understanding the pattern of growth and equity in the people’s republic of china

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  • 8/3/2019 Understanding the Pattern of Growth and Equity in the Peoples Republic of China

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    MNC@ Yfsd`oi Umuls Xls`lx

    \onlsx~mon`oi ~al Um~~lsofb Isfy~a mon L}|`~p `o ~alUlfujlx Slu|cj`h fb Ha`om

    G`o}|mo J`|

    Of/ 88=Nlhlgcls 35==

    Mx`mo Nlrljfuglo~ Cmod @ox~`~|~l

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    ^al Yfsd`oi Umuls xls`lx `x m hfo~`o|m~`fo fb ~al bfsglsjp omgln N`xh|xx`fo Umuls xls`lx4 ~alo|gcls`oi fb ~al umulsx hfo~`o|ln y`~af|~ `o~lss|u~`fo fs hamoil/ MNC@x yfsd`oi umulsxslbjlh~ `o`~`mj `nlmx fo m ~fu`h mon msl ufx~ln foj`ol bfs n`xh|xx`fo/ MNC@ lohf|smilx slmnlsx ~fufx~ ~al`s hfgglo~x fo ~al gm`o umil bfs lmha yfsd`oi umuls !i`rlo `o ~al h`~m~`fo cljfy/Xfgl yfsd`oi umulsx gmp nlrljfu `o~f f~als bfsgx fb u|cj`hm~`fo/

    X|iilx~ln h`~m~`fo;

    J`|* G/ 35=5/ \onlsx~mon`oi ~al Um~~lso fb Isfy~a mon L}|`~p `o ~al Ulfujlx Slu|cj`h fbHa`om/ MNC@ Yfsd`oi Umuls 88=/ ^fdpf; Mx`mo Nlrljfuglo~ Cmod @ox~`~|~l/ Mrm`jmcjl;a~~u;&&yyy/mnc`/fsi&yfsd`oi'umuls&35==&=3&51&>139/|onlsx~mon`oi/um~~lso/isfy~a/l}|`~p/ush&

    Ujlmxl hfo~mh~ ~al m|~afs bfs `obfsgm~`fo mcf|~ ~a`x umuls/

    Lgm`j; gj|`Emnc`/fsi4 g`o}|moj`|Eaf~gm`j/hfg

    G`o}|mo J`| `x m xlo`fs slxlmsha bljjfy m~ ~al Mx`mo Nlrljfuglo~ Cmod @ox~`~|~l !MNC@*^fdpf/

    ^al m|~afs yf|jn j`dl ~f ~amod G`o P|* Omsmpmo Uf|nlj* P|l Ymoi* Q`o Y|* [a`am` Q`l*P|g`oi H|`* mon Ha`af Amxlimym bfs mxx`x~mohl y`~a ~al ~mcjlx mon b`i|slx* mon Xa` J`bfs xams`oi y`~a a`g a`x gfx~ slhlo~ yfsd `o usfislxx/ Mo lmsj`ls rlsx`fo fb ~al umuls ymxi`rlo m~ ~al 35== ULIOl~ Hfoblslohl* Amgc|si* `o Xlu~lgcls 35==* mon us`rm~ljph`sh|jm~ln mgfoi xfgl fb ~al m|~afsx uslxlo~ mon umx~ hfjjlmi|lx* mon al yf|jn j`dl ~f~amod ~alg mon ~al ums~`h`umo~x m~ ~al ULIOl~ Hfoblslohl bfs ~al`s hfgglo~x monx|iilx~`fox* `o ums~`h|jms K`mo~|f P|* ]`oik`l Q`m* G`jf Rmonlgffs~ljl* Dm~l C`sn* Ul~lsGfsimo* mon Gms`f Jmgcls~l/ Afylrls* ~al m|~afs mjfol `x slxufox`cjl bfs mop lssfs monfg`xx`fo/

    ^al r`lyx lquslxxln `o ~a`x umuls msl ~al r`lyx fb ~al m|~afsx mon nf of~ olhlxxms`jpslbjlh~ ~al r`lyx fs ufj`h`lx fb MNC@* ~al Mx`mo Nlrljfuglo~ Cmod !MNC* `~x Cfmsn fbN`slh~fsx* fs ~al ifrlsoglo~x ~alp sluslxlo~/ MNC@ nflx of~ i|msmo~ll ~al mhh|smhp fb~al nm~m `ohj|nln `o ~a`x umuls mon mhhlu~x of slxufox`c`j`~p bfs mop hfoxl}|lohlx fb~al`s |xl/ ^lsg`ofjfip |xln gmp of~ olhlxxms`jp cl hfox`x~lo~ y`~a MNC fbb`h`mj ~lsgx/

    mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]
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    MNC@ Yfsd`oi Umuls 88= J`|

    Mcx~smh~

    ^alsl msl j`dljp ~f cl gmop bmh~fsx ya`ha amrl ~fil~als xamuln ~al h|sslo~ um~~lso fb isfy~amon l}|`~p `o ~al Ulfujlx Slu|cj`h fb Ha`om !USH/ Mgfoi ~alg msl ~al bf|onm~`fox jm`n `o ~alusl'=091 lsm* lxulh`mjjp `o slxulh~ fb jmon'sljm~ln `ox~`~|~`fomj slbfsgx mon xfh`mj xlh~fs`orlx~glo~x/ ^alxl bmh~fsx x|hhlxxb|jjp hfgujlglo~ln ~al x|cxl}|lo~ lqufs~ mon bfsl`io

