Sheffield Hallam University

Designing a Home Automation System by using RF receivers

Final Year Project

Md Nasfikur Rahman Khan

BEng (Hons) Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Supervisor: Dr. Hongwei Zhang

2nd May, 2014

Preface

This report describes project work carried out within the Engineering

Programme at Sheffield Hallam University between October, 2013 and

April, 2014. This submission of the report is in accordance with the

requirements for the award of the degree of BEng (Hons) Electrical and

Electronic Engineering under the auspices of the University.

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Abstract

Home automation is a famous and most used technology in the world. The main object of this project is to develop a home automation system with a four button key fob transmitter by using RF (Radio Frequency) technology.

Nowadays, houses are gradually shifting from normal switches to centralized control system, involving a remote control transmitter. This technology is not only easy to use but also helps to prevent missuses of energy. Remote control (key fob) transmitter is small and very light weight, which will work from a decent distance. It helps elderly people to control switches from anywhere up to 75 feet. This four button key fob transmitter is also very productive for commercial uses in Industrial and medical systems.

To accomplish this object, it is designed into two parts. Both the parts have individual toggle type receivers but they work in same frequency. One of these toggle receivers works individually with some of the home appliances but the other one interfaced to an Arduino Uno Rev3 microcontroller to convert the signals from toggle to latching format. Arduino IDE software has been used to compile some programs related to the microcontroller ATmega328.

This project can be upgraded by using GSM modem, which can control home appliances by sending an SMS through a mobile or a computer. Benefit of using this technology is there will not be any range limitation compared to Radio Frequency technology.

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Acknowledgements

I would like to take this opportunity to thanks my project supervisor Dr Hongwei Zhang for his support, guidance and advice. I also want to thank my second marker Dr Tim Breikin. I want to thank Mr Mark Wesseler for giving his valuable support during lab sessions.

Finally I want to thank my father for his encouragement, support and help as an Electrical and Electronic Engineer.

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Table of Contents

Abstract.......................................................................................................0

Acknowledgements.....................................................................................3

Table of Contents........................................................................................4

List of figures...............................................................................................6

List of tables................................................................................................7

Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................8

1.1 Aims and Objectives...........................................................................8

1.2 Overview of the report.....................................................................10

Chapter 2: Literature review.....................................................................11

2.1 Home Automation............................................................................11

2.1.1 Description of Home Automation:..............................................12

2.1.2 History of Home automation:.....................................................14

2.1.3 Different kinds of Home automation:.........................................15

2.1.4 Benefits of using Home Automation system:..............................16

2.1.5 The Future of Home Automation:...............................................16

2.2 Embedded System...........................................................................17

2.3 Microcontrollers................................................................................17

2.3.1Most common Microcontrollers....................................................17

Chapter 3: Designing and Procedure.........................................................19

3.1 Remote Controlled Home automation system..................................19

3.1.1 Reason of using remote-control and RF system.........................19

3.2 Design description:...........................................................................20

3.2.1 Power Supply:.............................................................................21

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3.2.2 Lighting System..........................................................................23

3.2.3 Temperature Controlling System................................................25

3.2.4 Security System..........................................................................26

3.3 Summary..........................................................................................27

Chapter 4: Simulation and the Testing......................................................29

4.1 Produce the circuit for living room...................................................29

4.2 Program an Arduino board for latching............................................30

4.3 Produce the bedroom circuit............................................................34

4.4 Connection and testing....................................................................34

4.4.1 Hardware....................................................................................35

4.4.2 Testing........................................................................................38

Chapter 5: Results and Discussions..........................................................41

5.1 Simulate Results...............................................................................41

5.2 Description.......................................................................................45

5.3 Discussions.......................................................................................47

Chapter 6: Critique....................................................................................49

6.1 Unsuccessful goals...........................................................................49

6.2 Improvement needed.......................................................................50

6.3 Struggling Points..............................................................................50

6.4 Methods of improvement:................................................................50

Chapter 7: Costing.....................................................................................52

Chapter 8: Summary and Future Works....................................................53

References................................................................................................54

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List of figures

Figure 1 Sample Home Automation System (Nairaland, 2005-2014)........21

Figure 2 Diagram for Temperature Controlling System.............................25

Figure 3 File of Arduino - 1.5.6-r2..............................................................31

Figure 4 Starting state of the software......................................................31

Figure 5 Compiling codes for blink without delay......................................32

Figure 6 Compiling codes for buttons........................................................32

Figure 7 Compiling codes for state change detection...............................33

Figure 8 Diagram for the transmitter (Princeton, NG)...............................35

Figure 9 Sample photo of receiver............................................................36

Figure 10 Diagram for the receiver (Princeton, NG)..................................36

Figure 11 Schematic diagram for Arduino Uno Rev3 (Arduino, 2014).......37

Figure 12 Diagram for living room............................................................39

Figure 13 Diagram for bedroom................................................................40

Figure 14 Flow chart of the system...........................................................44

Figure 15 Circuit for living room................................................................46

Figure 16 Circuit for bedroom...................................................................46

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List of tables

Table 1 Illumination level of house............................................................24

Table 2 Operation of temperature controlling system...............................26

Table 3 Costing of devices........................................................................52

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Home Automation is the housing extension of building automation system.

This system is actually automating the residential activity. The trendiness

of home automation has increased tremendously in recent years for the

reason of higher usability and simplicity by using remote control (key fob),

smart phones and tablet connectivity (through Wi-Fi, GSM, Bluetooth, Zig

bee etc.). Home automation actually is the termination of the automation

system for the maintenance of home appliances.

Modern home automation system introduced during the world fair of

1934 in Chicago.

The first 'wired homes' built by hobbyists from America. In 1984, the

American Association of Householders invented the term of 'smart

house'.

In 1960s, an American engineer, Jim Sutherland developed 'ECHO IV'

named a developed home automation system.

The main and very basic need of using home systems like light, fan, air

conditioner, air heater by using different switches in different places.

Therefore people, especially adult people need to put a lot of afford to

switch all those components separately and with enough power to press.

Those switches are mostly made very unsafe way and it is also asking

more energy to put. These problems could be solved if home automation

system would be used.

1.1 Aims and Objectives

Home automation system has different kinds like, remote control home

automation, mobile phone home automation. Aim of this project is to

demonstrate an unostentatious Home automation system that

apprehends an outlying key fob controller and home machineries (here I

will try to show that by using some LED's).

