underground space development : setting modern strategies

Underground Space Development : Underground Space Development : Setting Modern StrategiesSetting Modern Strategies

D. KaliampakosAssociate Professor,

School of Mining Engineering and Metallurgy, National Technical University of Athens

Underground Spaces 2008


“…evidence of tunnel construction works reflects the cultural developments of civilizations and particularly the growth of technical and economic strength”

G.E. Sandstrom

The Eupalinos aqueduct


Scene of traffic congestion, Wood engraving

London 1872London 1872


Excavations for the underground extension of the first Athens Metro line

The first Athens metro lineThe first Athens metro line


Annual passenger trips in major metro systems

Metro Passengers Tokyo Subway 2.646 billion Moscow Metro 2.475 billion New York City Subway 1.850 billion Seoul Subway 1.654 billion Mexico City Metro 1.442 billion Paris Métro 1.336 billion London Underground 1.094 billion Osaka Municipal Subway 912 million Hong Kong MTR 867 million São Paulo Metro 774 million Beijing Metro 765 million Cairo Metro 750 million Santiago Metro 680 million Shanghai Metro 649 million Madrid Metro 647 million Saint Petersburg Metro 602 million Prague Metro 531 million Buenos Aires Metro 476 million Berlin U-Bahn 475 million Vienna U-Bahn 427.4 million


Lidabashi Station: a major interchange station in Tokyo, connecting four major underground lines and one above ground line.

TokyoTokyo


Natural lighting, even at the fourth level underground

Minato Mirai: The harbour of the futureMinato Mirai: The harbour of the future


Larissa station

Athens metroAthens metro


The automobile empireThe automobile empire


Total excavation: Total excavation: 12.5 million m12.5 million m33

Total cost: 14.6 Total cost: 14.6 billion U.S. $billion U.S. $

10 underground 10 underground lanes lanes

The “BigThe “Big--Dig” Project, Boston, USADig” Project, Boston, USA

““Big Dig”: The biggest Big Dig”: The biggest underground project:underground project:


A motorway used, also, as a flood discharging system

Total Storage Capacity: 3 million m3

The SMART PROJECT-Kuala Lumpur:


Barcelona, SpainBarcelona, Spain

Designed by

Antoni Gaudí

and built in the years

1905–1907

La La PedreraPedrera


Estienne d ’Orves square - Marseille


Montreal: Montreal: «« The city under the city The city under the city »»


Underground Shopping Malls: Underground Shopping Malls: MoscowMoscow


Underground Shopping Malls: ShinjukuUnderground Shopping Malls: Shinjuku


SubtropolisSubtropolis complex complex

More than450.000 m2 of used underground space.

More than 50 companies, with 1300 employees


SubtropolisSubtropolis complexcomplex

Low lease rates:30-50% less than above ground facilitiesLow utility costs:50-70% savings in total energy costsAlmost constanttemperature


Viikinmaki, Finland

Sewage treatment plantsSewage treatment plants


Κakolanmäki, Finland

Sewage treatment plantsSewage treatment plants


ItakeskusItakeskus underground swimming pool, Helsinkiunderground swimming pool, Helsinki

More than 400,000 visitors every year


ZhongguancunZhongguancun center: center: The The ““Silicon Valley of ChinaSilicon Valley of China””


T h e S u p e r K a m i o n k a d e U n d e r g r o u n d T h e S u p e r K a m i o n k a d e U n d e r g r o u n d O b s e r v a t o r yO b s e r v a t o r y

The Super K, located 1000 m underground in the Mozumi Mine, Japan

Underground Spaces 200811th ACUUS International Conference11th ACUUS International Conference 10-13 September 2007, Athens, GREECE

Underground Space: Expanding the FrontiersUnderground Space: Expanding the Frontiers



Why are Why are wewe involved involved in underground in underground development?development?