    n`slh~ `orlx~glo~ usfgf~`fo x~sm~li`lx ~al USH bfjjfyln `o ~al ufx~'=091 plmsx/ Afylrls* i`rlo~al jmsil x`{l fb ~al USH* ya`jl ~alxl x~sm~li`lx amrl aljuln ~f d`hd'x~ms~ `~x lhfofg`h ~mdl'fbb*~al jfoi's|o isfy~a fb ~al hf|o~sp hmoof~ nlulon fo `~/ @~ y`jj cl `gufs~mo~ bfs ~al USH `o ~albfs~ahfg`oi nlhmnlx ~f lqumon `~x fyo nfglx~`h nlgmon mon sloly xfh`mj xlh~fs `orlx~glo~x/Mgfoi f~als ~a`oix* `~ y`jj olln ~f `gusfrl fo `~x h|sslo~ `ohfgl n`x~s`c|~`fox/ @o ums~`h|jms* mxyljj mx ymil `ohslmxlx* `~ y`jj cl `gufs~mo~ bfs ~al USH ~f lqumon `~x xfh`mj usf~lh~`fousfismgx/ ^a`x y`jj alju of~ fojp ~f cffx~ `~x nfglx~`h nlgmon* c|~ mjxf* gfsl `gufs~mo~jp* ~fhfo~s`c|~l ~f m slolymj mon lqumox`fo fb `~x a|gmo hmu`~mj mhh|g|jm~`fo/ @o ~al jfoi s|o* ~alsl`x of~a`oi gfsl `gufs~mo~ ~amo ~a`x `b ~al USH `x ~f hfo~`o|l fo `~x isfy~a ~smhd* ~f gfnlso`{l*mon ~f hm~ha |u y`~a ~fnmpx nlrljfuln om~`fox/ X|uls`fs usl'=091 a|gmo hmu`~mj mhh|g|jm~`foxamrl aljuln ~al USH ~f hfgul~l y`~a mon f|~ulsbfsg f~als x`g`jmsjp ufx`~`foln lhfofg`lx `o~al nlhmnlx clbfsl4 hfo~`o|ln isfy~a fb ~al lhfofgp mon hfo~`o|ln `gusfrlglo~x fb ~al j`r`oi

    x~monmsnx fb `~x ulfujl `o ~al bfs~ahfg`oi nlhmnlx y`jj sl}|`sl rmx~ mgf|o~x fb oly `orlx~glo~`o a|gmo hmu`~mj/ Mon ~f ~a`x* `ohslmxln `orlx~glo~x cp ~al ifrlsoglo~* yal~als ~asf|ia n`slh~xulon`oi fs `ohslmxln jlrljx fb xfh`mj usf~lh~`fo* gmp yljj usfrl ~f cl fb xulh`mj `gufs~mohl/

    KLJ Hjmxx`b`hm~`fo; F=

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    MNC@ Yfsd`oi Umuls 88= J`|

    Hfo~lo~x

    =/ @o~sfn|h~`fo ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 8

    3/

    Slhlo~ Um~~lso fb Lhfofg`h Isfy~a mon L}|`~p

    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// >

    8/ Usl'=091 Fs`i`ox //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 2>/ ^al Ufx~'=091 Slbfsgx /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////==2/ @guj`hm~`fox ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////=0

    2/= Isfy~a mon l}|`~p /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////=02/3 Xfh`mj xlh~fs `orlx~glo~x mon g`nnjl'`ohfgl ~smu ///////////////////////////////////////////////3=2/8 Jmon mon |scmo`{m~`fo //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////38

    9/ Hfohj|x`fo /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////3>Slblslohlx ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////32

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    MNC@ Yfsd`oi Umuls 88= J`|

    8

    =/ @O^SFN\H^@FO

    @o mnnslxx`oi ~al h|sslo~ um~~lso fb lhfofg`h isfy~a mon l}|`~p `o ~al Ulfujlx Slu|cj`h fbHa`om !USH* `~x hm|xlx mon `guj`hm~`fox bfs x|x~m`oln a|gmo mon lhfofg`h nlrljfuglo~* `~ `xof~ ufxx`cjl ~f mrf`n ~smh`oi xfgl fb ~al fs`i`ox fb ~a`x um~~lso ~f m ~`gl clbfsl ~al lhfofg`hslbfsgx mon fulo`oi'|u* ~am~ `x* ~f ~al uls`fn clbfsl =091* fs* mx ~alp hmjj `~ `o ~al hf|o~sp* ~alb`sx~ 85 plmsx fb ~al USH/ Mx @ xamjj msi|l* `gufs~mo~ s|u~|slx mx ~alsl gmp amrl cllo cl~yllo~al b`sx~ mon xlhfon 85 plmsx fb ~al USH `o ~lsgx fb nlrljfuglo~ x~sm~lip* ~alsl amrl mjxfcllo `gufs~mo~ hfgujlglo~ms`~`lx cl~yllo ~al ufj`h`lx u|sx|ln `o ~al ~yf uls`fnx/ @o ums~`h|jms*@ xamjj msi|l ~am~ y`~af|~ ~al `ox~`~|~`fomj slbfsgx* lxulh`mjjp ~afxl sljm~ln ~f jmon mon xfh`mjxlh~fs `orlx~glo~x `o ~al b`sx~ 85 plmsx* `~ yf|jn cl n`bb`h|j~ ~f lqujm`o ~al xalls umhl fblhfofg`h isfy~a `o ~al jm~~ls 85 plmsx mon `~x hfohfg`~mo~ slhfsn fo l}|`~p bfjjfy`oi ~almnfu~`fo fb m gmsdl~'fs`lo~ln mon lqufs~'jln nlrljfuglo~ x~sm~lip `o =091/ M~ ~al xmgl ~`gl*~al xalls x`{l fb ~al USH lhfofgp r`x''r`x ~al slx~ fb ~al yfsjn mjxf amx* @ xamjj msi|l* ujmplnmo `gufs~mo~ sfjl `o xamu`oi ~al slhlo~ um~~lso mon ~smklh~fsp fb lhfofg`h isfy~a mon l}|`~p `o~al hf|o~sp/