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Here, the project is based on remote control home automation system,

which could help to save energy like electricity and lots of physical

strength. It could be secure, flexible, help to prevent power and more

accurate outcomes. Most of houses in the cities of the developed

countries now using remote control, mobile or touch screen based home

automation system to prevent energy and ensure adequate safety.

To accomplish the project, here first of all, trying to discuss about the

research has been done based on Home Automation and all related

hardware & Software.

A Remote Control transmitter has been used to transfer signals.

Then receivers have been used to receive signals. After receiving the

signal, receiver will control to turn on-off some different home

appliances after getting the signal from the key fob transmitter (as

example, lights, heater, oven etc.).

Two different rooms and four different parts of a small flat (kitchen

area, leaving area, reading area and sitting area) will try to control

through a remote control transmitter and receiver.

Next one of those receivers has been used with an Arduino board,

which will be programmed to work as a reset circuit. Then it will connect

with the receiver and help to reset some of the home appliances

according to our set timer.

Need to write a programme for the Arduino board to work as a reset

circuit and then have to connect it with the receiver board to take the

signal from the transmitter.

Different appliances simplify by different LEDs which will get signal from

the key fob transmitter.

1.2 Overview of the report

This report will explain the design and production of the embedded

controlled home automation system in 7 different chapters.

Chapter 1 will introduce the background of the home automation system,

the aims and the objectives of the project.

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Chapter 2 will describe the basics of home automation system, embedded

system and other literature reviews related to the project.

Chapter 3 will explain the procedure of designing the home automation

system. Here we will explain how we connected each and every part.

Chapter 4 will show the outcome of the project and discuss the results.

Chapter 5 will find out the weak points of the project and the way to

improve.

Chapter 6 will explain the costing of the project, including each and every

component and equipment used in the project.

Chapter 7 will summarise the project and described the further work to

get a better outcome.

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Chapter 2: Literature review

Automation is very famous thing for today's world. Nowadays, human are

trying to control everything automatically without any physical efforts. In

this process Home automation system has been introduced to using home

appliances without any muscle power. Basic task of this system is to turn

on and off different home appliances.

2.1 Home Automation

Home Automation is the boarder extension of building extension. Home

Automation may include imploded control of lighting, heating, ventilation

and air conditioning, appliances, security locks of gates and doors and

other systems for providing convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and

safety security.

Definition of Home automation can be explained in three ways.

Performance based

Home automation system is the procedure how people can get

automated performance from all home appliances which we cannot

get with our physical efforts. As example, switch control lights take

fractionally more time than the automated lighting system. The

performance based definition is actually depends on saving more

energy and power.

Services based

Home automation system can provide more and unrested services

then the human efforts. For a sample, when we are sleeping,

through this system we can control our room temperature without

any kind of disturbances. Through this way our home system can

control all the appliances according to its setting. In simple we can

say, through this system we can get more comfortable and flexible

home condition.

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System based

System wise we can say, Home automation is the technology, which

is formed a networking system to make the all home appliances

working together in a harmony, which gives us instant control over

all the appliances individually. This system provides us safe,

convenient, high-efficiency and comfortable home environment.

2.1.1 Description of Home Automation:

Home automation offers to the conduct of computer and information

technology to monitor home appliances and features. Home automation

systems can extent from usual remote control of lighting through to

diluted computer/micro-controller based networks with different degrees

of intelligence and automation. Home automation is obtained for motives

of ease, security and energy efficiency (StephenLindsay ,2013 :156−160 ) .

In present construction in industrialized countries, most houses are

depending on wire for electrical power, telephones, TV cable or antenna,

and doorbell. Though, most of household tasks are automated by the

development of specialized machineries. As example, automatic washing

machines are developed to reduce the physical labour of washing clothes

and water heaters attenuated the labour essential for bathing.

Other regular household duties, like food conservation and preparation

have been automated in large range by processing them into factory, with

the increment of pre-produced and pre-packaged foods. In some

advanced countries such as the United Kingdom, tumid dependence on

commercial food preparation businesses, such as fast food take-away.

Volume manufacture and the factory settings accommodate forms of

automation that would be ineffective or too expensive in a home setting.

Ascertained foods qualify feasible further automation of stirring the food

within the house.

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The use of aerial or aqueous fuels, and afterwards the use of electricity

occupy tumid automation in air and water heating; decrease the physical

afford necessary to manually refuel furnace and stoves. Progression of

thermostats allow of more automated restraint of inflaming, and later

cooling.

As the number of controllable instruments in the home rises,

interconnection and communication becomes a necessary and wished

characteristic. For example, a heater can transmit a discrete message

when it requires cleaning or a fridge when it wants service.

Houses will become "intelligent" and will dispatch signals or signs to the

controller when any movement happens inside. In case there is no one

supposed to be home and the alarm system is adjusted, the system could

deliver signal towards the proprietor, or the police, or an emergency

number.

In instinctive installations, it may be as expansive as rotation of the lights

when a person admits into the room. In commencing installations, houses

can intuition not only the appearance of a person inside but indicate the

person and apparently set adequate lighting, temperature, sound levels or

TV channels, acceptance the account of the day, the time of day, and

other multiplicators.

Simple examples of Home Automation are like, using of a remote control

to turn on and off a light across the room or unlocking the front or back

door as you pull into the driveway. Rotation of your home sprinkler system

by using your mobile phone device or logging in from your computer at

work to check and view your home security cameras are also examples of

using home automation. Home automation includes everything that

provides you remote or automatic control of the electronic components

inside it.

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2.1.2 History of Home automation:

Home automation featured in science fiction scripts for many years but

came out in reality or practical world since the early 20th century through

the introduction of using electricity in home. Then it increased through the

rapid development of information technology.

The usage of electrical home automation started between the years 1915

to 1920. It began to seem more useful and cheaper than the use of

servants. The system also helps to maintain a luxurious status without

huge amount of expanses.

Automation system started by the introduction of wheel. Automation

system improved a lot by the beginning of sailing boats. And then

the early 1900s automation system improved very fast and then we

can see the invention of electricity and that brings the beginning of

Home automation. On that period we got the electronic bulbs.

1978 X10 improves switches, thermostat controllers and other home

appliances like fan. On that period we actually get introduced with

all sorts of home appliances which made life more comfortable.

By 1984, Home automation became hot cake for the western

countries. Some of the house hold appliances started to be

controlled automatically without any outsider efforts. On that period

of time Home automation technology spreads to security system

like garage doors, entertainment system control, environment

control and more.

During the later 80s and early 90s, wireless connection started to be

utilized in house. Through Wireless connection people started to

control different home appliances by staying away from home.

