Chapter 1

Introduction.

Waste is more readily recognized than described. One thing can become waste if it's no

longer useful for the owner or it is employed and fails to meet its purpose ((Freduah, 2004).

You will discover basically two types of waste material namely liquid and solid waste

material. But for the purpose of the study, the focus is on solid waste material. Waste

disposal became problematic while using rise of towns and cities where many more people

started to congregate in relatively small areas in search of livelihoods (Shafiul & Mansoor,

2003).While the population densities in city areas and per capita waste generation increased,

the available land for waste disposal decreased proportionately. Solid waste disposal and

management is both an urban and rural problem. Every person is a potential generator of

waste and thus a contribute to this problem. To generate waste is one thing, the type of

waste generated is another and yet also the way the generated waste is managed or disposed

of is quite a different issue. It has more often than not turned out that the rate at which solid

waste is generated is far higher than the capacity to responsibly manage this waste. Waste is

generated by, and from different sectors; domestic, commercial, industry and others and in

many instances; the waste management responsibility has been left to the government or

administrative authorities. There is growing consensus that the immediate stakeholders in

the issue of solid waste (the generators of waste), in this case the residents need to join

hands with the authorities in dealing with this problem that has far-reaching environmental

and human health effects. Solid waste management thus emerged as an essential, specialized

sector for keeping cities healthy and livable.

Solid waste management refers to source separation, storage, collection, transportation and final

disposal of waste in an environmentally sustainable manner. In the light with this, solid waste

management is an essential environmental health service, and a fundamental piece of basic

services. This is simply because, the health implications of poor waste management are often

very damaging to the people subjected to these unsanitary conditions. Diseases like cholera,

typhoid, dysentery and malaria are typical related to the practice involving poor waste

1

management. This could lead to the loss of human resources needed within the development of

the country ( Zerbock, O. 2003. Urban Solid Waste Management).

The collection, transfer and disposal of waste happen to be generally assumed by city governing

bodies in both developed and developing world. This constitutes a fundamental and expected

government function. The format varies for most areas where solid waste is collected either with

a government agency or private contractor. Despite the fact that developing countries do spend

about 20 to 40 per cent of urban revenues on waste management, they are unable to keep pace

with the scope of the problem (Zerbock, 2003). In reality, when the governments of different

countries were required because of the World Health Organization (WHO) to prioritize their

environmental health problems, the results revealed that solid waste was defined as the second

most important trouble after water quality (Zerbock, 2003).

Landfilling is among the most common ways connected with municipal solid waste (MSW)

removal in developing countries. MSW comprises different organic and inorganic fractions

including food, vegetables, paper, wooden, plastics, glass, metal along with other inert materials.

In locations, it is collected by the municipalities and transported in order to designate disposal

sites. This insanitary method adopted for disposal connected with waste cause serious health and

environmental problems. The inadequately maintained landfill sites are susceptible to

groundwater contamination because connected with leachate percolation (Mor et al.,in

press).The type of decision making leading to adequate reliable waste management (SWM)

needs a sound understanding from the composition and the processes that decide the generation

regarding waste (Acurio et al.,1997). Special attention needs to be paid to the waste material

generation sources since the actual characteristics and composition in the waste differ according

on their source (Tchobanoglous et al.,1996). Taking into consideration this, waste management

programs in line with the knowledge of the waste material composition and on the fitness of the

market for recyclables could well be more successful than your ambitious programs copied from

someplace else. For this reason, while proposing waste management strategies these must be

based on the reality of the generating source, thus, you will need to know both the characteristics

of the waste and the recyclables neighborhood market. Inspite of the very diverse benefits of the

suitable waste management process, the setting of the latest waste system is not an easy task.

Strange (2002)argues that to take care of the problems associated along with waste management,

2

different strategies such as plans and pro-grams, specialized standards and mandatory

regulations, financial strategies (taxes in addition to financial incentives) and engaging strategies

(information campaigns, open relationships and environmental management systems) need to be

implemented to minimize waste materials. Within 2004, the General Law pertaining to Waste

Prevention and Integrated Managing (SEMARNAT, 2003) took effect. Based on this new law,

waste generators are obliged to reduce waste generation and to valorize and manage waste in a

integrated manner. Among other factors, this law requires generators to execute a basic

characterization that allows the crooks to standardize their waste inventory and helps the crooks

to orient and promote waste valorization; waste reduction practices also to develop strategies for

the execution of integrated waste management programs. Waste management programs in higher

education institutions in industrialized countries began a lot more than 20 years ago and fluctuate

from voluntary and local attempts to institutionalized programs (Armijo et al.,2003). A number

of the higher education initiatives focused upon recycling and waste reduction happen to be very

successful. Recycling programs are the most popular environmental initiatives; in America 80%

of the universities and colleges have institutionalized waste applications (Allen, 1999).

Solid waste management is a fundamental element of urban and environmental management, like

the majority of other infrastructural services has come under great stress, contemplate low

priority areas, solid waste management was never absorbed seriously either by public or even by

concerned agency or authorities now the piled up waste can be threatening our heath,

environment and also well-being (Chouhan and Reddy 1996, Mazumdar 1994 & Yadav et al.

2009). Waste minimization is often a methodology used to achieve waste reduction, primarily

through reduction from source, but also including lets recycle and re-use of materials. The main

advantages of waste minimization are both ecological and financial and wide inside their

coverage. (Dhande et al. 2005). For you to implement proper waste management, various aspects

have to become considered such as: Supply reduction, Onsite storage, Collection & transfer,

Processing, in addition to Disposal (Rajput et al. 2009). Solid waste could possibly be defined as

generation of undesirable substances and that is left after they are used once. They cannot be

reused directly from the society for its welfare because some of them may be hazardous with

regard to human health. Covering of vegetables, fruits and cooked material facilitate proliferation

of group of microbial flora, which may be pathogens. (Shivashankara et al. 2005 & Macwan

2003). There are several categories of Solid Waste like food waste, rubbish, commercial waste,

3

institutional waste, block sweeping waste, industrial spend, construction and demolition spend,

and sanitation waste. Solid Waste contains recyclables (paper, plastic-type, glass, metals, etc. ),

poisonous substances (paints, pesticides, utilized batteries, medicines),compostable natural

matter (fruit and vegetable peels, food waste) and soiled waste (blood discolored cotton, sanitary

napkins, throw-away syringes) (Jha et al.,2003, Reddy & Galab, 1998, and Khan, 1994). The

quality of Solid Waste generated depends on many factors such as food habits, standard of

residing, degree of commercial things to do and seasons. Data on quantity variation and

generation are of help in planning for collection and disposal systems.