    @~ gmp cl of~ln m~ ~al f|~xl~ ~am~ `~ amx cllo hfggfo bfs fcxlsrlsx mon slxlmshalsx ~f m~~s`c|~l~al slhfsn lhfofg`h isfy~a fb ~al USH `o ~al jmx~ ~asll nlhmnlx ~f bmh~fsx x|ha mx gmsdl~fs`lo~ln slbfsgx* fyolsxa`u hamoilx* mon ~al mnfu~`fo fb mo lqufs~ mon bfsl`io n`slh~`orlx~glo~ !BN@ jln nlrljfuglo~ x~sm~lip/ Ya`jl ~alxl amrl |onf|c~lnjp hfo~s`c|~ln ~f ~alUSHx isfy~a x|hhlxx x`ohl =091* ~f m~~s`c|~l ~al lo~`sl ufx~'=091 lhfofg`h ulsbfsgmohl ~f~alxl bmh~fsx yf|jn of~ xllg ~f cl k|x~`b`ln/ Fol amx ~f mxd `b lmha fb ~alxl bmh~fsx x`oi|jmsjp*fs ~fil~als* hfox~`~|~ln m olhlxxmsp mon&fs x|bb`h`lo~ xl~ fb hfon`~`fox bfs ~al USHx x|cxl}|lo~lhfofg`h x|hhlxx/ Mon `b ~alp ylsl m olhlxxmsp xl~ fb hfon`~`fox* yam~ f~als hs|h`mj bmh~fsxylsl `orfjrln ~f lox|sl ~a`x x|hhlxx/ @b* afylrls* ~alp sluslxlo~ m x|bb`h`lo~ xl~ fb hfon`~`fox*~alo yap msl ~alsl hf|o~s`lx yafxl lhfofg`lx amrl* `o bmh~* cllo g|ha gfsl gmsdl~ fs`lo~ln*yafxl fyolsxa`u x~s|h~|sl amx cllo m jf~ gfsl us`rm~ljp cmxln* mon ya`ha amrl x`g`jmsjpbfjjfyln mo lqufs~ mon BN@'jln nlrljfuglo~ x~sm~lip* amrl of~ slhfsnln mx slxf|on`oi m

    x|hhlxx mx ~al USH `o ~lsgx fb lhfofg`h isfy~a* yal~als hfo~lgufsmolf|xjp y`~a ~al USH* fsclbfsl `~* fs mb~ls `~6

    Yalo fol ufonlsx frls ~alxl }|lx~`fox* ~alo `~ hjlmsjp nmyox ~am~ f~als mnn`~`fomj bmh~fsx y`jjolln ~f cl `nlo~`b`ln* of~ olhlxxms`jp mx mj~lsom~`rlx ~f ~al mcfrl glo~`foln folx* c|~ mxhfgujlglo~msp ~f ~alg* c|~ bmh~fsx ya`ha msl olrls~aljlxx `gufs~mo~* mon ulsamux lrlohs`~`hmj* ~f lqujm`o`oi ~al USHx slhlo~ isfy~a x|hhlxx* fs* `onlln* `~x jlxx xmoi|`ol slhfsn fol}|`~p/ ^al ~yf bmh~fsx ~am~ @ xamjj a`iaj`ia~ `o ~a`x umuls msl ~al USHx usl'=091 jlimhp mon `~xjmsil lhfofg`h x`{l/

    @o yam~ bfjjfyx* @ xamjj cli`o cp cs`lbjp f|~j`o`oi ~al slhlo~ um~~lso fb l}|`~p mon lhfofg`hisfy~a `o ~al USH `o Xlh~`fo 3* ~alo uf`o~ ~f xfgl `gufs~mo~ usl'=091 fs`i`ox fb ~a`x um~~lso `oXlh~`fo 8* mon n`xh|xx afy ~alxl amrl `o~lsmh~ln y`~a ~al x|cxl}|lo~ gmsdl~'fs`lo~ln mon

    lqufs~'jln nlrljfuglo~ x~sm~lip* fo ~al fol amon !Xlh~`fo >* mon yam~ @ xamjj hmjj ~al c|snlofb m jmsil lhfofgp* fo ~al f~als !Xlh~`fo

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    MNC@ Yfsd`oi Umuls 88= J`|

    >

    3/ SLHLO^ UM^^LSO FB LHFOFG@H ISFY^A MON L]\@^P

    ^al USH amx amn |ouslhlnlo~ln sm~lx fb lhfofg`h isfy~a frls ~al jmx~ ~asll nlhmnlx monjfoils* yalo hfgumsln y`~a cf~a `~x fyo umx~ slhfsn mon ~afxl fb gfx~ f~als hf|o~s`lx*nlrljfu`oi mon nlrljfuln* frls ~al xmgl uls`fn/ B`i|sl = xafyx `~x moo|mj isfxx nfglx~`h

    usfn|h~ !INU isfy~a sm~lx bfs ~al ~asll nlhmnlx =0913550* mim`ox~ ~al yfsjn mrlsmil isfy~asm~lx/ Mx hmo cl xllo* ~alp j`l hfox`x~lo~jp mcfrl ~al jm~~ls* xfgl~`glx y`~a m imu fb frls =5ulshlo~mil uf`o~x/ Lqhlu~ bfs ~al ~yf plmsx =010=005* ilolsmjjp ~al imu amx cllo cl~yllo / Mx hmo clxllo* ~alsl amx cllo m x~lmnp s`xl `o ~al rmj|l* `gujp`oi m yfsxlo`oi ~slon `o `ohfgln`x~s`c|~`fo bfs cf~a ~al s|smj mon |scmo xlh~fsx xlumsm~ljp* mon bfs ~al hf|o~sp mx m yafjl/@onlln* bfs ~al hf|o~sp mx m yafjl* ~al rmj|l amx x|sumxxln ~al y`nljp slhfio`{ln `o~lsom~`fomjymso`oi jlrlj cp ~al g`n'=005x* mon ~al jm~lx~ lx~`gm~l amx xafyo `~ ~f cl mcfrl ~am~ jlrlj cp m

    }|`~l x`io`b`hmo~ gmsi`o/B`i|sl =; Isfy~a Sm~lx Hfgumsln* ~al USH mon Yfsjn Mrlsmil

    Xf|shl; Ha`om X~m~`x~`hmj Plmscffd* rms`f|x xx|lx/

    '3

    5

    3

    >

    2

    1

    =5

    =3

    =>

    =2

    =091 =015 =013 =01> =012 =011 =005 =003 =00> =002 =001 3555 3553 355> 3552 3551

    Yfsjn mon USH Isfy~a Sm~l X`ohl =091

    ,USH INU Isfy~aSm~l

    Yfsjn INU Isfy~aSm~l !Mrlsmil

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    MNC@ Yfsd`oi Umuls 88= J`|