On the later part of 90s Home automation started to spread all over

the world. On that period mobile GSM and Zigbee system started to

operate that section besides remote control system.

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2.1.3 Different kinds of Home automation:

There are several kinds of Home automation system have been

introduced. First and the most common Home automation system was

wired home automation system like light, fan garage doors controlled by

switches. Then it introduced with the wireless Home automation system.

Remote controlled Home automation system is very famous and the most

utilized Home automation system. Then, people started to use broad band

system, Wi-Fi networking system and many more.

Remote control Home automation system

First wireless Home automation system was based on remote

control. Most of the remote controlled system transfers the signal

through RF system. In that procedure user get the benefit of using

something different than the switches and they don’t need to move

to control their home appliances according to their choices.

Global System for Mobile

By using GSM (Global System for Mobile) system, user can easily

operate his home appliances through a mobile phone by a simple

miscall or SMS (Short Message Services).

ZigBee

Through Zigbee technology user can easily control whole home

power supplies through a monitor power. It also uses mobile phone

to control the system without any delay or error. Through this

technology people can control their home appliances from anywhere

in the world.

Besides for the development of Home automation system, Arduino,

Raspberry Pi and many more different companies are making some

PCBs (Printed Circuit Board) which make the life simpler.

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2.1.4 Benefits of using Home Automation system:

Home Automation system is the most helpful procedure to manage home

appliances from in or outside home. By using this system anyone can

simply maintain all the home appliances without any physical attendance

at home. This is the most convenience way of using modern technology in

day to day life.

Home Automation system is also the best way to provide adequate

security without too much physical efforts. Recently, Close Circuit Camera

feeds also provide you live or save views to protect your home in any

conditions. You can also control the alarm system in emergency as one of

your friends want to get in but does not have the key to unlock the door.

All in all, it is the best way to provide safety to any unoccupied home¿

2.1.5 The Future of Home Automation:

The new base in home automation is an android smart phone. Home

automation equipment recently use existing home Wi-Fi networks. But

very soon there will be some gadgets like google glass. Google Glass is a

very exceptional device which could be worn like glass but it will provide a

screen over the right eye. That screen is controlled by voice command

and by touching an intelligent touchpad on the right side. It will connect

via Bluetooth or connect to Wi-Fi to a smart phone device and plays

Google Glass applications.

There is another project is coming in the Home Automation department is

named ivee, which looks like an alarm clock. This alarm clock can talk with

the operator, it can take order, and it can control some home appliance.

As example, if anyone asks about the weather to ivee and if ivee is

connected with Wi-Fi then it can tell and show you the total forecast. It

also can trigger on and off the light and other home appliances like

television, radio, light, air-conditioner etc. Some other different kinds of

Home Automation projects are ongoing to improve and make easy the

living of people.

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For modern home automation system, embedded system and

microcontrollers are the most important elements. There is a discussion

about these two topics.

2.2 Embedded System

All computing systems other than general purpose computer (with

monitor, keyboard, etc.) are embedded systems.

Embedded system is a way of working, organizing or performing one or

many tasks according to a fixed set of rules, program or plan. In other

words, an arrangement in which all units assemble and work together

according to a program or plan. An embedded system is a system that has

software embedded into hardware, which makes a system dedicated for

an application (s) or specific part of an application or product or part of a

larger system. It processes a fixed set of pre-programmed instructions to

control electromechanical equipment which may be part of an even larger

system (not a computer with keyboard, display, etc.)

(Godse , Mulani (2009 :1−5 ) ).

For organising an embedded system, microcontrollers are the most

essential elements.

2.3 Microcontrollers

A microcontroller is a small computer that contains a microprocessor

which controls some aspects of the environment. Microcontrollers are

used for control some devices and engines automatically, such as home

automation system, automobile system, medical devices, remote control

devices, power controlling tools, quad-copter and other embedded

system. Some microcontrollers use 4-bit words. For low power

consumption, this kind of microcontrollers operates at clock rate

frequencies as low as 4000 Harz. Microcontroller is the main aspect of

designing an embedded system.

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2.3.1Most common Microcontrollers

There are lots of microcontrollers from different brands. Here, a discussion

about some of the microcontrollers has been used for home automation

system.

Atmel AT89 series: AT89 series is an Intel 8051 family

microcontrollers, which is an 8-bit microcontroller and manufactured

by the Atmel Corporation.

Atmel AVR series: Atmel AVR is a single chip microcontroller which

is developed by Atmel in1996.

AT91SAM (AT91 Smart ARM Microcontrollers) series: AT91 is a 32-bit

microcontroller integrated circuit and produced by Atmel.

Intel MCS-51 or 8051 series: 8051 is a single chip microcontroller

series developed by Intel and used in embedded system.

For the prospect of the project, an Atmel AVR series microcontroller

(ATmega328) has been used. ATmega328 is actually a reset

microcontroller, which helps to build a strong reset circuit.

All in all, this project's primary aspect is to develop a Home automation

system working as an embedded computer and a microchip works to

control some of the procedure.

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Chapter 3: Designing and Procedure

As already explained in previous parts, home automation is a smart home

maintenance system with intelligence, safety and luxurious home system.

This procedure helps to provide a comfortable, user friendly home system

and also reduces the cost of energy and utility. This home system also

helps the elders to sustain with the new technologies; it helps them to use

all home appliances with little effort.

3.1 Remote Controlled Home automation system

First wireless Home automation system is the remote controlled Home

automation system and still it is the most user friendly automation system

in the world. In this procedure a remote control console can control all

sorts of home appliances according to the user's choice. This remote

controlled console can be a mobile phone or any ordinary remote control

consoles like a key fob.

A remote controlled console can transfer signal through different ways like

RF system, GSM technology, ZigBee etc. For this project we are using RF

(Radio Frequency) system.

3.1.1 Reason of using remote-control and RF system

Wireless Home automation technologies represent a system to utilize

home appliances with more ease and less efforts. Remote control system

actually provides the cheapest way to utilize those facilities. By the use of

remote control technology, user easily can get the facility through a less

expansive device like a cheap mobile phone set or a cheap key fob

transmitter.

Considering the other sources it is more comfortable to carry and easy to

control from anywhere. It helps to enhance the flexibility and security. For

example, if the user gets a message or signal by saying there is

something wrong or an intrusion then he can check the situation through

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video cameras. Another example could be, turning on any home

appliances like heater, computer from outside the house or from any

distances. In that point it needs to mention the importance of controlling

(turning on and off) some home appliances when users are outside.