Quickly growing populations, rapid financial growth and rise with community living standards

get accelerated the generation price of municipal solid waste (MSW) causing its management

becoming a major worldwide challenge (Seo et ing., 2004). Specially in urban cities of

developing countries, MSW management (MSWM) can be a highly neglected area (Zhen-shan et

's., 2009; Batool and Ch, 2009; Chung and Carlos Lo, '08; ). The particular awareness that

improper handling of MSW causes contamination of water, soil and atmosphere and it is a major

impact onpublic healthhas caused developing nations to handle this issue with increasing

urgency (Batool and Ch, 2009; Sharholy et al.,2008). Particularly, the collection of MSW offers

been identified as a problem since in many locations municipal authorities are often unable or

unwilling to provide waste variety services to all residents into their jurisdiction. Typically, up to

50% regarding residents lack collection services in urban areas of low and midst income

countries (Parizeau et 's., 2006). There are limited opportunities for that development of a

sustainable SWM systems as government budgets are limited and even more than often,

collection will be overlooked; only the proper disposal of solid waste is perceived as representing

a cost (McBean et 's., 2005). In addition to being a technical problem, MSWM is also strongly

influenced by political, legitimate, socio-cultural, environmental, economic factors and available

resources. These factors have interrelationships that are usually complex in throw away

management systems (Abu Qdais, 2007; Kum et ing., 2005). Each one of these issues need to be

addressed to reach a sustainable MSWM answer. It is usually not the environmental law itself

that is the primary focus of the problem; some developing countries have an overabundance of

refined legislation than formulated countries. Rather, it is lacking enforcement and the

accessibility to viable alternatives (Fourie, 2006).

4

FDA inside Faisalabad city (being an industrial city) is in charge of water, drainage and

sanitation, while the FMC is answerable to SWM, itself considered as the Cinderella of urban

services. In reply to this situation, Faisalabad has been the focus of many multilateral, bilateral

and NGO elegant development projects, some of which may have included engagement with the

FMC in issues of SWM. The Entire world Bank, for example, has systematically pushed the

downsizing of municipal payrolls according of solid waste services. The issues from their

perspective are clearly illustrated with this excerpt from one of the strategy documents for

Pakistan (World Traditional bank, 1996). Solid waste in Faisalabad is generally composed of

plastic and plastic, metal, paper and cardboard, fabric waste, glass, food waste, animal waste,

leaves, straw and fodder, solid wood, stone and fines to different extent. Faisalabad got the status

of city district government prior to a 2005 local council elections, which holds the district

administration to blame for collection and disposal of strong waste.

Sustainable development of cities requires an important waste management strategy that takes

into account all the stages coming from the generation to one more disposal (Aranda Usón et 's.,

2013). When taking decisions about the design of infrastructures or perhaps the implementation

of management policies, experts worldwide possess recognized the importance of considering

the whole system in any holistic manner (Coffey and also Coad, 2010). Waste treatment is

usually pointed out as the key stage of Urban Squander (UW) management. Nevertheless, this

stage is directly linked with waste quantity and quality (composition). An inaccurate evaluation

of the amount of waste generated difficulties to optimize the design in the required

infrastructures and establishments. Under or over-estimation in the UW generation has therefore

significant consequences in words of additional costs and also environmental impacts (Beigl et

al.,2003).

The actual success of waste operations planning either for short-term (daily city management) or

long-term (design connected with processing facilities), lies within the knowledge of the problem

as well as in the accuracy and reliability of the used data (Chen as well as Chang, 2000; Navarro-

Esbrı´ et al.,2002; Zaman and Lehmann, 2013).Biscay areas are mainly grouped throughout

communities (unions of services) so that you can accomplish waste collection activities (Lozano

Valencia and Lozano Valencia, 2008). lmost all towns use separate series systems for main

recyclable supplies. Glass, light-weight packages, card stock and cardboard are compiled mainly

5

at drop-off points, and kerbside collection is used for mixed waste. Additionally, oil, textiles and

electric batteries, as well as cumbersome and miscellaneous wastes, are usually collected

separately by specific management services or from clean points.

Stable waste disposal poses a much better problem because it qualified prospects to land

pollution in case openly dumped, water air pollution if dumped in low lands and associated with

the if burnt. Pakistan is facing serious environment degradation and public-health possibility due

to uncollected disposal regarding waste on streets and other public areas, clogged drainage

program by indiscriminately dumped waste materials and by contamination regarding water

resources near out of control dumping sites..

Faisalabad occupants generate 1, 275 tonnes of solid waste every day but the administration

disposes associated with only 600 to 700 tonnes. The waste is left to litter box streets and roads

causing health insurance and environmental diseases. Also no separate system is place to collect

waste through slaughterhouses and hospitals. CDGF had no arrangements pertaining to

maintenance of refuse-lifting vehicles and 35 to 40 per cent of waste-collecting fleet is off of the

road. Those being used are outdate (Anonymous, 2006). Inadequate collection of solid waste and

unsatisfactory disposal for the landfill site posing environmental degradation and side effects

include the following: Faisalabad City's 3. 3 million residents daily generation of garbage is

concerning 1, 150 tons, but the lifting capacity from the department is about 900 tons on a daily

basis. This is because of the inadequate amount of waste lifting vehicles available on the

department. Most of the autos are old and outdated. There are no formal facilities to reduce how

big is waste through reuse or recycling where possible. There is no facility to weigh the waste;

The primary collection of waste from households and also the sweeping of roads is

unsatisfactory a result of the inadequate number of sanitary workers; The hazardous waste from

hospitals and industry is dumped untreated along with the municipal waste; Open dumping is

carried out at landfill site (Anonymous, 2009).