    5/39 5/>3

    =01= 5/3< 5/=1 5/8= =00> 5/8> 5/30 5/>8

    =013 5/3> 5/=2 5/30 =00< 5/8> 5/31 5/>3=018 5/32 5/=9 5/31 =002 5/88 5/30 5/>5

    =01> 5/39 5/=1 5/30 =009 5/88 5/30 5/>5

    =01< 5/39 5/=9 5/30 =001 5/88 5/85 5/>5

    =012 5/31 5/3= 5/83 =000 5/8> 5/85 5/>3

    =019 5/30 5/35 5/83 3555 5/82 5/83 5/>>

    =011 5/85 5/3= 5/88 355= 5/82 5/83 5/> 5/8< 3553 5/82 5/83 5/>2

    =005 5/85 5/38 5/8< 355> 5/>9

    =00= 5/8= 5/38 5/89 3559 5/81 5/8> 5/>0

    =003 5/83 5/3> 5/80

    Xf|shl; Lx~`gm~lx bfs =015355= msl bsfg Smrmjj`fo mon Halo !3559* bfs 355> bsfg ~al Yfsjn Cmod nm~mcmod* mon bfs3553 mon 3559 bsfg J`* J|f* X`h|jms !35==/

    M x`io`b`hmo~ mxulh~ fb ~al `ohfgl n`x~s`c|~`fo `o ~al USH `x* `onlln* ~al `ohfgl imu cl~yllo~al s|smj mon |scmo xlh~fsx/ @o =091* ~al plms yalo lhfofg`h slbfsgx x~ms~ln `o ~al hf|o~sp* ~alsm~`f fb mrlsmil |scmo ~f mrlsmil s|smj `ohfgl ymx m~ k|x~ frls 3/< ~`glx/ ^al imu ~aloomssfyln `o ~al lmsjp =015x ~f msf|on =/9* y`nloln x|cx~mo~`mjjp ~alslmb~ls ~f slmha mcfrl 3/1`o =00> !J` mon J|f 3559* ~alo bljj cs`lbjp mim`o ~f cljfy 3/< `o =009* mon ~alslmb~ls sfxlhfox`x~lo~jp ~f frls 8/8 cp 3550* y`~a m xj`ia~ n`u `o 35=5 !B`i|sl 3/ ^al xafs~'s|o bj|h~|m~`fox~a`x ~smklh~fsp lqa`c`~x amrl ~f nf y`~a ~al ums~`h|jms slbfsg ufj`h`lx hmss`ln f|~ cp ~al

    ifrlsoglo~ m~ rms`f|x x~milx fb ~al slbfsg hf|sxl* c|~ ~al ilolsmj |uymsn ~slon |o~`j fojp rlspslhlo~jp `x |og`x~mdmcjl/ @~ x`gujp slbjlh~x ~al bmh~ ~am~ ~al USH* `o xu`~l fb ~al jfoi uls`fn fb|ouslhlnlo~ln isfy~a* amx cllo nllujp mg`nx~ `~x isfy~a uamxl* ~al jfoi mon fb~lo msn|f|xusfhlxx fb mcxfsc`oi s|smj x|suj|x jmcfs `o~f ~al gfsl usfn|h~`rl xlh~fsx fb `on|x~s`lx monxlsr`hlx* mon fb ~smoxbfsg`oi m hf|o~sp bsfg m uslnfg`omo~jp misms`mo ~f m uslnfg`omo~jp`on|x~s`mj fs lrlo ufx~'`on|x~s`mj lhfofgp* `o ~lsgx fb cf~a f|~u|~ mon lgujfpglo~ xamslx/ Mon~a`x `x* `onlln* ~al x~fsp @ `o~lon ~f ~ljj* `o ~al ymp @ `o~lsusl~ `~* `o ~al slx~ fb ~a`x umuls/

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    2

    B`i|sl 3; Uls Hmu`~m \scmo'S|smj @ohfgl Sm~`f* ^al USH

    Xf|shl; J` mon J|f !35==/

    8/ USL'=091 FS@I@OX

    A`x~fsp gm~~lsx* c|~ fb~lo `o ympx gfsl `o~s`hm~l mon x|c~jl ~amo fol ~a`odx/ Mo `gufs~mo~ hmxl`o uf`o~ amx ~f nf y`~a ~al jmon slbfsg `o ~al USH/ Mb~ls ~al bf|on`oi fb ~al USH* ~al olyifrlsoglo~ u|xaln ~asf|ia m om~`foy`nl jmon slbfsg usfismg !mx ~alp amn nfol clbfsl `omslmx |onls ~al`s hfo~sfj* yalslcp mjj us`rm~l afjn`oix fb jmon mcfrl m hls~m`o hl`j`oi ylslhfob`xhm~ln mon ~|soln frls ~f ~al jmonjlxx fs ~afxl yaf amn j`~~jl jmon/ Ya`jl ~al l~a`hmj isf|onfb x|ha f|~s`ia~ hfob`xhm~`fo `~xljb gmp cl fulo ~f nlcm~l* ~al `ohlo~`rlx mon n`x~s`c|~`fomjhfoxl}|lohlx fb ~al gfrl xaf|jn cl fcr`f|x; xljb'fyolsxa`u fb jmon xaf|jn mon yf|jn ~pu`hmjjpi`rl bmsglsx gfsl `ohlo~`rlx ~f h|j~`rm~l jmon* xf `~ xaf|jn amrl amn m usfn|h~`r`~p'cffx~`oilbblh~* mon bmsglsx yf|jn fb hf|sxl xll ~al`s `ohfgl `ohslmx`oi hfgumsln y`~a `b ~alp slgm`olnm ymil jmcfsls* m b`q'slo~ fs xamsl'hsfuu`oi ~lomo~/=

    Afylrls* x|ha `ohlo~`rl lbblh~x ylsl xlrlsljp gfnlsm~ln yalo ~al oly ifrlsoglo~ ~alo ~s`ln*x~ms~`oi `o ~al g`n'=0

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    MNC@ Yfsd`oi Umuls 88= J`|