Through this technology we can listen the music system which is playing

inside the house, user can connect with personal computer to collect

some important files or it could be helpful to get a text when any home

appliances need to check or change (Aurell, 2005).

High flexibility, geographical distance and good scalability properties are

the most common reason to make remote-control system suitable for all

sorts of users.

3.2 Design description:

According to the previous discussion, Home automation system makes the

home condition and utilization of appliances easy, simple, comfortable

and flexible, user friendly, secure and saves energy. Therefore, the Home

automation system designed in this project with automatically control of

following factors.

Energy to start with

Temperature

Windows and doors

Power socket

Water heating

Illumination

Entrance control

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Figure 1 Sample Home Automation System (Nairaland, 2005-2014)

These points organises into four different systems.

Power Supply: Energy to start with

Lighting System: Illumination

Temperature Controlling System: Air conditioning system

Security System: Access control, Windows and doors etc.

3.2.1 Power Supply

The perfect remote-control Home automation system can be achieved by

provide a sufficient power to utilise the whole system properly. Though it

is a remote-control system, but the system needs two individual power

supplies for the transmitter and the receiver part. As example, if a user

tries to use a mobile phone as a transmitter, he needs to charge it first to

make it utilizable. Then he needs to use a different power supply for the

lighting system he tries to use.

For a smart home, two kinds of power supplies need to be used.

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Switching Power Supply

Automatic Power Supply

Rechargeable Power Supply

3.2.1.1 Switching Power Supply

As the name suggests, this is a simple switch controlled power supply.

This power supply controlled by turning switch on and off. This system

could be used for something which is less usable like the water heater in

toilet. User could use it during the time of using the toilet. For the

prospect of the project, this kind of power supply has been used only for

the only for the bedroom sector. However, this power supply can start

working by getting the signals manually from the user or the automatic

power supply.

3.2.1.2 Automatic Power Supply

This is the power supply which helps user to control home environment for

making it comfortable and flexible before he gets in. Through this power

supply user can turn on most of the home appliances without entering the

house. User can control all the electronic devices very easily and with

comfort any time whenever he wants.

Automatic power supply is always working and this power supply does not

need to turn on and off. This supply system will be connected with the

living room appliances and also connect with the switch which turns on

the bedroom power supply.

According to this project through this power supply user can easily control

the living and kitchen area. It helps to turn on the whole house heating

system that makes our home more comfortable before getting in.

3.2.1.3 Rechargeable Power Supply

Rechargeable or the battery controlled power supply has been used for

charging the remote control console. As example, if the user wants to

control the home automation system through a mobile phone then he

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needs to make sure the phone is always charged on or the console's

batteries are not damaged.

In this project, it has been tried to use this battery controlled remote

console as the only transmitter. Through this device user can transfer the

signals from the transmitter towards the receivers.

Therefore, overall home automation system constituted by several kinds

of power supplies. Through this system, it has been trying to provide the

main energy for the all appliances of the house.

3.2.2 Lighting System

Lights are the most important home appliances in a house and intelligent

lighting system is the most important part of a smart home. An

integrated system used to control or contain a soothing visual

environment is called lighting system. Core of the lighting system is the

brightness of the level adjustment.

The whole house has couple of windows and doors, that’s why the day

light motion would be considerable. In a bright day, the indoor lighting

system would be essential at all. Besides on that kind of times through

this procedure user can save a huge amount of power and energy.

On the other side, it has been tried to arrange a form for the whole

system that it can measure the necessity of lights during any time of day.

As example through this system user can get the signal through a mobile

phone or a remote control transmitter that he does not need to turn on

the light before getting inside the house. A pre-set peak value has been

arranged to help to roll down the situation quickly. Through this way, the

system also can control the brightness of the lights.

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An example of home illumination level is given below (ToolBox, 2013).

Table 1 Illumination level of house

Activities Illumination (lux)

Living room area without sunlight 20-50

Living room area with sunlight 0-15

Getting in time 50-75

Time of cooking 100-150

During the time of reading 200

Entertainment time 70-100

Toilet time 30-50

Sleeping time 0-10

We know, Illumination, I =Lf . .CV . LLF

A I

Where,

I= illumination (lux)

L1= lumen per Lamp

C v= coefficient

LLF= light loss factor

A I= area per lamp (meter 2).

3.2.3 Temperature Controlling System

Temperature controlling system is one of the important systems for the

whole house during the winter or rainy periods. Basically in a western

country, where seven month is considering as winter period and only

three to five months consider as summer, this system is the most

important appliance of a house. Though we are developing this project

considering all sorts of weather summer is also in consideration. That’s

why temperature controlling system is divided into three sectors,

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Figure 2 Diagram for Temperature Controlling System

For basic heating system a temperature controlled heater has been used,

which works with a timer PCB (Programmable Circuit Board) and a

temperature controlling equipment. This heater helps to remain the room

temperature 23 degree Celsius all the time. It is also noise less and

windless. So the user feels the house is getting hot not the heater.

Basically, cooling system is necessary during the time of summer. For the

smart house an automatic cooling system has been utilized, which does

not need to turn on manually. It helps to remain the house temperature

23 degree Celsius. It is also noise free but has some wind effects.

As mentioned before that the house has couple of windows and doors.

That’s why ventilation system has been utilized for this project. Through

this system user can utilize the day light and the natural environmental

wind facilities. However, when the force of the wind go beyond the margin

of 23 degree Celsius then the windows will automatically closed to filter

them out.

Overall through this system home temperature can be controlled and

adjust into a bearable situation any times of day or night.

Table 2 Operation of temperature controlling system

House

temperature

Heating

system

Cooling system Windows Ventilation

system

>23°C(without

wind)

>23°C(with wind)

OFF

OFF

ON

OFF

OPEN

CLOSE

OFF

ON

<23°C(without

wind)

ON

ON

OFF

OFF

OPEN

CLOSE

OFF

ON

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<23°C(with wind)

=23°C(without

wind)

=23°C(with wind)

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

OPEN

CLOSE

OFF

ON

3.2.4 Security System

Modern home is full of appliances and those need enough security system

and safety facilities. The main objective of the security system is to

ensure the safety of the house. It is developed by three systems, which

have been explained below.

Normal Security System

Night Time Security System

Emergency Alarm System

Nowadays, each and every house should have the security system for

controlling access. This is one of the convenient systems of the house.

Through this system users can control the unwanted entrances. For this

part a high resolution video camera has been used just outside the main

entrance that turns on whoever will use it for entering into the house, user

can find it out before any unwanted situation happens. Through this way

user can get a safe and secure entrance facility.

