UNDERLINED PURPLE WORDS

MUST BE RECORDED

IN YOUR DICTIONARY

OVERVIEWWATER / DISSOLVING

WHAT IS A BIOMACROMOLECULE

CARBOHYDRATES STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION(Mono, di, polysaccharides)

AMINO ACIDS

PEPTIDE POLYPEPTIDE PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

NUCLEIC ACID RNA/DNA

LIPID STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

PHOSPHOLIPID STRUCTURE

PHOSPHOLIPID BI LAYER

STEROIDS

WATER – H2O

• Water (H2O) consists of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom linked by a covalent bond

• Water is a polar molecule meaning that due to uneven distribution of electrons, one end of the molecule has a positive electrical charge and the other end has a negative electrical charge

• In water, the oxygen end has a slightly negative charge and the hydrogen ends have a slightly positive charge.

WATER PROPERTIES• Water is the main solvent in our bodies and many of the chemical

reactions of the body take place in water.

• The ability of ions and other molecules to dissolve in water is due to it’s polarity.

• Substances that readily dissolve in water are called hydrophillic or polar

• Substances that do not tend to dissolve in water are called hydrophobic or non-polar

• The total of the reactions that take place in our bodies is called metabolism

EXAMPLES OF DISSOLVING• Sodium chloride (NaCl) will dissociate into its two parts Na+

and Cl- when it comes into contact with water. • The positive (Na) ions are attracted to the negative oxygen

in water• The negative (Cl-) is attracted to the positive hydrogen in

water. • A ring of water molecules surround each sodium and

chloride atom and they remain in solution.

Na Cl

DEHYDRATION REACTION VS. HYDROLYSISPOLAR OPPOSITES

Dehydration involves the release of a water molecule allowing two molecules to join

Hydrolysis involves a water molecule causing the splitting of two previously joined molecules

MACROMOLECULESPOLYMERIZATION

MONOMER MONOMER MONOMER

Macromolecules are formed through the process of POLYMERIZATION

(POLYMERIZATION) large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together(MONOMERS) Small singular molecules(POLYMERS) Chain of monomers

POLYMER

ORGANIC MOLECULES (AKA BIOMACROMOLECULES)

BIO: livingMacro: bigMolecule: Molecule

Organic molecules contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, whereas inorganic molecules do not.

Organic compounds were originally thought to only be found in living things. It is now known that it is not the case. Organic compounds make up about 30% of what makes up a cell (a substantial amount)

TYPES OF BIOMACROMOLECULES

The four major groups of organic molecules are- Carbohydrates- Proteins- Lipids - Nucleic acids

CARBOHYDRATES

• Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O).• Commonly known as sugars or carbs• Carbohydrates are used as a primary source of

energy for all living organisms (Input for C.R)• Plants use Carbohydrates for structural support

(this is why when we eat plants, we take in mainly carbs, as opposed to eating animals who use mainly protein as structural support)

TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES

Carbs vary in size and structure. There are three main categories of carbs

Monosaccharide: One sugar moleculeDisaccharide: Two sugar moleculesPolysaccharide: Three sugar molecules

TYPES OF MONOSACCHARIDES - C6H12O6

GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE GALACTOSEc

MONOSACCHARIDESMonosaccharide = simple sugarsSmall in size and easily diffuse into and out of a cell

They are products of the following chemical reactions,1. Photosynthesis2. Digestion3. Conversion of fats & proteins

They are used for 4. Fuel for respiration5. Building larger sugars

TYPES OF DISACCHARIDES C12H22O11

MALTOSE SUCROSE LACTOSE

Glucose + Glucose(table sugar)

Glucose + Fructose(Cereal)

Glucose + Galactose(Milk sugar)

DISACCHARIDES

• Disaccharide = a sugar made from the combination of two monosaccharides

• Disaccharides are water-soluble, but cannot diffuse into or out of the cell

So how do we use them as energy if they cant diffuse into the cell??????????

POLYSACCHARIDES

Complex combinations of three or more monosaccharides AKA – Starch

• Large insoluble molecules that cannot diffuse into or out of a cell• Used for long – term energy storage or structural

support purposes

ANIMAL STARCH

GLYCOGEN - storage starch for an organisms supply of Glucose

Animals store glycogen in the liver and muscles, it acts as a one day supply of energy

ANIMAL STARCH

CHITIN – Starch that forms the exoskeleton of insects and arthropods

Is also found in the walls of some fungi

PLANT STARCH

•AMYLOSE:- Surplus glucose storage in chloroplasts

•CELLULOSE:- Structural glucose that forms the cell wall in plant cells

AMINO ACIDS

• Building blocks of proteins• 20 types divided into two categories1. Essential = must be ingested (9)2. Non-Essential = can be produced in the body

AMINO ACID STRUCTURE

R GROUP(organic variable, different in each

of the 20 amino acids and determines behaviour)

AMINE (NH2)

CARBOXYLIC ACID (COOH)

TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS

PEPTIDES

Peptide = a compound consisting of two or more amino acids• During the dehydration synthesis of two monomers, a

peptide bond forms• Peptide bond is a covalent bond that links amino acids

together to create proteins.• Polypeptide = bonding together of numerous amino

acids• Proteins are composed of polypeptides in various bond

structures

PROTEIN• Organic polymers that contain carbon, hydrogen,

oxygen and nitrogen• Made by combining amino acids• 10,000 types found in the body

PROTEINS HAVE FOUR STAGES OF STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT1. Primary – single polypeptide chain2. Secondary – folding into 3d shape3. Tertiary – folding held together by bonding4. Quaternary - other chains interact forming a protein

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

-Specific linear sequence of amino acids

- Mistakes in sequence and structure will result in a failure to complete function

- Some proteins are functional in this structure

SECONDARY STRUCTURE• hydrogen bonds

are inserted between peptide bonds at regular intervals along the amino acid sequence

• This alternation of bonding forms a coil or helix shape or a pleated sheet (folded paper)

Alpha Helix Beta Strand

PROPERTIES OF PROTEIN STRUCTUREHelix proteins can stretched when pulled on, Hydrogen bonds can release, then reattach when the protein re-coils e.g. wool

Pleated proteins are already stretched, this cannot stretch further – e.g. silk*this may increase strength

TERTIARY STRUCTURE• Functional group

interactions produce hydrophobic regions and van der Waals interactions

• Total irregular folding held together by ionic or hydrogen bonds forming a complex shape

QUATERNARY STRUCTURETwo or more polypeptide chains interact to form a protein (eg. Haemaglobin, collagen)

PROTEIN FUNCTIONS

DENATURING PROTEINS• Any change in shape, structure, & function of a protein• The protein is now biologically inactive• The protein is said to be “denatured”• Causes of Denaturing:a) Alteration of pHb) Changes in solute concentrationc) Changes in environmental conditionsd) Temperature changesSome proteins may re-nature, others cannot

NUCLEIC ACID (NUCLEOTIDES)

• Nucleotide = monomer containing H,O,N,C, and P

• Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic info

• When nucleic acids are polymerized they form1. Ribonucleic Acid(RNA)2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

NUECLIC ACID

3 components

BASE + SUGAR + PHOSPHATE

BASES Only bonds with Ribose(RNA)

DNA BASES

• DNA is composed of four nitrogenous bases• The bases are represented by a letter1) Adenine (A)2) Guanine (G)3) Cytosine (C)4) Thymine (T)• The four bases are divided into two classifications

based on their chemical structure1) Purines = have two rings of carbon (A & G)2) Pyrimidines = have only one carbon ring (T

& C)

BASE PAIRING

DNA RNA

Adenine – Thymine

Cytosine - Guanine

Adenine – Uracil

Cytosine - Guanine

DNA STRUCTURE

Single nucleic acid

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

DNA VS RNA

The template strand is mirror image of Coding strand

This creates a RNA strand that is created matches the Coding strand

*If there was only one strand, the mRNA code would be different to the DNA code

Coding : C T G A T GRNA: C U G A U G

LIPIDS (FATS)

• Chemical compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

• Are the macromolecule exception in that they are not polymers – no chains

GLYCEROL + FATTY ACID• Glycerol consists of a 3- carbon skeleton with a

hydroxyl group attached• Fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group attached to a

long carbon skeleton, often 16 to 18 carbons long• Joined through dehydration synthesis

TRIGLYERIDES• Complex lipids

• Formed by the linkages of three fatty acid tails to a glycerol head

• Triglycerides are a mechanism for storing unused calories

SATURATED FATS• Solid at room temp.• Found in animal products• The hydrocarbon tail of

this lipid has carbon atoms saturated with hydrogen at each bond site

• Contains no double or triple bonds between carbon atoms

• “Saturated with Hydrogen atoms”

UNSATURATED FAT• Liquids at room temp.• Found in plant & fish oils &

legumes• The carbons are not

saturated with hydrogen bonds

• May contain one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms, this causing bending

• *Kink makes accumulation of unsaturated fats more difficult, allows enzymes access to break down fats more easily

FAT FUNCTION• Animals:1.Energy storage2.Waterproofcoverings3.Insulation4.Cushioning oforgans5.Cell membranes

• Plants:1.Oils for seed

dispersion2. Cell membranes

PHOSPHOLIPID STRUCTURE

• Phospholipids are a major components of the cell membranes• The fatty acid tail is

hydrophobic (repels H2O)• Phosphate head group is

hydrophilic (loves H2O)• Phospholipids interaction

with water determine what can and cannot pass the cell membrane

PHOSPHOLIPID BI-LAYER

• This structure means the membranes can be soluble in water but large water soluble molecules cannot freely pass through it

• Water and gases are small enough to move through the membrane gaps

STEROIDS• Fat-based molecule composed of four fused carbon

rings and a functional group• Chemical basis of many animal hormones• Human hormones include:1.Cholesterol = nerve cell function2.Testosterone = male sexual hormone3.Estrogen & Progesterone = female sexualhormones