Swift upward changes in urbanization, population growth and lifestyles within developing

countries contribute to be able to increasing the per capita city and county waste generation.

Keeping pace with these developments require commensurate progress in schemes to protecting

environmental surroundings, to improving public health insurance and accomplishing effective

and successful municipal solid waste (MSW) managing. This should be a priority particularly for

6

cities within developing countries (Bartelings two and Sterner, 1999; Jin et al.,2006). According

to Bartelings in addition to Sterner (1999).

Improper management of solid waste practically in most cities of developing international

locations leads to problems that impair human and animal health and ultimately result in

monetary, environmental and biological loss (Sharholy et al.,2007; 2008) considering that

landfill disposal and waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration remains both the principal options for

taking care of municipal solid waste practically in most parts of the planet (Moy et al.,2008).

Leachate from municipalities’ landfills represents the potential health risk to both surrounding

ecosystems and also human populations (Salem et al.,2008)

waste in landfills generates methane which includes high global warming likely (Papageorgiou et

al.,2009). Effective management of municipal solid waste is essential and could provide

environmental benefits and sustainable progress, as well as lessen adverse impacts on

community health. To address both the earth's dwindling resources as well as the growing

mountains of waste materials, many countries have launched statutory waste minimization along

with recovery targets to ensure judicious use of these resources. The average person usually does

not make the link between your two and usually are generally more concerned with the effects

that waste has on the environment (Emery et al.,2007).

City Solid Waste (MSW) operations, the discipline associated with all the control of generation,

storage space, collection, transfer, processing in addition to disposal of solid solid waste

material, in a way which is governed by the finest principles of public wellness, economics,

engineering, aesthetics along with other environmental considerations (Daskalopoulos et

al.,1997). In spite from the improved development of research and technology, solid waste

management remains to be a serious environmental trouble for most communities across the

world (Su et al.,2008). City Solid Waste management is one of the most vital issues inside

contemporary urban environments; particularly in developing countries (Swati in addition to

Vikram, 2010) like Ghana and is one of the challenging issues in the particular cities, which are

continually facing a serious pollution problem a result of the generation of huge volumes of

unmanageable solid squander (Kumar et al.,2009).

7

Fast industrialization and population huge increase I has led on the migration of people by

villages to cities, which generate a large number of tons of MSW day-to-day. The MSW amount

is expected to increase significantly in the long run as the country strives to get an industrialized

nation status with the year 2020 (Sharma in addition to Shah, 2005; CPCB, 2004; Shekdar et al.,

1992). Poor collection in addition to inadequate transportation are dependable for the

accumulation of MSW at every nook and corner. The management of MSW will be through a

critical period, due to the unavailability of suitable facilities to treat and eliminate the larger

amount of MSW generated daily inside metropolitan cities. Unscientific discretion causes an

adverse affect all components of the surroundings and human health (Rathi, 2006; Sharholy et

al., 2005; Ray et al., 2005; Jha et al.,2003; Kansal, 2002; Kansal et al.,1998; Singh and Singh,

1998; Gupta et al.,1998).

The actual waste management companies (WMC) accounts for solid waste management inside

the cities of Pakistan. waste materials management companies is dealing with serious problems

in providing a reasonable service to the location dwellers with its limited resources plus a poor

management plan. A inadequate information base (regarding quantity, type and characteristics

involving wastes), poor operation along with maintenance of service facilities and first and

foremost lack of civic awareness for a section of people are adding up on the deteriorating

environmental situation

Current study will be conducted by keeping the following objectives in view

1. To find out the per capita production of solid waste in different areas of Faisalabad.

2. To separate the waste physically in different components in all sampling sites of Faisalabad

and to compare all the sites.

3. To determine composition of waste components in all the sampling sites of Faisalabad.

8

Chapter 2

Review of literature.

In the early 1990s the water and Sanitation Agency (WASA, 1993) acknowledged the sewerage

situation in Faisalabad ended up being far below acceptable specifications, having been designed

to have an area of 10 rectangular kilometres. Physically, Faisalabad had at the same time

experienced a fivefold expansion inside the geographical size of town, along with rapid populace

growth. This put the machine under tremendous pressure so that Faisalabad became a town in

sanitary crisis. A survey conducted through the Faisalabad Development Authority found that 50

per cent of households across town reported having had one or more member suffer from a new

water and sanitation related disease in the last year, with diarrhoea being one of the most

frequently contracted disease (FDA, 1994). This was during a period when the water supply was

deemed to get profoundly unsafe, with 80 percent of areas not conforming to WHO standards

(SEBCON 1991; 13). Research reported on a decade later suggested that issues had improved

only marginally knowning that ‘two-thirds of Faisalabad’s two million people live in areas with

little if any official provision for services’ (Alimuddin et al., 2001).

This statement reveals engagement only with more visible and public confront of SWM in

Faisalabad, displaying chronic oversight of much of the private and everyday world of waste

variety described below. The Faisalabad Location Upgrading Project (FAUP), that is started by

the British and later absorbed by Pakistan, paid more attention to a few of the informal dynamics

associated having waste management. However, it was primarily confined to responding to the

role of squander pickers in recycling. primary, for example, to the establishment of any flexi-

time school for the children of Changars, a group related to scavenging in Faisalabad. While

constituting a vital advance in recognizing this social relations underpinning SWM with

Pakistan, initially the project failed completely to name the informal dynamics regarding waste

collection, operating within and alongside the formal services furnished by the FMC (ODA,

1994).

9

Mbuligwe (2002) claimed institutional solid waste administration in three Tanzanian institu-

tions. It is noted there are indeed advantages in taking care of solid waste at institutionallevel

with the institutions’ unique characteristics of which also influence their waste management

needs. The paper outlines findings coming from a yearlong study on institutional solidwaste

administration at three institutions: University or college of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), University

or college College of Lands and Architectural Studies (UCLAS) and Water Resources Institute

(WRI).