To get a safe and sound sleep, a high resolution camera has been used,

which can capture at night too. Besides for safety during the sleeping

period a timer has been connected with the main entrance that make the

door closed after a certain time at night ad it will remain like this if the

user don’t unlock the door manually.

As the name suggests, alarm system controls all the alarms which control

a safe and secure house all the time. It is developed into two sections.

Burglar Alarm

Gas & Fire Alarm

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Burglar alarm is the alarm system which normally used for night security.

Sometimes, this alarm system proves very helpful when the house

members are outside. It started to give responses or signals if there is any

indecent situation happens like robbery or stealing. Sometimes this

system helps the user to find any unwanted person inside the house.

There is a button for the user to set it off. However, if the user willingly or

unwillingly does not turn it off and it continued for more than three

minutes then there will be a signal send to nearest police control room to

find the solution.

Gas and fire alarm is very important source of safety of a house. If gas

leaks is detected by gas monitor or fire monitor can detect flames, heat

and smoke anywhere in the building, this alarm will be activated. Without

any delays, doors and windows will be unlocked and opened. This system

will give a signal to all the members of the house and in order to avoid gas

explosion or fire distinguish; ventilation system will be automatically

switched off. Then the system will send a signal towards the fire station to

reduce the destruction.

3.3 Summary

The main method used in this smart home system is using automation

system to control and develop an appropriate design for the system to

achieve the goal to build a smart house. Because of the utilization of the

four basic factors of automation system, this house can get the

intelligence without the physical effort of human. Power supplies are given

the energy, lighting and temperature controlling system help to maintain

a sustainable condition by adjusting temperature and illumination.

Security system helps to provide a safety environment for the users of the

house. Through a smart control design, it could also reduce the energy

cost for users.

According to the whole discussion, priority level could be like,

Power supply > Security system > Lighting system > Temperature

controlling system.

27

Through the priority level it's can be said that, Temperature controlling is

needed but its priority comes after lighting system. Because people can

stay on cold but it would be tougher to live without light. Then security

system gives us safe and prosperous life but before all, a power supply is

needed to make all those work.

In the end, it can be said that a smart home makes life easy, comfortable

and simple. It also helps to reduce risk and also the energy cost.

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Chapter 4: Simulation and the Testing

The Objective of the project is to design and simulate a remote controlled

home system. The design of the system been explained in Chapter 3 and

now we will describe the simulation of the system including the building of

the circuit. The simulation part will be described into four different parts

and all the parts consist of some sections.

Produce the circuit for living room

Program a Arduino for latching

Produce the circuit for bed room

Connection and testing

As explained, for building a perfect home automation system according to

the design, four different steps need to follow. In the simulation, actual

home appliances are replaced by some different colour LEDs.

4.1 Produce the circuit for living room

Living room area is the most important of the house. Besides, attached

kitchen makes it more essential. This sector of the house is controlled by

the automatic power supply. In this sector of the house consists of four

important parts of this design.

Automatic Power Supply

Security system

Temperature controlling system

Lighting system

This system runs by the automatic power supply. This power supply has

been controlled by sensors on all the doors and windows. Through this

sensor, the power supply can turn off if there is no member in the house

and no signals from the users. These sensors will automatically turn on if

there are any traces of movement inside the house or any signal from the

29

users. As example, if the user just gets closer to the main entrance door

or any windows, this sensor will help the power supply to turn on

automatically. Through this circuit, has been trying to control the lighting

system of that area. Besides, the power supply works automatically. So,

whenever the user sends a signal to turn on the light, it gets on without

any delay. Same way user can control the temperature of the house. To

accomplish this goal, an Arduino board has been needed to connect with

the receiver to transfer the signals and get the benefit of latching.

4.2 Program an Arduino board for latching

For the project an Arduino Uno Rev3 board has been used and the

description of the hardware will explain in the later part of this chapter.

This device has been used to control the temperature controlling system

of the house. For simulating the device it has been tried to follow some

previous examples given on the software itself. The typical first program

for a microcontroller which is simple blinks of a LED on and off. For the

project, it has been needed to change some part from the given

examples. On that part pin 13 has been declared as LED pins and in

Arduino itself has a LED, which is connected with pin 13. Besides when

during the use of Arduino with the receiver, it has been connected with

the LED using as sample of our whole heating system.

Whole Procedure through the software, trying to explain in some steps,

First need to download the software Arduino IDE 1.5.6-r2 and open it

30

Figure 3 File of Arduino - 1.5.6-r2

Then, the software needs to run.

Figure 4 Starting state of the software

31

Next, find out the 'BlinkWithoutDelay' file from the examples and try

to change some parts of the given codes. Then need to compile it.

Figure 5 Compiling codes for blink without delay

Same way, need to open another example named 'Button' and then

change it according to project needed.

Figure 6 Compiling codes for buttons

32

Then another programming code from the example called

'StateChangeDetection' need to run and then some change of codes

need to be done.

Figure 7 Compiling codes for state change detection

4.3 Produce the bedroom circuit

This project is actually based on a smart and small flat consists of one or

more than one bedrooms. Besides the bedroom area is also attached with

toilet and shower facilities. Overall that sector of the house is far more

important than it looks. This sector of the house is controlled by a

switching power supply. In this sector of the house consists of three

important part of our design.

Switching Power Supply

Security system

Lighting system

This system runs by a power supply which is controlled by switching

system. This switch can be controlled manually and automatically. This

power supply is also connected the automatic power supply, which easily

can manipulate this service by the choice of user or sometimes for

condition. In short we can say, this power supply also get power from the

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automatic power supply, but it can start and continue to work without the

help of automatic power supply.

In this circuit, the design of lighting system for the bedrooms and the

toilet needs to simulate. If the circuit gets the power supply manually or

automatically then the lighting system will start working whenever it gets

the signal from the user. This circuit also build a security system for the

bedroom and toilet area. Overall it builds simultaneously to provide all

kind of ease, comfort and flexibility a person can get from his or her

bedroom area.

4.4 Connection and testing

For this project, a perfect home automation system includes all the

sectors according to the design need to format. Because of enough time,

funding and minimum resources it was not possible to build it was as

decided. There are some parts which are not simulated as declared.

Below, a demo version has been trying to portray similar to the design.

4.4.1 Hardware

First of all, need to describe all the hardware available for the project. As

explained that the aim of the project is to build the whole process

controlling by three separate power supplies.

