understanding trees. pre-test which mammal is the pig more closely related to, cow or camel? which...
TRANSCRIPT
Understanding Trees
Pre-test
Which mammal is the pig more closely related to, cow or camel?
Which mammal here is the most primitive?
Fig. 4.8b
•Common ancestor•Root of the tree
•Nodes•Terminal taxa (tips)•Branches
Phylograms and Cladograms
Trees can be built for extinct organisms…
Trees can include lineage “persistence”
Some trees show timing of events
Most trees today are built for extant
organisms only…
Tree Rules
1. Read the nodes, remember they swivel2. Bifurcation rule3. Monophyly snip rule4. Sibling ≠ Ancestor5. Sister lineage snip rule and ages
1. Read the nodes, remember they swivel!
Don’t read left to right or top to bottomRead the nodes, and the nodes swivel
Read the nodes
A B C D
e f
g
For cladograms, some information about timing (e and f after g)
For phylograms,a little more informationabout timing
This tree is ladderized right…Swivel the nodes to make it ladderized leftRedraw it with lungfish at the top
Assignment
2. Bifurcation Rule
• Can only have one divergence event at a time.
• Can’t have two divergence events at the same time (snap two fingers at once)
Breaking the Bifurcation Rule:Hard polytomies and Soft polytomies
Cichlids