Reviews and field investigations, which includes on-site waste measurements and questionnaire

surveys were performed at UDSM, UCLAS and WRI. The study provides revealed, among other

factors, that per capita waste materials generation rates, WGvary between staff and students

within each institution and also among the three corporations. The composition of the particular

waste was found for being predominantly organic in characteristics, suggesting a strong resource

recovery potential with regard to animal feed or creation of biogas through anaerobic digestion

of food. Additionally, the WGwas found to vary consistent with changes in institutional activities

like normal studies, examinations and holidays. The study has shown that resource recovery can

greatly enhance solid waste management at the case study institutions.

Fiorucci et al. (2003) reported a determination support system (DSS) developed to assist the

planner in decisions regarding the overall management of solid waste at the municipal scale is

described. The DSS allows to plan the optimal number of landfills and treatment plants, and to

determine the optimal quantities and the characteristics from the refuse that has to be sent to

treatment vegetation, to landfills and to help recycling. The application of the DSS is dependent

on the solution of the constrained non-linear optimization dilemma. Various classes of

constraints are introduced in the dilemma formulation, taking into account the regulations around

the minimum requirements for recycling where possible, incineration process requirements,

sanitary landfill preservation, and mass balance.

The purchase price function to be decreased includes recycling, transportation and maintenance

costs. The DSS have been tested on the municipality regarding Genova, Italy, and the final

results obtained are presented.

10

Beall (2007) surveyed urban service delivery in Faisalabad, Pakistan’s third largest city.

Focusing on changing behavior of residential waste removal and depending on ethnographic

work among small section Christian street sweepers, the ‘little sub-worlds’ involved in domestic

rubbish collection are discovered, showing how these articulate with larger ‘thought worlds’

regarding dirt and disorder. The symbolic meanings associated with dirt across public as well as

private spheres are reviewed alongside efforts by development practitioners and donors for you

to impose generic policy solutions relevant to privatised delivery. Drawing on Mary Douglas’s

insights about how exactly ritual pollution or danger-beliefs serve generally to help keep

socialcategories and hierarchies, the content nevertheless points to the actual historically

contingent specificities associated with caste-like relations in urban Pakistan and how these have

been constructed. It shows precisely how under increasing competition pertaining to scarce jobs,

entitlements connected with hereditary status-based occupations are again appealed to and

reconstructed by simply these vulnerable waste individuals, shaping in the course of action urban

service delivery as well as the relations that underpin the idea. The disjuncture born associated

with diverse logics about soil and disorder reveal a great institutional multiplicity and messy

social reality that sits uneasily with development as a possible ordering and unidirectional course

of action.

Hazra & Goel (2009) presented an understanding of current solid throw away management

(SWM) practices with Kolkata, India and suggests solutions to a lot of the major problems. More

than 2920 ton/d associated with solid waste are generated from the Kolkata Municipal

Corporation (KMC) area as well as the budget allocation for 2007–2008 was Rs. 1590 million

(US$40 million), that amounts to Rs. 265/cap-y (US$6. 7/cap-d) about SWM. This expenditure

is insufficient to supply adequate SWM services. Major deficiencies were within all elements of

SWM. Despite 70% of the SWM budget being designated for collection, collection efficiency

approximately 60–70% for the registered residents and below 20% for unregistered residents

(slum dwellers). The collection process is deficient in terms of manpower and vehicle

accessibility. Bin capacity provided is enough but locations were found for being inappropriate,

thus contributing on the inefficiency of the program. At this time, no treatment is provided on the

waste and waste is dumped on open terrain at Dhapa after selection. Lack of suitable facilities

(equipment and infrastructure) along with underestimates of waste technology rates, inadequate

11

management along with technical skills, improper bin collection, and route planning have the

effect of poor collection and vehicles of municipal solid wastes.

Piers (2011) conducted a thorough literature review of products and tools illuminating feasible

overlapped boundaries in spend management practices in Europe and encompassing the positives

and negatives of waste management procedures in each member state of the european union.

Whereas the Southern European union (EU) countries need in order to develop further measures

to put into practice more integrated solid spend management and reach EUROPEAN directives,

the Central EUROPEAN countries need models as well as tools with which to help rationalize

their technological choices and management strategies. Nevertheless, considering systems

analysis models and tools in a very synergistic way would certainly provide opportunities in

order to develop better solid waste managementstrategies ultimately causing conformity with

current criteria and foster future perspectives for both the waste management industry as well as

government agencies in European union.

Khajooria et al., (2011) described developing Parts of asia, the municipal corporations can't

handle the increasing level of municipal solid waste, which into the uncollected waste being

spread on roads and in other public areas ultimately causing tremendouspollution and destruction

connected with land and negative have an effect on human health. Generation of municipal solid

waste increases with all the rapid urbanization and accelerated economic development with

inside rapidly growing advanced design societies. The nature of municipal solid waste can be a

term usually applied to some heterogeneous collection group of waste stated in urban areas, the

nature of which varies from region to help region. The common problem experienced by all

developing Parts of asia, is the dis posal connected with municipal solid waste and availability of

land fill site area. Present study explains the actual correlation analysis of among different

factorsof municipal solid waste plus the objective is to measure the future municipal solid

squander stream in Asian building countries. The other goal with this study was to calculate the

long run land area that might be required for landfillsite discretion in Asian developing places.

Allesch in addition to Brunner (2014) assessed means of common tools to help decisions

regarding waste managing. The objective of this review article is to provide guidance for the

selection of appropriate evaluation methods. For this specific purpose, frequently used

assessment strategies are reviewed, categorised, in addition to summarised. In total, 151 studies

12

are considered in view of the goals, methodologies, systems perused, and results regarding

economic, environmental, and social issues. A goal shared by all studies could be the support of

stakeholders. Most studies derive from life cycle assessments, multi-criteria-decision-making,

cost-benefit examination, risk assessments, and benchmarking. Approximately 40% from the

reviewed articles are life cycle assessment-based; and greater than 50% apply scenario analysis

to distinguish the best waste managing options. Most studies focus on municipal solid waste in

addition to consider specific environmental loadings. Economic aspects are considered by

approximately 50% from the studies, and only a smaller number evaluate social facets. The

choice of system elements and boundaries varies significantly one of the studies; thus,

assessment email address particulars are sometimes contradictory. Based within the results of

this evaluate, we recommend the subsequent considerations when assessing squander

management systems: (i) a mass balance approach determined by a rigid input-output analysis

from the entire system, (ii) a goal-oriented evaluation from the results of the mass balance, which

takes into account the intended waste managing objectives; and (iii) a clear and reproducible

presentation from the methodology, data, and final results.