Switching

Automatic

Rechargeable

To achieve this aim three separate and very cheap battery holder power

supplies has been used. One of those power supplies works for the

transmitter (rechargeable), one for the automatic power supply and the

other one is occupied for the switching power supply.

Transmitter: Instead of using an android touch screen or a mobile

phone remote control console, a key fob transmitter has been possible

to arrange. This transmitter is very easy to use and comfortable to

carry. This key fob works on 315 Mega Harz frequencies and can

34

control four separate appliances through four different keys or

buttons. This transmitter is based on remote control encoder PT2262;

it is actually paired with PT2272 utilizing Complementary metal–oxide–

semiconductor (CMOS) technology. For this transmitter two CR2016

coin cells has been used and altogether it weighs 21.22g.

Figure 8 Diagram for the transmitter (Princeton, NG)

Receiver: Considering the electronic & radio communication, a

receiver is a group of components that can receive electromagnetic or

radio waves and helps to convert the signal into a usable form. There

is an antenna which intercepts electromagnetic waves and transforms

them into a small source of information for the receiver, which receiver

will transfer into the craved signal or information. For this project a

simple radio frequency receiver has been used, which does not need

any programming, addressing or configuring. It works on 5-10V direct

current and automatic connected with the 315 MHz matching

transmitter (4-key fob remote control).

Figure 9 Sample photo of receiver

35

It is actually a remote control decoder based on PT2272 - 4 data IR

application circuit. This transmitter and receiver can be paired for

transmitting and receiving exactly four signals. Besides through this

particular remote control transmitter user can control more than one

receiver at a time. Therefore if more than one receiver is in the area of

transmitter, then the transmitter can transfer same information to all

of them.

Figure 10 Diagram for the receiver (Princeton, NG)

Arduino Uno Rev3: Arduino is a micro-controller (ATmega328) based

programmable circuit board that can be used in electrical

multidisciplinary project. Arduino consists of an open-source single

board designed surrounding by a 32-bit Atmel ARM or an 8-bit AVR

microcontroller. (For the project we use Fundino Uno Rev3 which is

copy version of Arduino Uno Rev3). Uno means one in Italian language.

Arduino Uno or Arduino 1.0 stands for moving forward. Where first

time an Arduino board can be connected to a computer with a USB

cable or power to get started.

36

Figure 11 Schematic diagram for Arduino Uno Rev3 (Arduino, 2014)

37

LEDs: LED or Light Emitting Diode is an electrical component, which

has two terminals and conducting electricity in one direction. Diodes

are used in most of the electronic technologies like televisions,

computers, radios etc. Diodes are actually help to conduct electronic

components.

Software Requirement: Software is the most important part for the

project, because for the whole heating system we use an Arduino

Uno rev3 board. This board is preprogramed and for the project

Arduino IDE 1.0.5-r3 software (Integrated Development

Environment) has been used.

4.4.2 Testing

Simulation of overall system will be divided into two parts.

Part 1: First, here is an explanation of the entrance part of the house or

the living room area. Living room is the most important part of the house.

Attached kitchen makes it more important. This part consists of a light,

whole internal heating system, whole house power sockets and cooking

system. For this project some LEDs has been used as symbol of different

home appliances. Overall two different breadboards have been used and

one of them has been made for living room area. As explained before that

the receiver can work on 6V power supply, that’s why for the living room

we use 6V power supply which easily can help to accomplish demo

version of our key fob controlled smart home. A four battery included

battery holder has been used for getting 6V energy, which gives us more

than 20mA direct current. Then this power supply needs to be connected

with the solder less breadboard.

Here we connect the 315 MHz receiver's ground pin with the ground of the

power supply and the input pin with the other part (voltage in) of the

power supply. Then four LEDs connect with the four output pins of the

receiver (D0, D1, D2, and D3) and ground. The short leg of the LED's goes

in ground and big leg connects with the receiver. Some LEDs need some

38

support from the resistors but for this project we use the LEDs which are

workable without any support from resistors.

Figure 12 Diagram for living room

We also connect an Arduino Uno Rev3 board with the receivers output of

D1 which is working for heating system of whole house. This Arduino

board is preprogramed as we explained before. However, for this

particular project we have to change some codes. This circuit is made with

a micro controller which helps to reset by itself. Pin 2 of Arduino is

connected with ground and pin 13 is connected with the LED, which we

are using as heater (check the figure below). Though heater is a kind of a

home appliance what we use often but long time use of heater can make

lots of problems related to health and mind. That’s why; we use this

automatic reset micro controlling board Arduino Uno rev3. This Arduino

Uno Rev3 helps our circuit to control heating system automatically after

getting start.

Part 2: The other part of the house is the bed room area. This part

consists of a bed room and an attached toilet. For that part we use totally

different circuit board and a separate power supply. However, here we use

the same frequency's receiver and transmitter key fob. For that reason,

we easily can use the same fey fob we used for living room area. Though

we can use the same breadboard for that part too but though we are

trying to use a same frequency key fob so we don’t want to make it more

complicated.

39

Figure 13 Diagram for bedroom

Here, for the bed room area we use the same design as Living room.

Although for that part we do not use any Arduino board. This part is

consisting of a light for the bed room, a fan or cooling system for bed

room, a light for toilet and water heating system for toilet.

The transmitter of 315 Mega Harz can control the receiver contact with

them. For the cost and utility we use the same transmitter key fob here.

We connect everything same way as we have been done with Living room

area.

To save energy we try to use two different power supplies and though it’s

a student flat so we think may be, there is no necessity to use both the

parts together. Bed room and toilet's power supply is connected with a

switch that need to press to turn on the power supply for that part.

However the living room area's power supply is on during we are outside

and we can switch it off when we will using the other part. On that we can

turn on the heater and the light of living room before getting into the

house and after getting in we can control both the supplies according to

our choice. Sometimes, we may need to use both the power supply

together as example on party nights. On that situation we can turn the

bedroom and living room supplies altogether and we can control both of

the with a same key fob transmitter, which makes the part more

comfortable and effort less.

Overall, with less resources, facilities and expanses we try to maintain a

smart with all kind of automation facilities instead of the security system.

However, overall we can say the simulation and the testing was successful

and it can provide users a smart and intelligent home system with decent

sorts of facilities.

40

41

Chapter 5: Results and Discussions

A home automation system was designed, programmed and the model

version already has been built. Each and Every part of the system have

been assembled and tested. Now through this demo version has been

trying to simulate the operation of an actual home automation system for

a small one bedroom flat for student.