    9

    `o ~alfsp ymx mon x~`jj `x !lrlo ofy hfjjlh~`rljp fyoln* mj~af|ia |onls ~al oly xpx~lg `~ `xmjjfhm~ln* fo m gfsl fs jlxx limj`~ms`mo cmx`x* ~f us`rm~l |xl/ Xulh`b`hmjjp* lmha bmsgls hmo |xl~al jmon al `x i`rlo ~f h|j~`rm~l yam~lrls al j`dlx mon slhl`rlx b|jj bs|`~x bsfg a`x jmcfs* c|~ alhmoof~ xljj fs c|p mnn`~`fomj jmon !mx al amx of fyolsxa`u hjm`gx frls a`x jmon ofs hmo allx~mcj`xa x|ha fyolsxa`u frls mop mnn`~`fomj jmon ~asf|ia u|shamxl/ Hmjjln ~al Af|xlafjnSlxufox`c`j`~p Xpx~lg* ~a`x hfjjlh~`rl ~lo|s`mj xpx~lg amx amn* mx yl xamjj xll `o ~al olq~

    xlh~`fo* lofsgf|x `guj`hm~`fox bfs ~al um~~lso fb l}|`~p mon isfy~a `o ~al s|smj USH* ~al um~~lsofb s|smj'|scmo jmcfs g`ism~`fo* mon |j~`gm~ljp ~al um~~lso fb l}|`~p mon isfy~a bfs ~al USH mx myafjl/

    Bsfg f|s mhhf|o~ fb ~al usl'=091 s|smj hfjjlh~`rl xpx~lg mcfrl* fol g`ia~ nsmy ~al hfohj|x`fo~am~ ~al xpx~lg ymx lo~`sljp `jj'nlx`ioln mon amn m hfgujl~ljp olim~`rl lbblh~ fo s|smj monmis`h|j~|smj* mon cp lq~lox`fo* frlsmjj nlrljfuglo~ `o ~al USH/ Afylrls* ~f ~a`od xf yf|jn cl mg`x~mdl/ Bfs* ya`jl ~al xpx~lg amn `~x xls`f|x nsmycmhdx* `~ mjxf amn mo `gufs~mo~ uj|x x`nl*ya`ha amx ~f nf y`~a `~x sfjl `o bmh`j`~m~`oi s|smj xfh`mj xlh~fs mon uapx`hmj `obsmx~s|h~|smj`orlx~glo~x/

    ^al dlp ~f xll`oi ~a`x x`nl fb ~al gm~~ls j`lx y`~a ~al umpglo~ xpx~lg fb ~al hfjjlh~`rl* yalslcplmha glgcls yf|jn cl um`n !fs a`x xamsl fb ~al hfjjlh~`rl `ohfgl yf|jn cl nl~lsg`oln

    mhhfsn`oi ~f a`x jmcfs hfo~s`c|~`fo r`x''r`x ~am~ fb f~als glgclsx/ @b m ulsxfox jmcfshfo~s`c|~`fo ylsl glmx|sln `o yfsduf`o~x !ya`ha ymx* `o bmh~* ~al mh~|mj usmh~`hl* ~alo ~am~ulsxfox `ohfgl bsfg ~al hfjjlh~`rl yf|jn x`gujp cl ~al o|gcls fb yfsduf`o~x al lmsolng|j~`uj`ln cp ~al gfol~msp yfs~a fb lmha yfsduf`o~* ~al jm~~ls cl`oi i`rlo cp ~al ~f~mj hfjjlh~`rl`ohfgl n`r`nln cp ~al miislim~l o|gcls fb yfsduf`o~x lmsoln cp mjj ~al glgclsx `o ~alhfjjlh~`rl/

    X|ha m umpglo~ xpx~lg amn ~yf `gufs~mo~ usfuls~`lx ~am~ ~|soln f|~ ~f cl a`iajp clolb`h`mj `o~lsgx fb bmh`j`~m~`oi xfh`mj xlh~fs mon mis`h|j~|smj uapx`hmj `obsmx~s|h~|smj `orlx~glo~x/ B`sx~* of~mjj hfjjlh~`rl `ohfgl amn ~f cl n`x~s`c|~ln ~f glgclsx4 ums~ fb `~ hf|jn cl xl~ mx`nl bfs xfh`mjyljbmsl mon f~als u|sufxlx/ Mx `~ amuuloln* ~yf x|ha xl~ mx`nlx ylsl sli|jmsjp gmnl* hmjjln~al mhh|g|jm~`fo b|on mon yljbmsl b|on* slxulh~`rljp/ ^al bfsgls ymx |xln bfs lqumonlnusfn|h~`fo* ya`jl ~al jm~~ls bfs xfh`mj xlh~fs `orlx~glo~x x|ha mx `o ln|hm~`fo mon almj~a/@onlln* `~ ymx ~al hfjjlh~`rl b|onx x|ha mx ~alxl* sm~als ~amo ifrlsoglo~ b|on`oi* ~am~ ylslus`oh`umjjp slxufox`cjl bfs ~al smu`n nlrljfuglo~ fb s|smj almj~a xlsr`hlx mon s|smj us`gmsp monxlhfonmsp ln|hm~`fo `o ~al USH n|s`oi ~al uls`fn/

    C|~ ~al xpx~lg n`n of~ fojp hfo~s`c|~l ~f `orlx~glo~x `o s|smj almj~a mon ln|hm~`fo `o ~a`x ymp/^al hfjjlh~`rl umpglo~ xpx~lg nlxhs`cln mcfrl mjxf lomcjln hfjjlh~`rlx ~f b`omohl x|ha`orlx~glo~x `o pl~ mof~als hs|h`mj ymp/ Bfs mop jmcfs `ou|~x sljm~ln ~f ~alxl `orlx~glo~x* cl~alp ~al af|sx hfo~s`c|~ln cp umsmgln`hmj usfblxx`fomjx x|ha mx cmsl'bff~ nfh~fsx fs hls~m`ohm~lifs`lx fb ~lmhalsx !l/i/* ~al xf'hmjjln g`ocmo~lmhalsx* fs af|sx hfo~s`c|~ln cp x~`jj f~alsx~f u|cj`h almj~a usfklh~x mon ~al c|`jn`oi fb jfhmj xhaffjx mon hj`o`hx* hf|jn x`g`jmsjp cl um`n `oyfsduf`o~x* y`~a ~al lbblh~ fb `ohslmx`oi ~al miislim~l o|gcls fb yfsduf`o~x `o m hfjjlh~`rl monalohl sln|h`oi ~al n`r`nlon sm~l fb lmha yfsduf`o~/ @o lbblh~* ~al usmh~`hl mgf|o~ln ~f

    xuslmn`oi ~al jmcfs hfx~ `o }|lx~`fo frls mjj glgclsx fb ~al hfjjlh~`rl usfufs~`fomj ~f ~al`s jmcfshfo~s`c|~`fo/ @o ~a`x xloxl* `~ `x rlsp g|ha j`dl m bfsg fb `ohfgl ~mq/

