under the patronage of the secretary-general of the ministry of water & irrigation
DESCRIPTION
Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation Regional Workshop on “Water Resources Management: Needs & Prospects” April 22 – 23, 2013 Amman, Jordan. Water Resources Management : Needs & Prospects April 22, Amman 0 Jordan. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Under the Patronage of the Secretary-Generalof the Ministry of Water & Irrigation
Regional Workshop on“Water Resources Management:
Needs & Prospects”
April 22 – 23, 2013Amman, Jordan
![Page 2: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Water Resources Management :
Needs & ProspectsApril 22, Amman 0 Jordan
![Page 3: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Munir RusanJordan University of
Science and TechnologyApril 22, 2013 –
Amman - Jordan
Sustainable Management of Treated Wastewater Irrigation
![Page 4: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Time
Supply
Qu
an
tity
Demand
* Scarcity of water* Scarcity of water* Rate of supply < Rate of demand* Rate of supply < Rate of demand* Needs for new water resources* Needs for new water resources
Major Challenge Facing Agriculture Sector
![Page 5: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Jordan is the fourth water poorest country in the World
Water scarcity is a regional & international problem
![Page 6: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Agriculture sector is the main consumer Strong competition for water Least priority for Agric. Agric. Need to use untraditional resources (TWW, BW, SW, GW) TWW= Raw WW treated to certain level to meet guidelines for further reuse
Users of Water Resources:
Treated Wastewater (Jordan/2011) ≈ 80 MCM Account for ≈ 15 % IW
Treated Wastewater (Jordan by 2020) ≈ 200 MCMWater Consumption 2009, %
64%
39%
5% 1%
Agriculture Domestic Industrial Tourism
![Page 7: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Benefits:
Conserves potable water
Safe & cheap disposal method
Pollution abatement
Economically attractive
Source of nutrients
Health & Env. Concerns
хSurface water utrophication
хGround water ontamination
хHeavy and toxic metals
хQuality of products
хPathogens & health hazards
хSoil salinization & nutrient imbalance in the soil
So TW
W ca
n't be m
anag
ed
as a
trad
ition
al IW
![Page 8: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
TWW is a source ofTWW is a source of1.1. Pollutants: In-organics and organicsPollutants: In-organics and organics2.2. PathogensPathogens3.3. SaltsSalts
4.4. WaterWater5.5. Beneficial organic compoundsBeneficial organic compounds
6.6. NutrientsNutrients1.1. Nutrients commonly imbalanced in TWWNutrients commonly imbalanced in TWW2.2. Nutrients can be in different forms (organic, inorganic, reduced, oxidized )Nutrients can be in different forms (organic, inorganic, reduced, oxidized )3.3. Excess of Zn, Cu, Fe will be harmful to plant before being harmful to Excess of Zn, Cu, Fe will be harmful to plant before being harmful to
animals and humansanimals and humans4.4. Excess of Cd and Ld, will show no toxic symptoms to plant, yet toxic to Excess of Cd and Ld, will show no toxic symptoms to plant, yet toxic to
animals and humansanimals and humans
So, there are benefits and concerns with WW reuse So, there are benefits and concerns with WW reuse
So TW
W sh
ould
be m
anag
ed
based
on n
utrien
ts co
ntent
![Page 9: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Questions to be asked:Questions to be asked: Are TWW nutrients balanced ?Are TWW nutrients balanced ?Does the ratio fits the plant removal ? Does the ratio fits the plant removal ? Does the total quantity applied replenishes the removal of nutrient ?Does the total quantity applied replenishes the removal of nutrient ?
![Page 10: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
250 150 175
Nutrients Uptake by Crops Compared
to Nutrients Applied with TWW
![Page 11: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
------Nutrient-----A: (Input = Output) sustainable system
balanced system
B: (Input > Output) soil fertility increase imbalanced system
C: (Input < Output) nutrient depletion nutrient mining” imbalanced system B + C Soil degradation
Different scenarios for nutrient balance with WW irrigation
So, with TWW , we can't control inputs and outputs, but this can be achieved only with
mineral fertilizer & using organic sources as supplements
![Page 12: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Can TWW be used as a fertilizer and irrigation water ?Can TWW be used as a fertilizer and irrigation water ?