5.1 Simulate Results

After turning on the automatic power supply for the whole system, the

transmitter starts to deliver signals and then the receivers started to

receives the signals without any delay. 315 Mega Harz transmitter has

been used which consists of four keys or buttons which work for four

different parts of the whole process.

In that part, a briefly explanation of the overall outcome of the project has

been discussed. As it was discussed that, the project has been designed

for a small one bedroom flat and whole system has been divided into two

sections. One of those sections is the living area and the other one is the

bedroom area. First we will discuss about the living room area, which is

included with kitchen facilities and bedroom area is attached with a toilet

and shower facilities. Living room area is getting energy from an

automatic power supply and on the other hand bedroom area gets it from

a switch controlling power supply.

Living room area:

Automatic power supply turns on whenever any movement happens

around the entrance door of the building. After turning on the automatic

power supply which controls all the home appliances for the living room

and the kitchen area, it has been that the LED in Arduino board will turn

automatically on and it starts to latch or blink with minimum delay. It

42

happens because of the compilation of the program has been written for

that purpose.

As explained in Chapter 3, for the prospect of the project a same range of

receiver and transmitter has been used for the whole system. Through

this transmitter user can transfer signals for four different kinds of

appliances including the lighting system, temperature controlling system,

power sockets and cooking facilities.

Key 'A' for lighting system

Key 'B' for the whole temperature controlling system

Key 'C' works for the power sockets

Key 'D' will act to utilize the cooking facilities

For the use of living room facilities key 'A' has been used for turning on

the lighting system, key 'B' is working for turning on and off whole internal

home temperature or air controlling system (which also connected with

the Arduino board for latching the system properly), key 'C' is used for all

the power socket includes the socket for refrigerator, television, oven,

table lamp etc. and key 'D' helps to turn on the whole cooking systems

including the cooker, air distinguisher, water heater for kitchen facilities.

Besides it has been planned to use an alarming system for the whole

house security. By using the power socket system, user can accomplish

this facility by spending a little amount.

Bedroom area:

Bedroom area connects with the switch controlling power supply, so to run

the home appliances of bedroom area first user needs to turn on this

power supply. It can be done through the automatic power supply or by

sending signal manually by using the transmitter.

Considering the previous discussions, user will use same transmitter for

both the power supplies. However, the bedroom sector can get the energy

from the automatic power supply too, but it needs to come via the switch

controlling power supply. User can use both of this power supplies

43

together or he can use automatic power supply and turn off the switch

controlling power supply. Anyhow, automatic power supply will be always

on if the user is inside the house else he turn it off manually. Now, the

outcome of the bedroom circuit will be discussed here.

For that sector,

Key 'A' turns on and off the lighting system.

Key 'B' works for the temperature controlling system for that sector.

Key 'C' controls a separate lighting system for using the toilet and

shower facilities.

Key 'D' helps to use the water heating facilities only for the toilet

and shower area.

For using this area of the house, first user needs to turn on the power

supply connected with this area. Then, for turning on the lighting system

of bedroom, button or key 'A' of the transmitter need to press. Lighting

system for the bedroom will remain on until the user presses the button

'A' second time. For turning on the cooler facility or fan, user needs to

press key 'B' and it continue to cooling the environment of the room until

he turns it off by pressing it again. As mentioned before, key 'C' works for

the lighting system of the toilet and shower area and same way, user

needs to press key 'C' to turn it on and off. Last but not the least key 'D'

helps to use the water heating system to enhance the toilet and shower

facilities. If user wants to use hot water for toilet and shower purposes, he

just needs to press button 'D' and for cancelling the use same way press it

again. Security of bedroom area also confirmed through the same security

system oriented for living room area. All the windows are connected with

some sensors and all of those sensors are getting power from the

automatic power supply (power sockets).

Through this flow chart the whole system can be easily explained.

44

Figure 14 Flow chart of the system

45

5.2 Description

Through, the whole project controlled by three different power sectors and

one of them is for the transmitter which needs to be on all the time and

others are working for the receivers. So, first of all, user needs to make

sure both the power supplies are on and giving 4.5V to 7V and more than

20mA current. User always needs to keep the key fob transmitter with

him, that he can control anything from anywhere at home. It has been

discussed that the key fob has four key and it works from the distance of

40-75 feet.

The power supply for living and kitchen area is already on. When user

presses key 'A' of key fob, it can be seen the light of living room turns on

and it remain like that until he presses the key 'A' again. In the same way,

when the button or key 'B' has been pressed, the overall home

temperature controlling system turns on. For controlling the temperature

of home it has been trying to use a clock timer to turn on and off or reset

the air conditioning system. An Arduino Uno Rev3 reset board has been

used for controlling the latching facility. To accomplish this goal, the key

fob transmitter gives signal to the receiver, receiver will transfer it to the

Arduino and then the Arduino converts the outcome into latching. For that

reason, when user presses key 'B', whole flat's heating system turned on

for a time being and turn off for same duration (we did not make the reset

timer into a reasonable time because of the need of our experiment)and it

will turn on again after a same amount of time. As discussed, key 'C' is

connected with the power sockets for the whole flat, so when we pressed

key 'C' on the key fob it transfers energy for the sockets of whole flat.

Micro-wave oven, television, refrigerator and rice-cooker get power

through those power sockets. So, when the whole power sockets turned

on, all those appliances automatically get power and then user can easily

use those manually. Last but not the least; key 'D' works for turning on

the whole cooking system includes, cooker, water kettle, etc. Besides, all

of those appliances can be controlled in the same time or more than one

at a time or once at a time. As example, before entering user easily can

46

turn on the lighting system for living room and the heating system that

gives warm and comfortable environment before getting in. Overall this

system is the most important part of the project.

Figure 15 Circuit for living room

For discussing the practical use of the bedroom facilities like light, fan,

toilet light and toilet water heater, first user needs to turn the power

supply on relevant to that sector. After turning it on, user can easily

control all the home appliances related to bed room. To turn on the light

for the bed room user needs to press key 'A', for tuning on the fan, user

needs to use key 'B', for using toilet facilities, we need to press key 'C' and

key 'D' individually for toilet light and toilet water heater.

Figure 16 Circuit for bedroom

47

5.3 Discussions

After completing the simulation, assemble and viewing the results, it is

obvious to see that the simulation of the home automation system

achieves the desired goals. It shows the acting status of a smart home,

which covers the sectors of ease, comfort and flexibility.

This smart home controls by four separate systems.

Power supply system can distribute energy for all the home

appliances into two separate sectors with minimum efforts.

Lighting system can adjust to control during any situation, either in

day or night periods.

