)
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Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels
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Food ChainFood Chain A series of steps in which organisms A series of steps in which organisms
transfer energy by eating and being transfer energy by eating and being eaten; travels in one direction.eaten; travels in one direction.
Always begins with producers who store Always begins with producers who store energy in the chemical bonds of the energy in the chemical bonds of the foods they make.foods they make.
Stored energy is passed on to Stored energy is passed on to consumers when they eat producers or consumers when they eat producers or other consumers.other consumers.
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Feeding RelationshipsFeeding Relationships
Food WebFood Web A A networknetwork of feeding of feeding
relationships in an relationships in an ecosystemecosystem
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Aquatic Food WebAquatic Food Web
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Ecological PyramidsEcological Pyramids
A diagram that shows the relative amounts A diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain.trophic level in a food chain.
Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers
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Ecological PyramidsEcological Pyramids
Pyramid of NumbersShows the relative number of Individual organisms at eachtrophic level.
Biomass PyramidRepresents the amount ofliving organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, thegreatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid.
Energy PyramidShows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat.
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Recycling in the BiosphereRecycling in the Biosphere
Matter and energy move differently Matter and energy move differently through the ecosystem.through the ecosystem. Energy flows one way – some is lost as heat, Energy flows one way – some is lost as heat,
only 10% of energy is used directly by only 10% of energy is used directly by organisms at each trophic levelorganisms at each trophic level
Matter is RECYCLED through the ecosystemMatter is RECYCLED through the ecosystem• Law of Conservation of MatterLaw of Conservation of Matter• Matter can be transformed Matter can be transformed
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Ecosystems, Communities, & Ecosystems, Communities, & Population Growth Population Growth
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Factors in an EcosystemFactors in an Ecosystem
Biotic factors: living organisms with Biotic factors: living organisms with which an organism might interact.which an organism might interact.
Ex: insects, plants, etc. Ex: insects, plants, etc. Abiotic Factors: physical or nonliving Abiotic Factors: physical or nonliving
factors with which an organism might factors with which an organism might interact.interact.
Ex: sunlight, wind, soil, etc. Ex: sunlight, wind, soil, etc.
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List the Biotic Factors in the pictureList the Biotic Factors in the picture
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List the Abiotic factors in the pictureList the Abiotic factors in the picture
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Community InteractionsCommunity Interactions
Competition occurs when organisms Competition occurs when organisms attempt to use an ecological resource in attempt to use an ecological resource in the the same place and at the same timesame place and at the same time..
Resource = any necessity of lifeResource = any necessity of life Examples: water, nutrients, light, food, Examples: water, nutrients, light, food,
spacespace
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Community InteractionsCommunity Interactions
PredationPredation occurs occurs when one when one organism organism captures & feeds captures & feeds on another on another organismorganism
Ex: lions hunt Ex: lions hunt deerdeer
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Community InteractionsCommunity Interactions
Symbiosis: 3 main typesSymbiosis: 3 main types MutualismMutualism = both organisms benefit from = both organisms benefit from
the relationshipthe relationship CommensalismCommensalism = one organism benefits = one organism benefits
while the other organism is neither helped while the other organism is neither helped nor harmednor harmed
ParasitismParasitism = one organism benefits at the = one organism benefits at the expense of the other organismexpense of the other organism
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MutualismMutualism
Butterflies and flowers
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CommensalismCommensalism
Barnacles on a Whale
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ParasitismParasitism
HEARTWORMS
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Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession Predictable changes that occur in a Predictable changes that occur in a
community over timecommunity over time Primary succession: occurs on surfaces Primary succession: occurs on surfaces
where no soil existswhere no soil exists Examples: after a volcanic explosion Examples: after a volcanic explosion
where the land is covered with lava or where the land is covered with lava or ashes or on bare rock exposed by glacier ashes or on bare rock exposed by glacier meltmelt
Pioneer species: first species to populate Pioneer species: first species to populate the area (often lichens)the area (often lichens)
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Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession
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Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession
Secondary succession: follows a Secondary succession: follows a disturbance that changes an disturbance that changes an existing community without existing community without removing the soilremoving the soil
Example: wildfires, plowing, Example: wildfires, plowing, logging industrylogging industry
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Population GrowthPopulation Growth
Affected by 3 factors:Affected by 3 factors: # of births# of births # of deaths# of deaths # of organisms arriving or leaving: # of organisms arriving or leaving:
Immigration and emigrationImmigration and emigration
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Exponential GrowthExponential Growth Exponential growth occurs when Exponential growth occurs when
organisms in a population reproduce at a organisms in a population reproduce at a constant rateconstant rate
Tends to happen when resources are Tends to happen when resources are unlimitedunlimited
Example – bacteriaExample – bacteria 2 split to become 42 split to become 4 4 split to become 84 split to become 8 8 split to become 16 and so it grows 8 split to become 16 and so it grows
on & onon & on
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Exponential GrowthExponential Growth
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Logistic GrowthLogistic Growth Happens when resources become less Happens when resources become less
available so growth will slow or stopavailable so growth will slow or stop Notice the patternNotice the pattern When does theWhen does the
growth slow & when growth slow & when
does it level out?does it level out?