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Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder County Public Health A. Eisele, M. Hannigan, J. Milford, D. Helmig, D. Tanner Department of Mechanical Engineering and the I i fA i &Al i R h Institute ofArctic & Alpine Research University of Colorado, Boulder

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Page 1: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, ColoradoBoulder County, Colorado

Presented by:Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder County Public Health

A. Eisele, M. Hannigan, J. Milford, D. Helmig, D. TannerDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and the 

I i f A i & Al i R hInstitute of Arctic & Alpine Research

University of Colorado, Boulder

Page 2: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Motivation

• Anderson Study in 1996 found higher de so S udy 996 ou d g ealdehyde concentrations in Boulder than Denver

• Oil and natural gas production activities in neighboring counties increased and began to pose potential health risksbegan to pose potential health risks

• Denver Metro North Front Range Area (DMA) is a non‐attainment for failing to ( ) gmeet the 8‐hr ozone NAAQS set by the EPA 

Page 3: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Successful Partnerships

• BCPH, University of Colorado, and EPA Region 8 , U e s y o o o ado, a d eg o 8collaborated to form project team 

• A number of students were trained and educated on measuring air quality; two of which now work at EPA

• Public Health staff gained valuable monitoring knowledge and experience and provided valuable information toand experience and provided valuable information to residents

Page 4: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

DMA NFR 2008 Nonattainment Area

Page 5: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

5 Sampling Locations

NiwotNiwot RidgeRidge

DenverDenverSouth BoulderSouth Boulder

Page 6: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

2008 Oil & Gas Activities

Existing PermitsExisting Permits Pending PermitsPending Permits (COGCC, 2008)

Page 7: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

2008 Adjacent Oil & Gas Activities

Page 8: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

2012 Oil and Gas Activities

(COGCC 2012)(COGCC, 2012)

Page 9: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Project Objectives

• Delineate concentrations of local scale VOCsDelineate concentrations of local scale VOCs, carbonyls, and ozone

• Develop a baseline reference for longer‐termDevelop a baseline reference for longer term measurements

• Evaluate and improve ambient air quality• Evaluate and improve ambient air quality exposure and community‐scale dispersion models

• Aid in air quality management strategies in• Aid in air quality management strategies in Boulder County and Denver DMA including 2008 State Implementation PlanState Implementation Plan

Page 10: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Measurements March 1 2007 – February 24 2008March 1 2007  February 24, 2008

• Sampling 24hr integrated sample every 6th day Sampling– VOCs (27)

Carbonyls (8)

g p y yat each location (roughly 60 samples per site)

– Carbonyls (8) 

I it

Eight consecutive 3hr samples every 6th day at one location

• Insitu– Ozone

– Meteorological data

Page 11: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Percent of Samples Detected

Carbonyls VOCs

A l ti l i ith b bl t d t t th thAnalytical issues with benzene, unable to detect propane, methane, ethane

Page 12: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Sampling Instrumentation

Page 13: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Seasonal Averages: VOCs

24hr Seasonal VOC Averages: All Sites

6 00

7.00

8.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

Rat

io (

ppbv

)

n-butane

toluene

2.00

3.00

Mix

ing

R toluene

m&p-xylene

0.00

1.00

BO LO LY NR SBBO LY SB

Each dot represents a season, starting with spring

Page 14: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Seasonal Averages: Carbonyls

24hr Seasonal Carbonyl Averages: All Sites

3.50

4.00

)

2.00

2.50

3.00

atio

(ppb

v

formaldehydeacetaldehydeacetone

1.00

1.50

Mix

ing

Ra

0.00

0.50

BO LO LY NR SBBO LY SB

Each dot represents a season, starting with spring

Page 15: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

8hr Average Ozone: Summer 2007Summer 2007

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

BOBO0.0

150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

LOLO0.0

20.0

150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250

60.0

80.0

100.0

0.0

20.0

40.0

150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250

80.0

100.0

LYLY

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250

100.0

NRNR

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250

SBSB

Page 16: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Eight 3‐hr vs. 24‐hr Formaldehyde: LongmontFormaldehyde: Longmont

The sum of the eight 3-hr samples compared well to the one 24-hr sample collected during the same period24-hr sample collected during the same period

Page 17: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Principal Components AnalysisSource AttributionSource Attribution