The particular solid waste management system isn't operated satisfactorily. In view on this,

source specific quantification along with characterization of municipal stable waste assumes

great significance which will enable accurate assessment involving waste load and it will be

easier for proper preparing of solid waste operations system. This would help out with achieving

the objectives of proper utilization of available resources and safeguard of environment and

community health. The present paper highlights benefit of source specific quantification along

with characterization of municipal stable waste ( Mbuligwe, S.E ,2002.)

The composition and the quantity of MSW generated from the cornerstone on which the

management system needs to be planned, designed as well as operated. In India, MSW may

differ greatly with regard to the composition and hazardous nature, in comparison with MSW in

the western countries (Gupta et al.,1998; Shannigrahi et al.,1997; Jalan and Sri-vastava, 1995).

Solid waste management chain requires intensive by using Environmental Sound Technology

(EST) due to the activities which could end up being as simple as pots for primary collection for

13

you to as complicated as incinerators regarding disposal of hazardous waste materials (UNEP,

2009). To Daskalopoulos et al.,(1997), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is

considered to be the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection,

transfer, processing and also disposal of MSW, within a way which is governed because of the

best principles of community health, economics, engineering, aesthetics and also other

environmental considerations. This description of MSW management is the ideal that most

metropolitan, municipal and district assemblies are struggling to realize. In most countries,

nearby governments are responsible regarding municipal solid waste management (UNEP,

2009). Solid waste materials management has become a serious environmental problem for most

communities all around the globe (Su et al.,2008). Improper waste handling, storage, collection

and disposal techniques pose environmental and public health conditions (Bartelings and Sterner,

1999).

Anthropogenic activities in society generate significant quantities of wastes posing the problem

for their discretion (Chandra and Devi, 2009). Almost all such human activities generate some

number of waste. Rapid increase in volume and types of solid and hazardous waste because of

continuous economic growth, urbanization as well as industrialization, is an up-and-coming issue

for national and local governments to guarantee effective and sustainable management of waste.

It was estimated that in 2006 just how much of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated globally

gotten to 2. 02 billion colors, representing a 7% 12-monthly increase since 2003 (Global Throw

away Management Market Report, 2007). It had been further estimated that involving 2007 and

2011, world-wide generation of municipal waste will rise to 37. 3%; equivalent to roughly 8%

increase each year. To Asase et al., (2009), the estimated regular municipal waste generation rate

in Kumasi is 0.6 kg per capita. According to Collivignarelli et al., (2004), waste production as

well as composition depend on several factors, such as your stage of development; socio-

economic, climatic and geographical conditions as well as collection frequency (Sharholy et al.,

2008). With its resultant exponential growth coupled with insufficient data for organizing, it does

not boost effective waste management in addition to, increasing population levels, swift

economic growth and surge in eight community dwelling standards accelerate the creation rate of

municipal strong waste in cities (Bartelings as well as Sterner, 1999). According for you to

UNEP (2005) the rate of waste generation usually increases in direct proportion compared to that

of a nation’s advance in development and failure to produce a management system could result

14

in greater environmental degradation with increase health risk on the urban population. To offer

effective management system, there is certainly the need for information on quantity variation

and generation to policy for collection and disposal methods (Sharholy et al.,2008).

Recently, the burdens that waste puts for the environment has been commonly publicized, To

address both the earth's dwindling resources plus the growing mountains of squander many

countries have unveiled statutory waste minimization along with recovery targets (Emery et

al.,2007). Minimization of municipal strong waste and diversion from landfill to derived

recyclables are necessary to manage waste sustainably and gain legislative compliance (Bench et

al.,2005). Public participation inside Local Authority schemes is key to increasing house

recycling levels; however, the simplest way to reduce waste is to manage it at source, by way of

waste minimization (Tonglet et al.,2004).

Any publication on solid waste materials management by UNEP (2005) indicates which the

informal recovery and reuse of materials from your waste stream occurs at several nine levels

inside Africa; moreover, scavengers furthermore recover materials for personal and commercial

purposes. On the other hand, the extent of business recycling of paper, metals, glass, and plastic

depends upon the presence of industrial or other end uses for these materials. UNEP (2005),

further observed the rate of reuse of materials is full of household with low-income, although in

high-income areas, recovery is carried out through domestic servants and/or wardens. Reusing

the materials directly, they rather sell bottles, plastics, cardboard, and paper to intermediaries or

perhaps commercial centres that purchase these materials. This will be confirmed by Chandra

and Devi (2009), that high income group people dispose of more plastic, metallic, cup waste and

hazardous waste than the low income group.

collecting municipal solid waste (MSW) is often a major and expensive process for local waste

managing authorities, thus efficient MSW collection is often a necessity (You-Ti et al.,2011).

Solid wastes might be segregated at source, with transfer stations and with disposal area for

subsequent use as secondary products. More emphasis needs, even so, to be eleven laid on

segregation and assortment of waste at door step- the cause of generation (Chandra as well as

Devi, 2009); as waste segregation with the household level is certainly not widely practiced and

throws away recycling is minimal.