    Mx yljj mx xfh`mj xlh~fs `orlx~glo~x* ~al hfjjlh~`rl mjxf bmh`j`~m~ln s|smj uapx`hmj `obsmx~s|h~|smj`orlx~glo~x `o m c`i ymp/ ^pu`hmjjp* x|ha `orlx~glo~x `ohj|nln c|`jn`oi oly* mon&fs `gusfr`oifo lq`x~`oi* `ss`im~`fo mon nsm`omil xpx~lgx ~f lox|sl ~`gljp `ss`im~`fo mon nsm`omil fb bmsgujf~x* c|`jn`oi mon `gusfr`oi s|smj sfmn xpx~lgx ~f lox|sl n`slh~ mhhlxx cp gmha`olsp monulsxfoolj ~f ujf~x ~f `gusfrl ~al ~smoxufs~ fb bmsg usfn|hl mon `ou|~x mon ~f bmh`j`~m~l hsfugmomilglo~* mon x~monmsn`{`oi ~al x`{l mon xamul fb ujf~x ~f bmh`j`~m~l glhamo`{m~`fo/ @ y`jj

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    1

    lqujm`o xafs~jp yap ~alxl `gusfrlglo~x `o yam~ gmp cl hmjjln ~al cmx`h mis`h|j~|smj`obsmx~s|h~|smj hfon`~`fox ylsl `gufs~mo~ bfs x|cxl}|lo~ um~~lsox fb l}|`~p mon isfy~a/ Bfs ofy*x|bb`hl ~f of~l ~am~ ~al xmgl glhamo`xg ~am~ b`omohln g|ha fb xfh`mj xlh~fs `orlx~glo~x of~lnmcfrl hf|jn cl u|~ ~f |xl bfs b`omoh`oi mon gmd`oi ufxx`cjl x|ha uapx`hmj `obsmx~s|h~|smj`orlx~glo~x mx yljj/ Mim`o* ~al gm~ls`mj hfx~x sljm~ln ~f x|ha `orlx~glo~x hf|jn hfgl bsfg folfb ~al xl~'mx`nlx bsfg ~al hfjjlh~`rl `ohfgl glo~`foln mcfrl !~al mhh|g|jm~`fo b|onx* mon

    ~al jmcfs hfx~* ya`ha ~pu`hmjjp mhhf|o~ln bfs m g|ha islm~ls usfufs~`fo fb ~al ~f~mj hfx~* hf|jn clb`omohln cp slg|olsm~`oi ulfujl gmd`oi x|ha hfo~s`c|~`fox `o yfsduf`o~x/

    Hf|jn ~alxl `orlx~glo~x cl hmss`ln f|~ ~f ~al xmgl jlrlj y`~af|~ ~al hfjjlh~`rl xpx~lg6 Hf|jn `~cl nfol n`bblslo~jp ~asf|ia* bfs lqmgujl* m bfsgmj xpx~lg fb hlo~smj mon jfhmj ifrlsoglo~~mqm~`fo mon c|nil~msp mjjfhm~`fo6 @b ~al moxyls `x plx* ~alo ~al hfjjlh~`rl xpx~lg yf|jn clsln|onmo~ lrlo mx bms mx ~alxl `orlx~glo~x msl hfohlsoln/ Gp r`ly `x ~am~ y`~af|~ ~alhfjjlh~`rl xpx~lg xfgl x|ha `orlx~glo~x hf|jn amrl fhh|ssln c|~ ~alp hf|jn of~ amrl cllo fo~al xmgl xhmjl* ofs amrl mha`lrln ~al xmgl jlrlj fb lbb`h`lohp mon lbblh~`rlolxx/ C|~ @ xamjj of~if `o~f ~al slmxfox alsl/ @~ xaf|jn mjxf cl of~ln ~am~ `o mnn`~`fo ~f hfjjlh~`rl `orlx~glo~x `oxfh`mj xlh~fsx mon `o uapx`hmj `obsmx~s|h~|sl* jfhmj mon hlo~smj ifrlsoglo~x n`n mjxf hfo~s`c|~lxfgl b|onx* c|~ ~al`s hfo~s`c|~`fox |x|mjjp hm~lsln bfs fojp ~al ~fu'lon ollnx !l/i/* `o ~al hmxlfb almj~a* jfhmj mon hlo~smj ifrlsoglo~ hfo~s`c|~`fox g`ia~ hfrls* fs ums~jp hfrls* ~al hfx~x fbc|`jn`oi mon gm`o~m`o`oi hf|o~p'jlrlj fs xfgl~`glx mjxf ~fyoxa`u'jlrlj almj~a bmh`j`~`lx* c|~~pu`hmjjp of~ r`jjmil jlrlj bmh`j`~`lx mon x~mbb hfx~x/ Xf ~alsl ylsl lbbfs~x bsfg mjj ums~`lx* c|~ cpbms ~al jmsilx~ x`oijl hfo~s`c|~`fo ymx gmnl cp ~al hfjjlh~`rlx* y`~af|~ ya`ha ~al lq~lox`rl xhmjlfb ~al `orlx~glo~x n|s`oi ~al uls`fn yf|jn x`gujp of~ amrl cllo ufxx`cjl/

    @~ `x of~ ufxx`cjl ~f usfr`nl m gfol~msp glmx|sl fb ~al ~f~mj`~p fb ~alxl `orlx~glo~x* yal~als `oxfh`mj xlh~fsx !ln|hm~`fo* almj~a* mon f~als fs `o s|smj uapx`hmj `obsmx~s|h~|smj `orlx~glo~x/ Ofsyf|jn `~ cl ufxx`cjl ~f i`rl m uslh`xl cslmdnfyo fb ~al ~f~mj`~p fb `orlx~glo~x `orfjrln `o~fslxulh~`rl hfgufolo~x !hfjjlh~`rl'b|onln* ifrlsoglo~'b|onln* l~h// Of xpx~lgm~`h nm~m ymxhfjjlh~ln m~ ~al ~`gl mjjfy`oi bfs x|ha momjpx`x/ C|~ ~al lq~lo~ fb `gusfrlglo~ `o hls~m`o almj~amon ln|hm~`fo `on`hm~fsx xaf|jn i`rl |x mo `nlm fb ~al j`dljp xhmjl fb xfh`mj `orlx~glo~x n|s`oi~al uls`fn/ M~ fol jlrlj* ~al x~fsp fb almj~ahmsl `gusfrlglo~ ymx yljj'dofyo lof|ia~al

