understanding dna and dna testing. dna quiz 2. where in your cells is dna found? a. the nucleus b....
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Understanding DNA and DNA Testing
DNA Quiz
2. Where in your cells is DNA found? a. The nucleus b. The ribosome c. The mitochondria d. a and c e. a and b
1. What is true about DNA? a. It contains the instructions that control the daily workings of your cells. b. It makes up the genes of an organism. c. It’s passed down from parents to offspring.. d. It’s made of deoxyribonucleic acid. e. All of the above
3. What are genes? a. Units of inheritance passed on from parents to offspring. b. Something you wear on your legs. c. Segments of a chromosome. d. They determine the traits inherited from your parents. e. a, c, and d
4. How many chromosomes do humans have? a. Depends if you are male or female. b. 48 c. 23 pairs d. Different individuals have different numbers of chromosomes.
5. Why is DNA important in family history work? a. It is another record of our family relationships. b. It can provide clues about our ethnicity. c. By using DNA with traditional genealogy it’s possible to go much deeper into our ancestry. d. We can connect and collaborate with our cousins. e. All of the above.
1. DNA is found in 2 places in the cell.• Most DNA is packaged in chromosomes in the nucleus.• Mitochondria have a small amount of their own DNA in the shape of a ring.
2. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes- 22 pairs are autosomal and 1 pair are the sex chromosomes, X and Y.
DNA Summary
DNA Summary
3. The autosomal pairs often exchange segments in a process called recombination.
4. Thousands of genes are found on each chromosome.
5. These genes, all together called the human genome, determine the traits exhibited by the person.
X Chromosome DNA
1. A mother passes one X chromosome to every son and daughter.2. A father passes his only X chromosome just to his daughters.3. X chromosome DNA contains DNA from some but not all of a person’s ancestors.4. X chromosome analysis is not often used for genealogy.
Y Chromosome DNA
Y Chromosome DNA
1. One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes present only in males.2. Follows the unbroken male line (the surname line) from father to son. 3. Y chromosome testing is only informative about a small portion of ancestors.4. Women interested in having Y testing done to study their paternal line need to have their father, uncle or brother tested.5. Y testing been used to identify descendants of Scottish and Irish royal lines, Genghis Khan and other famous individuals.
Mitochondrial DNA
This mitochondrial DNA, found in both men and women, is passed through the maternal line and contains information about a smaller number of ancestors, but goes back thousands of years.
mDNA/
Inheritance Patterns of Y and Mitochondria Chromosomes
Mitochondrial DNA inheritance (the maternal line) is shown in red and the Y DNA inheritance (the paternal line) in blue.
Autosomal DNA
Autosomal DNA
1. Most popular2. Most affordable3. Looks at all pedigree lines4. Can help break through brick walls.5. Abundance of data
Autosomal Genetic Inheritance
50% 50% 50% 50%
50% 50%
Molly
50%
50%
Inheritance of Autosomal DNA
• Segments of each parents’ DNA, are mixed up, before they are passed on to their children.
• Individuals don’t inherit the same DNA as their siblings unless they are identical twins.
• The DNA you inherit determines your own unique genetic makeup, your genome.
• Autosomal DNA testing provides a good estimate of your ethnic origins- ethnicity.
Sibling’ Ethnicity Results from Ancestry Autosomal DNA Test
Your results for DNA testing can look different than that of your siblings because the DNA you inherited is unique to you.Taken from Ancestry AcademyAncestry.com
Companies Offering DNA TestingCompany 23andMe Family Tree DNA
(FTDNA) Ancestry DNA
Test Type Autosomal Autosomal, Y and mitochondrial
Autosomal
Cost $99 $99- $199 $99
Provides EthnicityRaw data can be uploaded to other websites.Integrates with My Heritage family tree.Health testingHigh privacy
EthnicityRaw data can be uploaded to other websites.Best for Y and mitochondrial test.
EthnicityCousin matches Raw data can be uploaded to other websites.Links DNA results to your Ancestry family tree.
Sample Saliva Cheek swab Saliva
Number of people in the data base
1,000,000 About 150,000 1,000,000
Getting a match through autosomal DNA testing is most valuable when you canopen a line of communicationwith your newfound cousins. Then you can share genealogical data like surnames, geographic origins and pedigrees.