15

Primarily, there are two strong waste collection systems door to door collection system which

occurs in the low density elements of the urban centres, and communal collection system inside

the high density areas (Agyepong, 2011). Collection can be a key link in the particular chain of

MSW management through the point of generation to ultimate disposal and in a initiative to

upgrade squander management service, sustainable, contextually appropriate collection ought to

be a major focus connected with attention. Where collection is performed by non-mechanical

means, the actual of material to be collected often exceeds the ability of the collection method

(UNEP, 2005); in additional words manual collection method is inefficient. In the majority of

cities, a fraction connected with MSW generated remains uncollected upon streets, and what is

actually collected is transported to be able to processing or disposal internet sites (Sharholy et

al.,2008).

waste material collections generally occur at dawn ahead of the commercial centers open and at

dusk immediately after these centres have closed of waking time. Waste collection from market

places and commercial centres usually are made in the nighttime while waste collection from

residential regions and of street sweepings is created at dawn (UNEP, 2005). The collection

service shall be rendered on the basis of cost recovery (EPA, 1999). Most of the waste could be

diverted with regard to material and resource healing, then a substantial cut of final volumes of

waste might be achieved and the recovered material and resources might be utilized. In most

cities, collection is provided with the municipality; what are much more, private operators also

provide service on a fee basis to homeowners and commercial establishments (UNEP, 2005).

Storage of MSW with the source of generation will be substantially lacking in the vast majority

of urban areas. Storage bins are routine for both decomposable and also non-decomposable waste

(no separating of waste is performed) and the waste is subsequently disposed in a communal

disposal centre (Sharholy et al., Furthermore, inside communities where house-to-house

collection just isn't appropriate, the Assembly shall designate communal storage space sites

where solid waste could be discharged into a preset or moveable container. The containers need

to be readily accessible to those dumping wastes, including youngsters.

The particular mass of waste stated in the world has been growing considerably for many

decades especially in well-off countries as shown from the link between national major domestic

product (GDP) as well as waste generation per capita (World Traditional bank, 1992; OECD,

16

2003). Though waste data on waste arising is often incomplete and in several cases unreliable,

recent estimates suggest that the municipal solid spend (MSW) alone generated internationally

exceeded 2 billion tones each year at the turn of the millennium.

It's worth mentioning that many waste materials (sewage sludge, professional waste) is

increasingly spread on agricul-tural land since soil amendments. These undoubtedly make a

num-ber of positive outcomes on soil quality, but also raise concern about potential short-term

(e. g. virus survival) and long-term outcomes (e. g. accumulation involving heavy metals).

Climate change will also be-come an essential incentive to using biosolids on agricultural terrain,

especially in regions in which longer periods of small rainfall and mean higher temperatures

need. In many parts on the world (e. g. European countries, USA) agricultural soils get large

volumes of soil amendments. Approximately 5. 5 mil dry tonnes of sewage sludge are used as

well as disposed of annually in the united states and approximately 60% from it is used for

terrain application (NRC, 2000a). Use of biosolids to soil probably will increase as a

consequence of the diversion of waste faraway from landfill sites, and caused by increasing cost

of artificial fertilizers (UNEP, 2002; Epstein, 2003).

Previous research has identified the particular stakeholders or people or perhaps organizations

that may have an interest in adequate waste administration. The stakeholders reported are

generally: national and local government (Shekdar, 2009); municipal regulators; city

corporations; non-governmental businesses (NGO’s); households (Sujauddin et al.,2008); private

contractors; Ministries of Health; Environment, Economy along with Finance (Geng et al.,2009)

and recycling firms (Tai et al.,2011).

Some scholars have identified factors influencing sun and rain of the waste management

systems. According to Sujauddin et al., (2008) the generation of waste is influenced by family

size, their education level and also the monthly income. Households attitudes related to

separation of waste are influenced by the active support and also investment of a property

company, community residential committees’ guidance for public participation (Zhuang et al,.

2008) and fee for collection service in line with the waste volume or fat(Scheinberg, 2011).

Gender, fellow influence, land size, location of household and membership of environmental

organization explain household waste utilization and also separation behavior (Ekere et

al.,2009). It is often reported that collection, transfer and transport practices are influenced by

17

improper bin collection methods, poor route planning, deficiency of information about collection

plan (Hazra and Goel, 2009), inadequate infrastructure (Moghadam et al.,2009), poor roads and

volume of vehicles for waste variety (Henry et al.,2006). Planning the informal sector and also

promoting microenterprises were pointed out by Sharholy et al., (2008) as effective methods for

extending affordable waste variety services. Deficiency of knowledge of treatment devices by

authorities is re-ported jointly factor affecting the treatment of waste (Chung and Lo, 2008).

Tadesse et al., (2008 )analyzed the factors of which influence house-hold waste removal

decision making. Results showed that this sup-ply of waste establishments significantly affects

waste removal choice. Inadequate supply associated with waste containers and extended distance

to these containers raise the probability of waste dropping in open areas and roadsides relative to

using communal containers. Insufficient money limiting the safe removal of waste in effectively

equipped and engineered landfills and lack of legislation are mentioned by Pokhrel and also

Viraraghavan (2005).

With regards to the pricing for disposal Scheinberg (2011), analyzing the data from ‘‘Solid

Waste Management from the World’s Cities’’ (Scheinberg et al.,2010), notes that there are

indications that high prices of recovery are associated with showing fees at the disposal web site.

High disposal pricing provides the effect of more healing of waste generated, that visits the value

chains or maybe beneficial reuse of waste. In relation to recycling Gonzalez-Torre and

AdensoDiaz (2005) described that social influences, charitable and regulatory factors are some

of the reasons why certain communities develop sturdy recycling habits. The authors also

showed that men and women who frequently go to the bins to recycle general refuse will

probably recycle some product in the home, and in most conditions, as the distance on the

recycling bins decreases, the volume of fractions that citizens separate and collect in the home

increases. Minghua et al., (2009)stated that in order to improve recycling rates, the authorities

should encourage markets intended for recycled materials and raising professionalism in

recycling companies. Other factors mentioned through other scholars are financial support for

recycling projects and infrastructures (Nissim et al.,2005), recycling companies inside country

(Henry et al.,2006), drop-off and acquire back centers (Matete in addition to Trois, 2008) and

organization from the informal sector (Sharholy et al.,2008).