Page 18: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Dispersion Modeling

• AERMOD &MOBILE6 2 models usedAERMOD & MOBILE6.2 models used

• Pollutants included in modelF ld h d– Formaldehyde

– Acetaldehyde

– BTEX

– Hexane

– Diesel PM

Page 19: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Predicted 2006 n‐butane with 2007 Boulder Observed n‐butane (ppbV)Boulder Observed n butane (ppbV)

Inventories underpredict n-butane direct emissions

Page 20: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Conclusions

• Overall carbonyl & VOC concentrations in 07‐Overall carbonyl & VOC concentrations in 0708 were lower than those in the Anderson StudyStudy

• Carbonyl concentrations peaked in the summer months suggesting increasedsummer months, suggesting increased photochemistry

VOC i l i l bl d• VOC concentrations were relatively stable and were not seasonably variable

Page 21: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Conclusions

• From PCA results mobile source exhaustFrom PCA results, mobile source exhaust, natural gas emissions, and meteorology are significant pollution sourcesignificant pollution source

• Ozone values varied from site to site, but increased significantly in summerincreased significantly in summer

• Ozone values exceeded the former/current 8‐h NAAQS l i S h B ld C khour NAAQS values in South Boulder Creek, Longmont, and Lyons

Page 22: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Recommendations

• Use higher resolution sampling durations forUse higher resolution sampling durations for source apportionment

• Use analytical equipment capable of quantifying• Use analytical equipment capable of quantifying all natural gas markers

G EPA i i h AQS l d f• Get EPA assistance with AQS uploads for community scale grants ‐ don’t underestimate it

Page 23: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

Acknowledgements

• Boulder County Public Health, Colorado Dept. of Public Health and Environment, & EPA Region 8

• Boulder County Housing, Boulder Fire, and Foothills Baptist ChurchBaptist Church

• Specifically– Jana Milford, Mike Hannigan, & Detlev Helmig

k d ff k– Steve Dutton, Greg Brinkman, David Tanner, Ian Hoffecker, Jacques Heuber, Molly Brodin, Duane Kitzis

– Ken Distler and Michael Copeland– Gordon Pierce– Gregg Thomas– Larry Andersony

Page 24: Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in ... · Understanding Air Toxics and Carbonyl Pollutant Sources in Boulder County, Colorado Presented by: Pam Milmoe, Boulder

References

• Anderson, L.G., Lanning, J.A., Barrell, R., Miyagishma, J., Jones, R.H., Wolfe, P., 1996.  Sources and sinks of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde: An analysis of Denver’s Ambient Concentration Data.sinks of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde: An analysis of Denver s Ambient Concentration Data.  Atmospheric Environment 30, 2113‐2123.

• Anderson, L.G., Machoved, C.M., Lanning, J.A., 1998.  Effects of the Mandated High Oxygen Fuels Program on the Concentrations of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde in Denver’s Air.  Proc Air Waste Man Ass.  Paper No 98‐WA61A.01, 4 pp.

• Lin C Milford J B 1994 Decay‐Adjusted Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Modeling for VolatileLin, C., Milford, J.B., 1994.  Decay Adjusted Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Modeling for Volatile Organic Compounds.  Atmospheric Environment 28, 3261‐3276.

• Mobile‐Source Air Toxics: A Critical Review of the Literature on Exposure and Health Effects: Special Report 16.  Health Effects Institute, November 7, 2007.

• 1996 NATA, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/natamain/index.html.  August 13, 2008.1999 NATA htt // /tt / t / t i /i d ht l A t 13 2008• 1999 NATA, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/natamain/index.html.   August 13, 2008.

• Riggs, S.D., Anderson, L.G., Lanning, J.A., 1996.   A Comparison of Source Contributions to Carbonyl Concentrations in Denver, Colorado and Outlying Areas.  Proc. Air Waste Man. Ass.  Paper No.97‐WP68B.02, 11 pp.

• Thomas, G.W., Bain D., Williams, S.M., 2007.  Going One Step Beyond: A Neighborhood Scale Air Toxics Assessment in North Denver. Prepared for Federal Highway Administration NCHRP program.  Report available fall 2007 at: www.denvergov.org/EAP

• Thomas, G.W., 2004.  The Denver Urban Air Toxics Assessment: Methodology, Results, Risks.  Report available at: www.denvergov.org/EAP