AthensAthens: a Metropolis of : a Metropolis of 4,5 million inhabitants 4,5 million inhabitants in 3,500 sq. kmin 3,500 sq. km


PeramaPeramaYmittosYmittos

Ag. Ag. ParaskeviParaskevi

KipseliKipseli

KolonakiKolonaki

The contribution of LMET in underground developmentThe contribution of LMET in underground development



PeramaPerama


PeramaPerama

Ag. Ag. ParaskeviParaskevi

KipseliKipseli

KolonakiKolonaki



YmittosYmittos



PLAYPLAY


Can the IT revolution change the current trend ?Can the IT revolution change the current trend ?


In the last 50 years the world population has grown by 256%, In the last 50 years the world population has grown by 256%, while the while the urban populationurban population has grown has grown threefoldthreefoldAlmost Almost 50%50% of the world population resides in of the world population resides in urban areasurban areasToday there are Today there are 21 21 megacitiesmegacities with more than 10 million with more than 10 million inhabitants in the worldinhabitants in the world

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Popu

latio

n (x

106 )

1950:1950:Global pop: 2.5 billionsGlobal pop: 2.5 billions

83 cities > 1 million83 cities > 1 million2 cities >10 millions2 cities >10 millions

2006:2006:Global pop: 6.5 billionsGlobal pop: 6.5 billions387 cities > 1 million387 cities > 1 million21 cities >10 millions21 cities >10 millions


The global population will exceed 8 billion peopleThe global population will exceed 8 billion people

More than 60% will be urban population. This percentage will be More than 60% will be urban population. This percentage will be 80% for 80% for Europe and North AmericaEurope and North America

Forecasts Forecasts for urban population for urban population for 2030for 2030


Price of urban land

Supply of urban land

S0

P0

D0


Price of urban land


S0

D1

P1


Price of urban land


D1

S1

P1’


To maximize the utilization of To maximize the utilization of the urban surface land the urban surface land

(e.g. build skyscrapers)(e.g. build skyscrapers)

Space scarcity: two ways out:

To utilize the urban To utilize the urban underground spaceunderground spaceor


Underground space: a “strange” commodity

A non-renewable resource …

Free or private good?

Need to implement

environmental economics

The “spaghetti subsurface problem”


The mining sectorThe mining sector

7 billion tons/yearextracted by underground mining

35 million people working in mining

450 billion US $,the total value of annual mined production


Hunt Midwest (Hunt Midwest (SubtropolisSubtropolis))

RoomRoom--andand--Pillar miningPillar miningUsing mining methods…Using mining methods…


Total capacityTotal capacity::400.000 400.000 mm33

LaveraLavera oil storage facility (France)oil storage facility (France)


Total capacityTotal capacity::

4.600.000 4.600.000 mm33 (1985)(1985)+ + 11..9900.00000.000 mm33 (1997)(1997)+ 800.000 m+ 800.000 m33 (2006)(2006)

Oil storage facility (S.Korea)Oil storage facility (S.Korea)


ManosqueManosque (S. France)(S. France)Natural gasNatural gas: 300 x 10: 300 x 1066 mm33, Oil products, Oil products: 6,5 x 10: 6,5 x 1066 mm33

Natural gas storage in salt domesNatural gas storage in salt domes


Typical DimensionsTypical Dimensions::500500--600 600 m heightm height

110000--15150 0 m diameterm diameterCapacity:Capacity:

500500x10x1033 mm33

Natural gas storage in salt domesNatural gas storage in salt domes


Underground space in urban environment can be thought Underground space in urban environment can be thought as “as “the modern orethe modern ore””

Things to do:Things to do:

Modify typical mining techniques to adopt all modern Modify typical mining techniques to adopt all modern requirementsrequirements

Cultivate a new philosophy in the mining sector by first Cultivate a new philosophy in the mining sector by first changing the curricula of the mining schools changing the curricula of the mining schools

•• Bauxite: Bauxite: 70 $ per m70 $ per m3 3 of of extracted underground spaceextracted underground space

•• Underground parking space in Athens’ centre: 600Underground parking space in Athens’ centre: 600 $ per m$ per m3 3 of of extracted underground spaceextracted underground space

“Mining engineering”“Mining engineering” redefined…redefined…


Underground developmentwill continuously come in the spotlight!

WE WILL BE THERE !

underground space development : setting modern strategies

Documents