18

Literature suggests that technical factors influencing the machine are related to not enough

technical skills among staff within municipalities and government authorities (Hazra and

Goel,2009), deficient infrastructure (Moghadam et al.,2009), poor roads along with vehicles

(Henry et al.,2006), insufficient technologies along with reliable data (Mrayyan along with

Hamdi, 2006). Matete as well as Trois (2008) and Asase et al.,(2009) respectively suggested that

the factors affecting environmentally friendly aspect of solid spend management in developing

countries are having less environmental control systems and evaluation in the real impacts. Ekere

et al., (2009) proposed that the involvement in the population in active environmental

organizations is essential to have better methods. Municipalities have never manage solid waste

because of financial factors. The huge expenditure was required to provide the service (Sharholy

et al.,2007), the absence connected with financial support, limited re-sources, the unwillingness

of the users to afford the service (Sujauddin et al.,2008) and lack of proper utilization of

economic instruments have hampered the actual delivery of proper waste materials management

services. Sharholy et al., (2008 ) indicated that the engagement of the private sector is usually a

factor that could improve the efficiency of the program. It truly is generally regarded that waste

management would be the sole duty and liability of local authorities, and that the public is

definitely not expected to contribute (Vidanaarachchi et al.,2006). The operational efficiency of

solid waste management is determined by the active participation of the municipal agency and

the citizens, there-fore, socio cultural aspects mentioned by many scholars include people

participating in decision making (Sharholy et al.,2008), community awareness in addition to

societal apathy for making contributions in solutions (Moghadam et al.,2009). Management

deficiencies in many cases are observed in the municipalities. Some researchers which may have

investigated the institutional factors that affect the system have come to the final outcome that

local waste management authorities have a lack of organizational capacities (leadership) in

addition to professional knowledge. Besides they concluded that this information available is

very scanty through the public domain (Chung in addition to Lo, 2008). The extremely limited

information is just not complete or is dispersed around various agencies anxious; therefore, it is

extremely difficult to get an insight into the actual complex problem of municipal solid waste

management (Seng et al.,2010). Waste workers are generally associated to low societal status

(Vidanaarachchi et al.,2006) situation that gives as a result low motivation among your solid

waste employees. People in politics give low priority to be able to solid waste compared to be

19

able to other municipal activities (Moghadam et al.,2009) with the final result of limited trained

and skilled personnel inside the municipalities (Sharholy et al.,2008). Positive factors mentioned

that enhance the system are support via municipal authorities (Zurbrügg et al.,2005) and strategic

options for waste management that permits monitoring and evaluating yearly the system (Asase

et al.,2009). Researchers have documented how a respectable legal framework contributes

positively to the development of the integrated waste management system (Asase et al.,2009)

while the deficiency of satisfactory policies (Mrayyan along with Hamdi, 2006) and fragile

regulations (Seng et al.,2010) are detrimental into it.

Mbuligwe (2002) noted that there are indeed advantages inside managing solid waste materials

at institutional level due to the institutions’ unique features that also affect their waste

supervision needs. The composition of the waste was found to become predominantly organic

inside nature, suggesting a sturdy resource recovery potential with regards to animal feed or

maybe production of biogas via anaerobic digestion. Furthermore, the WG had been found to

vary in keeping with changes in institutional activities like normal studies, tests and holidays.

The analysis has shown that will resource recovery may greatly enhance reliable waste

management at the case study organizations.

Jamasb as well as Nepal (2010) stated that growing stream of city solid waste (MSW) needs a

sustainable waste management method. At the same time, addressing climate change and

security of energy supply concerns requires increased utilization of low-carbon and domestic

options for energy. This paper assesses your economic and environmental tasks of waste

management options focusing on waste-to-energy (WTE) as the renewable resource. We discuss

how WTE as well as recycling are compatible as waste treatment plans. The cost effectiveness

enhances substantially with higher carbon prices. The findings show that WTE can be an

important part of equally waste management strategy as well as renewable energy policy

although achieving the total potential of WTE calls for development of heat distribution

networks.

Jin et al., (2006) reported which the rapid economic development in addition to population

growth in Macao have resulted in a large increase in refuse generated within the last few decade.

In 2003, the quality of solid waste generated attained 249, 255 tons, corresponding to at least

one. 52 kg/day per capita. This figure has become gradually increasing. Domestic solid waste

20

could be the primary source of sound waste generation. In one more decade, more than 80% in

the total waste in Macao seemed to be incinerated. However, the incineration capacity in the

Macao Incineration Plant is going to reach its saturation prior to when expected. Waste

minimization, the establishment associated with an effective waste collection in addition to

disposal fee system, and alternate ways coping with the limited capacity of waste treatment

facilities are regarded to be major challenges sometime soon.

Solid wastes are common wastes arising from human and animal activities which might be

normally solids, semi solids, liquids in containers and those are discarded as ineffective or

unwanted. The term encompasses the particular heterogeneous mass or throwaways on the urban

community plus the more homogenous accumulations involving agricultural, industrial and

mineral wastes. In an elegant setting, the accumulation of solid wastes is a direct consequence of

existence (Thochanoglous et al.,1972).

Solid waste management will be the discipline associated with control of generation, storage,

selection, transfer, transport and disposal of the solid wastes in a fashion that is in accordance

using the best principles of general public health, economics, engineering, preservation,

aesthetics and other environmental considerations which also is responsive to help public. It

includes many administrative, financial, legal, planning and engineering functions mixed up in

whole spectrum of answers to problems of solid wastes thrust upon the community by its

inhabitants. (Thochanoglous et al.,1972).

A classic roman sign warned the individuals, “Take your decline farther or you will be fined.

(Hagerty et al.,1973 ). During the Huguenot Wars the French seed garbage to build

embankments around their villages. Communication Channels Ice (1982). Disposal of

wastes by burial, the precursor of today’s sanitary landfill dates ‘back at least to biblical times.

(Hagerty et al.,1973). About 40 centuries ago composting of organic wastes had been practiced

in Cnossos, an ancient capital of Crete. (Hagerty et al.,1973).

Lack of any plan for the management of solid wastes led to epidemic of plague (the Dark-colored

Death), that killed half of the Europeans in fourteenth century and in addition caused many

subsequent epidemics. (Thochanoglous et al., 1972), In nineteenth century problems were so bad

21

in England make fish an urban sanitary act ended up being passed in 1888 barring the throwing

of solid wastes into ditches, waterways and water. (Thochanoglous et al.,1972).