    Yfsjn Almj~a Fsimo`{m~`fo !YAF !YAF =091 slimsnln ~al USHx s|smj almj~ahmsl xpx~lg m~~al ~`gl mx m x~|oo`oi lqmgujl bfs f~als nlrljfu`oi hf|o~s`lx ~f bfjjfy* fb afy ~f gmq`gmjjp`gusfrl ~al ufu|jm~`fox almj~a y`~a ~al bly slxf|shlx m om~`fo g`ia~ amrl !c|~ mx yl dofyofy* of~ mjj ~al gfc`j`{ln slxf|shlx ylsl `o bmh~ mhhf|o~ln bfs `o ~am~ lrmj|m~`fo/ C|~ f|smxxlxxglo~ olln of~ sljp fo fojp ~al lonfsxlglo~ cp YAF m~ ~al ~`gl/ B`i|sl 8 hfgumslx ~alUSHx mha`lrlglo~x `o j`bl lqulh~mohp frls ~yf uls`fnx clbfsl mon mb~ls =091* `o~lsom~`fomjjpy`~a cf~a nlrljfuln mon nlrljfu`oi hf|o~s`lx/ ^al hfo~smx~ `x x~s`d`oi/ Ya`jl ~al USHf|~ulsbfsgln mjj f~als hf|o~s`lx cp m gmxx`rl gmsi`o `o ~al usl'=091 uls`fn* `~x ulsbfsgmohl `o~al x|cxl}|lo~ uls`fn `x* m~ clx~* jmhdj|x~ls/

    Mx slimsnx ln|hm~`fo* ^mcjl 3 usfr`nlx ~al USHx =005 Om~`fomj Hlox|x b`on`oix fomha`lrlglo~x fb lmha mil hfafs~* glmx|sln cp ~al usfufs~`fo fb ~al ufu|jm~`fo `o ~am~ milhfafs~ mha`lr`oi fs of~ mha`lr`oi mj~lsom~`rl ln|hm~`fomj jlrljx/ Mx hmo cl xllo* ~alsl ymx mxamsu =2'ulshlo~mil'uf`o~ bmjj `o ~al `jj`~lsmhp h|g xlg`'`jj`~lsmhp jlrlj bfs ~al =0>2=00/ C|~ f~als mxulh~x fb ~al ~mcjl msl mjxffb g|ha `o~lslx~/ ^a|x fol fcxlsrlx mo =='ulshlo~mil'uf`o~ k|gu `o k|o`fs xlhfonmsp ln|hm~`fobfs ~al =02==02< hfafs~* mon mo lrlo jmsils =3'ulshlo~mil'uf`o~ `ohslmxl `o xlo`fs xlhfonmspln|hm~`fo bfs ~al =0

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    0

    USHx ln|hm~`fo xpx~lg* ilolsmjjp xlo`fs xlhfonmsp ln|hm~`fo hfgujl~lx m~ ~al mil fb =1*3

    mon ~am~ ~al H|j~|smj Slrfj|~`fo climo `o =022* fbb`h`mjjp ylo~ fo |o~`j =092* c|~ `~x `obj|lohlxylsl of~ slmjjp b|jj ~lsg`om~ln |o~`j ~al lmsjp =015x/ ^a|x* y`~a xfgl hmslb|j xhs|~`op fb ~al nm~muslxlo~ln `o ~al ~mcjl* `~ yf|jn muulms ~am~ `o xu`~l fb `~x muumslo~ olim~`rl `gumh~x `o f~alsslxulh~x* ln|hm~`fo !mon almj~a n`n of~ muulms ~f nf ~ff cmnjp `o ~afxl plmsx m~ mjj/ @o bmh~* `~yf|jn muulms ~am~ ~al fuufx`~l gmp lrlo amrl cllo ~s|l/

    8

    @o slxulh~ fb uapx`hmj `obsmx~s|h~|smj `orlx~glo~x* J`|* Y|* mon J`| !=001 usfr`nlx m nl~m`jlnx~|np fb ~al xhmjl mon ~al hfo~s`c|~`fox ~alp gmnl ~f s|smj mon mis`h|j~|smj nlrljfuglo~ `o ~alUSH n|s`oi ~al uls`fn mon ~alslmb~ls/

    3\onls ~al USHx ln|hm~`fo xpx~lg* ~pu`hmjjp us`gmsp ln|hm~`fo cli`ox m~ ~al mil fb 2 mon hfgujl~lx m~ =34 k|o`fsxlhfonmsp ln|hm~`fo x~ms~x m~ =3 mon lonx m~ =

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    MNC@ Yfsd`oi Umuls 88= J`|

    =5

    B`i|sl 8; Sljm~`foxa`u cl~yllo @o`~`mj Jlrlj mon J`bl Lqulh~mohp Im`ox

    n|s`oi ^yf Uls`fnx; M bsfg =0

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    MNC@ Yfsd`oi Umuls 88= J`|

    ==

    >/ ^AL UFX^'=091 SLBFSGX

    Jl~ |x ofy ~|so ~f ~al ufx~'=091 slbfsgx/ Cli`oo`oi `o =091 mon `o ~al lox|`oi plmsx* ~al USHlgcmsdln fo m xls`lx fb lhfofg`h slbfsgx* ~al b`sx~ fb ya`ha ~ffd ujmhl* `o bmh~* `o mis`h|j~|sl*ya`ha xmy ~al n`xgmo~j`oi fb ~al hfjjlh~`rl xpx~lg mx of~ln mcfrl/ ^am~ slbfsg sljlmxln ~al

    ulo~'|u usfn|h~`rl hmumh`~p gmnl ufxx`cjl cp ~al hfjjlh~`rl xpx~lg* fo ~al fol amon* c|~ ya`haymx mjxf nlo`ln mo f|~jl~ cp `~* fo ~al f~als* mx y`~olxxln cp ~al xamsu s`xl `o mis`h|j~|smjusfn|h~`fo `ggln`m~ljp bfjjfy`oi ~al xpx~lgx nlg`xl/ Xffo ~alslmb~ls* ~al slbfsg xuslmn ~f`on|x~s`lx mon |scmo mslmx mx yljj* mhhfgumo`ln cp gmkfs lqufs~' mon BN@'usfgf~`fo ns`rlx/^fil~als* ~alxl slbfsgx |xalsln `o m uls`fn fb smu`n mon x|x~m`oln lhfofg`h isfy~a `o ~alhf|o~sp* c|~ of~ y`~af|~ yfsxlo`oi `ohfgl n`x~s`c|~`fo* mx xllo `o Xlh~`fo 3/