Temperature controlling system helps to control room temperature

most of the time according to user's need.

Alarming system also helps to provide enough security throughout

the whole day and night.

The cooperation of the all the four systems can be beneficial for any kind

of home or flat. There are lots of supporting factors for utilizing this

project in practical environment. Through this procedure, user easily can

control all the home appliances with limited efforts and limited expanses.

Some of those technical merits are explained below.

Wireless radio frequency system makes the home system more

comfortable and safe to use.

Do not need to give any extra physical efforts to turn on and off any

appliances like, lights, and heater etc.

Overall expanse is very much in control and it is cheaper than the

other smart home prospects as example, touch screen, mobile

control etc.

Through this process user also can save some energy than the

normal switch controlled home automation.

48

It makes possible to control electronic devices without using

ordinary switch board, which makes the room visibly more

attractive.

User can control most of the home appliances from 75 feet distance

during any time of day.

To control both the rooms separately we are using two distance two

different power supplies. However, we can control both of the rooms by

using one power supply. Then both the rooms appliances will work

together and the outcome will come in same time.

For using this method in real condition, user needs to consider some of

the factors.

Five control systems need to be designed more precisely and

clearly. All the details should be maintained carefully. As example,

instead of using battery power supplies, user can use a normal

power supplies.

Because of real home experiences, instead of using four or five

appliances, use should consider to use more appliances. However,

to accomplish this goal, receivers with more outputs should be

chosen to use.

Instead of using only PCB (Programmable Circuit Board) controller,

user can consider to use a combination of PLC (Programmable Logic

Circuit) controller.

Economically it can be more beneficial to use a single power supply

instead of two separate power supplies.

With the consideration of the above factors, a practical smart home can

be designed, simulated and used with real experiences.

49

Chapter 6: Critique

During the whole project we have achieved lots of obstacles. However, if

we compared with our original specification then we will find some areas

we struggled a lot to achieve, some areas we could not get success and

some areas we need to improve.

6.1 Unsuccessful goals

Security System:

During the design, it had been decided that to use an alarm system for

maintaining the home security. However, it increased the total cost of

the project, besides the time period is not enough to achieve this goal.

Single power Supply :

For the saving of energy, it was needed to use a single power supply

for whole project. Using one power supply could help us to save more

energy. However, this goal could not be achieved. Though, using the

same frequency receivers reduce the amount of cost. Besides, using

same transmitter for both the receivers also reduce some energy and

cost.

Controlling room temperature:

In the beginning, it was the plan to control the temperature of the

whole house instead of maintaining whole heating system. The

receivers have been used are not capable to accept that kind of

signals. Those receivers and transmitter only can control momentary,

toggle and latching signals.

50

6.2 Improvement needed

Using same breadboard:

We could use a big breadboard for the whole system, although we

prefer to use two separate breadboards for two separate parts.

However, we can use a big breadboard, where we can build both the

circuits.

Distance of the transmitter:

The transmitter we are using can only work from the distance of 25-30

meters. That means, we can only control living room appliances from

very little distance.

More than four Appliances:

A room in a small flat could have more than four appliances in a room.

However, we could not achieve this goal because of limitation of the

receivers. Those receivers cannot give more than four outcomes.

6.3 Struggling Points

control both the circuits separately:

For the project we need to control both the circuit separately but

because of the same transmitter, we need to control power supplies

separately. That needs more effort and more energy too.

testing circuit:

We struggled a bit during the testing of the circuits. Using the Arduino

Uno Rev3 and the Arduino IDE software was a little touch to

accomplish.

6.4 Methods of improvement:

Single power supply could be possible, if we can manage a different

receiver which provides more outcomes.

51

To control room temperature we need to use a regulator and a circuit

which would work for controlling the temperature.

To use single breadboard is very simple to accomplish. We just need to

buy a breadboard which is bigger that two different circuits could be

built in one.

By changing the transmitter we easily can control it from far distances.

Actually it depends on the frequency too. So changing of the

transmitter would be a solution for that.

To get more outcomes we just need to get some more output pins for

the receivers. For that, we can build those receivers on that way or we

can totally change the receivers. Same thing we need to do for

controlling both the circuit separately. We can change the frequency of

one of the receivers and use two separate transmitters or we can add

a new transmitter and change one of the receivers.

For reducing the energy, PCB system could be replaced by PLC

system. Through this way, energy could be saved in huge margin but

the cost of the project and the practical utilization would be tougher.

In the end, it could be said that, the project has some errors and some

unsuccessful sections. But overall, it is practically proved and almost there

where it was planned in the beginning.

52

Chapter 7: Costing

The Project is designed by based on a transmitter (Key fob), a receiver

and an Arduino Uno R3 board. These products we purchased from an

American company named, Adafruit Industries Ltd. The other materials we

bought from local shop, Maplin - Electronics Specialist.

315 MHz - Key fob 4-Button RF remote control was bought from

Adafruit Industries Ltd, an America based company.

Two 315 MHz - Toggle Type simple RF T4 receiver was bought from

Adafruit Industries Ltd.

Arduino Uno- R3 was bought from a China based company.

6 volt/100mA power supply battery holder was purchased from Maplin.

1.5 V 4 AA batteries were purchased from Maplin, Sheffield.

Solder less Two Breadboard was bought from Maplin, Sheffield.

LEDs, Wires, Cables and other tools has been utilized in the project

were bought from Maplin, Sheffield.

Table 3 Costing of devices

Electronic equipment Per cost Units Total cost

Key fob transmitter £5.80 1 £5.80

T4 Receiver £4.93 2 £9.86

Arduino Uno- R3 £19.58 1 £19.58

Battery Holder £4.29 1 £4.29

4 AA batteries pack £3 2 £6

Solder less breadboard £7.52 2 £15.04

Extra equipment £42 - £42

Total cost = £105 Inc. VAT

The total cost of project is about £105 Inc. VAT

53

Chapter 8: Summary and Future Works

The project designed, produced and tested a home automation system in

several parts.

Design System

Design with Arduino board

Program with code for Arduino

Assembling and testing the model for result.

This Project could be design in nature by using handy portable key fob

facility. The cost of the project is also not that high and it is also take less

time to consume. This Project can be useful for the people who want to

use unconventional way to use switches and that can help to reduce

exceeding use of energy and power, such as electricity.

So, overall it could be a beneficiary project for the practical, busy and

urban life.

However, this project can be upgraded by using GSM modem, which can

control home appliances by sending an SMS. Benefit of using this

technology is there will not be any range limitation compared to RF

technology.

54

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