![Page 13: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Corn
cb
a a
c c
ba
0123456
PW PWF WW1 WW2
T p
er h
a
Grain wt
Stover wt
Vetch shoot wt
c
b
a
b
01122334
PW PWF WW1 WW2
T p
er h
a
JUST ResearchRusan & Ayadi, 2004
![Page 14: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Plant Nutrients Uptake (kg/ha), Rusan & Ayadi, 2004
(PW=potable water; PWF=PW+fertilizer; WW1 and WW2 rates of wastewater application)
TRTs PW PWF WW1 WW2
Corn:
N: Stover
Grain
P: Stover
Grain
K: Stover
Grain
19.8 c
41.9 b
3.30 b
6.07 b
25.5 b
5.0 b
20.2 c
43.3 b
4.92 b
6.10 b
30.0 b
6.1 b
35.30 b
69.30 a
10.85 a
14.23 a
110.9 a
11.9 a
46.1 a
76.9 a
14.3 a
15.7 a
123.8 a
15.2 a
Nutrient Balance+250 kg N with WW- 123 kg N crop uptake 127 kg accumulation
+150 kg P2O5- 30 kg P2O5 120 kg accumulation
+175 kg K2O- 139 kg K2O 36 kg accumulation
![Page 15: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Crop Nutrient ImbalancesCrop Nutrient Imbalances
N P2O5 K 2ONitrogen Balance Corn/WW
N K 2OP2O5
Mismatch between WW nutrients and crop requirements
+P
+K
+K-N
=N
=P
Phosph. Balance Corn/WW
![Page 16: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
CdPb
![Page 17: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Treatments
PW PWF WW1 WW2
Fe: Stover
Grain
Mn: Stover
Grain
Zn: Stover
Grain
Cu: Stover
Grain
386 b
136 b
259.1 b
18.18 b
211.1 b
67.58 b
21.32 b
24.32 b
470 b
156 b
283.1 b
18.29 b
250.3 b
73.17 b
25.27 b
27.17 b
1009 a
245 a
422.2 a
32.82 a
329.4 a
99.70 a
31.11 a
38.32 a
1081 a
254 a
451.5 a
35.70 a
324.3 a
110.0 a
31.48 a
40.74 a
Micronutrient uptake (g ha-1) by corn, Rusan et al., 2004(PW=potable water; PWF=PW+fertilizer; WW1 and WW2 rates of wastewater application
What is the source of the micronutrients/HMs ?Is it the SOIL or WW ?
![Page 18: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
M = Mn, Fe, Cd, Pb etc
CHELATE WW
Possible WW Effect on Bioavailability
![Page 19: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
LSD.05=8.5*103
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time after incubation, hours
Total
colifo
rm, C
FU/g
x1
03
LSD.05=0.48*103
01234567
0 50 100
Time after incubation, hours
Fae
cal c
olifor
m, C
FU
/g
x103
a
b
c c
b a
b a a aab
0
1
2
3
4
5
PW WW1 WW2
Tot
al a
nd fae
cal c
olifor
m,
CFU
/g x
103
TC at 0-5cm TC at 5-15cmFC at 0-5cm FC at 5-15cm
Soil EC, dS/m
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
PW PWF WW1 WW2
Treatments
EC
00-30 cm
30-60 cm
Survival of microorganism in soil
Accumulation of microorganism in soil
Malkawi & Rusan, 2004
![Page 20: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
How TWW irrigation can be managed sustainably and to produce good quality feed ?
Answer : TWW-Best Management Practices (BMPs)
![Page 21: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Sustainable and Efficient System
SourceRate
Time
Place
Following the principles of the “4 R Nutrient Stewardship” that is to apply the right source, right rate, right time, and right place of nutrient application (which is the foundation of the BMPs and the assurance of the sustainability and efficiency of the system
![Page 22: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
WW is closely associated with WW is closely associated with goals/pillars of sustainabilitygoals/pillars of sustainability
Sustainable management of TWW reuse must support cropping systems that contribute to all three pillars, that is being economically feasible, socially acceptable and environmentally friendly this can be achieved by application the right S+R+T+P
WW Irrigation
![Page 23: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
CONCLUSIONS: TWW irrigation should be managed based on nutrient content
TWW can be used as a supplement source of nutrient
Adopting 4R Nutrient Stewardship enhances benefits of TWW and minimizes potential risks associated with TWW reuse
Sustainable management of TWW irrigation should leads to a sustainable system that is economically feasible, environmental sound and meets the needs of the society
![Page 24: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Thanks for Thanks for your attentionyour attention
![Page 25: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Right Source Right Source
WW composition greatly variesWW composition greatly varies
WW must be treatedWW must be treated
WW should contain no toxic substancesWW should contain no toxic substances
WW should supply nutrient available formsWW should supply nutrient available forms
WW should suit soil physical and chemical propertiesWW should suit soil physical and chemical properties
![Page 26: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
With WW, Target Yield need to be defined : Economically Max vs. Environmentally Max
X
X
X1 X2 X3 X4 Rate of growth factor
Critical Level
No response
Cro
p R
esp
onse
Toxicity
X
Econ. Max yieldEnv. Max yield
Right Rate To define the right rate, one needs to assess:Water requirement Plant nutrient demand WW nutrient content ratioIW requirement & Irrigation frequency Consider the EC of WW and LFAdjust rate by the crop coefficient (Kc) Define the Target yield
Biol. Max yield
High Response
![Page 27: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Right TimeRight Time Match timing of crop uptakeMatch timing of crop uptake Assess dynamics of soil nutrient supplyAssess dynamics of soil nutrient supply Consider nutrient mobility in the soil and plantConsider nutrient mobility in the soil and plant Consider possible accumulation of certain nutrients in products Consider possible accumulation of certain nutrients in products Frequency of WW irrigation Frequency of WW irrigation Consider Kc of each growing stage : Consider Kc of each growing stage :
Initial Dev
elop
men
t Midseason Late-season
Time of season (days)
Kc
ETC = KC ETo
Initial Dev
elop
men
t Midseason Late-season
Time of season (days)
Kc
![Page 28: Under the Patronage of the Secretary-General of the Ministry of Water & Irrigation](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062800/5681407f550346895dac04c8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Right Place Right Place Recognize root-soil dynamics.Recognize root-soil dynamics. Limit potential off-field transport of nutrientsLimit potential off-field transport of nutrients Method of irrigationMethod of irrigation Soil physical and chemical conditions:Soil physical and chemical conditions:
Texture, Structure, Soil Cracking CEC, Slope, distance from Urban .. etc Texture, Structure, Soil Cracking CEC, Slope, distance from Urban .. etc