Unification of Italy and Germany

692-695, 700-704Objective 1: to explore the unification of Italy and Germany and how Nationalism contributed to it.

1800’s Germany is not yet a country

Congress of Vienna created the German Confed. = loose collection of German speaking states + Austria and Prussia

1830’s Prussia created the Zollverein (unite German states economically )

1848 – Frankfurt Assembly attempted to unify Germany politically - offer throne to Frederick William IV (Prussia) – rejected crown, “from the gutter”

Otto von Bismarck

• Junker – became Prime Minister under King William I – later becomes chancellor

• Followed policy of “blood and iron” to unite Germany under Prussia

• Realpolitik • Prussia had German nationalism,

industrialization/army on their side.

Expansion

• Short-lived alliance w/ Austria v. Denmark. Why?

• Austria –Holstein Prussia – Schleswig• 1866 – Austro-Prussian War- “Seven Weeks War” gives Prussia more

annexed territory

Franco-Prussian War

• 1867 Southern Germany wouldn’t join Prussia. Needed war to gain support from South.

• “Ems Dispatch”• July 19, 1890 France declares war. Franco-

Prussian War dominated by Prussians. Capture 80,000 soldiers and Napoleon III.

• South Germany joins Prussia.

The Second Reich• William I becomes Kaiser, or emperor• January 1871 – Second Reich

(empire) formed• Constitution sets up bicameral

legislature:– Reichstag (Lower House) elected

by universal male suffrage.– Bundesrat (Upper House) –

appointed by leaders. Can veto any decision by the Reichstag!

• Balance of Power in Europe tilted towards Germany/U.K.

Italy

Not unified politically since ancient Rome

1820 and 1848 Nationalist revolts against foreign (Austrian) rule

Secret society “Young Italy” founded by Giuseppe Mazzini

•Camillo di Cavour becomes Prime Minister of Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel II.

•Reformed Sardinia’s economy, modernized

•1858 – deal with France , allowed for annexation of Lombardy following war with Austria

•Southern Italy united by Giuseppe Garibaldi after capture of Sicily w/ help of Red Shirts.

Garibaldi – union of Italy

• Distrust of Cavour, respect of Victor Emmanuel. Gives up hopes of Republic for united Italy. Gives up the south and retires.

• Venetia joins following Austro-Prussian war

• Rome joins following retreat of French in Franco-Prussian war

Problems

• Pope resented seizure of Papal States and Rome

• Urged all Italians not to cooperate with government

• Constitutional Monarchy – two house legislature, only small amount of men could vote – leads to unrest