    ^al slbfsgx* `o lxxlohl* hfox~`~|~ln m xamsujp oly mon n`bblslo~ nlrljfuglo~ x~sm~lip/ @o ujmhlfb ~al fjn lguamx`x fo xfh`mj`x~ ujmoo`oi* `~ ofy x~slxxln ~al sfjl fb ~al gmsdl~ `o slxf|shlmjjfhm~`fo4 `ox~lmn fb bfsgls n`h~|gx fb xljb'slj`mohl* `~ ofy mh~`rljp xf|ia~ bfs bfsl`io gmsdl~x*mj~lsom~`rl gmomilglo~ gfnljx* mon hmu`~mj mon ~lhaofjfip/ Afylrls* xamsujp n`bblslo~ mx `~gmp cl bsfg ~al USHx bfsgls nlrljfuglo~ x~sm~lip* `gufs~mo~ hfgujlglo~ms`~`lx lq`x~cl~yllo ~al ~yf/ G|ha fb ~al x|cxl}|lo~ x|hhlxx gmp* `o bmh~* cl xllo ~f amrl ms`xlo fo ~al

    cmx`x fb ~al bf|onm~`fox jm`n `o ~al us`fs uls`fn/K|x~ afy n`n ~al usl'=091 nlrljfuglo~x f|~j`oln mcfrl blln `o~f ~al ufx~'=091 usfhlxx fbnlrljfuglo~ ~f i`rl s`xl ~f ~al um~~lso fb isfy~a mon l}|`~p x|ha mx yl xll ~fnmp6 B`sx~* g|hafb ~al isfy~a `o ~al ufx~'=091 uls`fn hmo cl ~af|ia~ fb mx m usfhlxx fb x|x~m`oln lqumox`fo fb~al `on|x~sp mon xlsr`hl xlh~fsx nsmy`oi fo mo lq~lox`rl uffj fb s|smj x|suj|x jmcfs* aljuln cplqumon`oi lqufs~ gmsdl~x mon BN@ `objfyx/ Ya`jl jfy jmcfs hfx~x amrl fb~lo cllo a`iaj`ia~ln `olqujmom~`fox fb x|ha lqufs~ mon BN@ lqumox`fox mon ~al USHx isfy~a ulsbfsgmohl `o ilolsmj*fb hs|h`mj `gufs~mohl `x* `o bmh~* ~al bmh~ ~am~ cp ~al ~`gl yalo lhfofg`h slbfsgx climo monyalo lqufs~x mon BN@ mxx|gln m gmkfs sfjl* ~al USH amn mjslmnp amn m j`~lsm~l monslmxfomcjp ln|hm~ln yfsdbfshl* ~amodx ~f ~al xfh`mj `orlx~glo~x gmnl `o almj~a mon ln|hm~`fo`o ~al uls`fn clbfsl =091 !mx n`xh|xxln `o Xlh~`fo 8/

    ^al `gufs~mohl fb ~a`x jm~lo~ jmcfs bfshl fojp ym`~`oi ~f cl gfc`j`{ln mon lgujfpln* mx `~ ylsl*hmoof~ cl frlslguamx`{ln/ Y`~af|~ `~* isfy~a yf|jn cl x~mjjln lrlo ~af|ia gmsdl~fuufs~|o`~`lx g`ia~ cl ~alsl/ Ya`jl ~a`x jmcfs bfshl gmp of~ amrl cllo lqhlln`oijp yljj'ln|hm~ln mon a`iajp'xd`jjln* ~al jlrlj fb j`~lsmhp mon ln|hm~`fo ~alp slhl`rln* mon ~al ilolsmjjpiffn almj~a hfon`~`fox ~alp amn* olrls~aljlxx }|`hdjp lomcjln ~alg ~f jlmso ~al oly xd`jjxsl}|`sln fb ~alg* mon ~f amrl ~al uapx`hmj x~mg`om ~f yfsd rlsp jfoi af|sx/

    >

    Xlhfonjp* g|ha fb ~al ufx~'=091 lhfofg`h isfy~a usfhlxx amx* m~ ~al xmgl ~`gl* cllo fol fbs|smj'|scmo g`ism~`fo/ Afylrls* ~a`x usfhlxx amx usfislxxln m~ m }|`~l gfnlsm~l umhl `o ~al

    ^s|l* ~al sljm~`rljpjfy `ohfgl ~alp yf|jn amrl f~alsy`xl slhl`rln `b ~alp amn x~mpln cmhd `o ~al`s r`jjmil gmpamrl xl~ m sm~als jfy !slxlsrm~`fo ymil bfs ~alg* ya`ha `o ums~ aljuln m~~smh~ `orlx~glo~x ~am~fbblsln ~alg ~al oly kfc fuufs~|o`~`lx `o ~al b`sx~ ujmhl/ ^al bmh~ fb ~al gm~~ls slgm`ox ~am~ `b~alp amn `o bmh~ jmhdln ~al`s j`~lsmhp mon cmx`h ln|hm~`fomj mhhfguj`xaglo~x* fs ~al mc`j`~p ~f}|`hdjp jlmso oly xd`jjx* m glsl y`jj`oiolxx ~f mhhlu~ m jfy ymil gmp of~ amrl lomcjln ~alg ~fcf~a hfo~s`c|~l ~f mon clolb`~ bsfg lhfofg`h isfy~a* `o ~al ymp ~alp n`n/

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  • 8/3/2019 Understanding the Pattern of Growth and Equity in the Peoples Republic of China

    14/28

    MNC@ Yfsd`oi Umuls 88= J`|

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  • 8/3/2019 Understanding the Pattern of Growth and Equity in the Peoples Republic of China

    15/28

    MNC@ Yfsd`oi Umuls 88= J`|

    =8

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