Rivers and Harbours Act in the us was promulgated in 1899 to regulate the dumping of dust in

navigable waters as well as adjacent lands. (Thochanoglous et al.,1972). In nineteenth century

the furnaces were created to bum the refuse.. (Hagerty et al.,1973). Garbage reduction ended up

being introduced in 1880 as well as garbage grinding began within early 1920. (Hagerty et al.,

1973). The technique of controlled tipping (now called sanitary land filling) ended up being

introduced in 1940 in the us and a decade earlier in england. (Thochanoglous et al., 1972).

Bird et al., (2008) suggested policy behavior for safe urban and per-urban agriculture and every

day waste recycling in urban lowland areas of Africa, in particular, in lowland areas of the

capital of Cameroon, Yaoundé. We identify the informative variables of recycling every day

waste and their easy use in three selected lowland places. Data were collected among August and

September 2005 amongst 126 farmers. Results show which the factors contributing to the

adoption of recycled clean and decomposed kitchen waste materials are: vegetable production,

the distance between your home and its crop field and the application of livestock waste. The

factors contributing towards adoption of recycled livestock wastes are the age of the farmers, the

distance between house and its plants field, the educational amount of farmers and land size.

Alidra and Varghese (2003) reported that the solid waste management scenario in the recent

years has shifted towards a more sustainable approach. This paper brings in to focus the waste

management methods that can be adopted using Bangalore as case study, in order to achieve

economic viability and explores the sustainable options that conserves both natural and man-

made resources and averts ecological risks. Bangalore, the Garden City of India with a

population of 6 million is facing the daunting task of handling 3613 tones of municipal solid

waste per day. Integrated waste management system is proposed as an option, which includes

collection, transport and processing of wastes in an environmentally sound way.

Heimlich et al., (2005) reported that by data from the Oughout. S. Environmental Protection

Company (U. S. EPA, 2001), each person in America generated 4. 5 pounds of solid waste on a

daily basis in 2000. In Iowa, nearly a ton involving locally generated residential along with

commercial waste per citizen is land filled within a year. If industrial waste is roofed, almost 1.

22

8 numerous locally generated waste can be land filled per resident each year. Throughout the

country, solid waste management is often a major issue. A few states have mandated up to 50

percent reduction in waste gonna landfills. Some communities are generally establishing

mandatory recycling plans. Waste is no extended out-of-sight and out-of-mind. Waste is now

visible included in public policy.

Visvanathan and Glawe (2006) stated the South Asian region in its entirety is experiencing rapid

city growth. Increasing population, urbanization, industrialization and changing consumption

patterns are resulting in the generation of increasing variety of solid waste and diversification of

the sort of the solid waste made. Solid waste is by far the most visible environmental problem

among many in urban areas. Increased Solid waste age group creates more environmental

problems in this region, as many cities cannot manage it due for you to institutional, regulatory,

financial, technological, and public participation shortcomings. Common problems for City and

county Solid Waste (MSW) management in your neighborhood include institutional deficiencies,

inadequate legislation and resource demands. Long and short expression plans are inadequate

caused by capital and human source limitations. There is a ought to practice integrated solid

waste management approach like: Incorporation of more environmental and economic friendly

ideas of source separation; retrieval of waste; legitimization of the informal systems; partial

privatization and public participation. Although many governments have formulated policies for

environmental protection, we were looking at only implemented in this national capital cities.

Inside rural areas, open dumping is still considered the most popular method of solid squander

disposal.

It is interesting to note that solid waste is made up of solids and also liquids and gases which are

contained. Consequently, hazardous materials in the containers in solid waste stream can present

significant risks that would have to be managed to avoid pollution and harm to human health and

the environment. The model policy legislation and regulation inception report of July 1998

indicated that there was need to standardise the definition of SW along the lines of the definition

used in St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Dominica which allowed a distinction between

materials that truly required disposal and secondary resources. The model legislation was passed

in January 2002 (CDB project files 2006).

23

The refuse is taken up the transfer station where it can be sorted out and crammed onto trucks for

these recycling. Pakistan Environment Welfare in addition to Recycling Program (PEWARP) ,

has built a small production model manufacturing three organic merchandise from waste

purchased through itinerant buyers at Karachi’s large vegetable market. The vegetable waste is

crushed along with the liquid extract collected which brings about liquid concentrate sold being a

pesticide, dilute liquid distributed as fertilizer and strong residue. Shehri, a Karachi centered

NGO, also known as ’Citizens for a Better Environment’ is primarily related to the protection

and conservation of the natural and built natural environment. It has produced tips for improved

bin designs in addition to promotes awareness on strong waste management. There is strong have

to gradually involve private sector in the SWM in other little cities and towns through offering

incentives. Presently, legal rules dealing with solid spend management in Pakistan are inadequate

and outdated (PEPA, 1997). You will find Guidelines for Hospital Waste Management since

1998, giving detailed information and covering all issues with safe hospital waste (Ministry of

Health, 2002).

The rationale of effective public participation is clearly based on the fact that everyone generates

waste and may be affected directly and indirectly if waste isn't well managed. Solid waste (SW)

is usually hazardous to man and the environment if not properly managed. Apart from the threat

to poor air quality, inadequate SWM increases chance of morbidity (leptospirosis, dengue

nausea, gastroenteritis etc) (Pinnock 1998). Poor management of SW may also affect ground

water and marine ecosystems. Consequently everyone must be involved in SWM intended for

effective and efficient SWM system. On the other hand waste can be quite a resource which you

can use and provide employment opportunities which could contribute to poverty alleviation

should the populations are informed, educated and included in the SWM decision making

process. With the decline from the sugar and banana industries within the Caribbean, the.

countries are all the more dependent on tourism that's still very much mother nature based.

Consequently every effort has to be made to maintain public health insurance and environment

quality for residents and tourists. It isn't only important to involve individuals in SWM but also

groups and the private sector as full control and management by the government may not be the

most efficient method.

24

This waste is disposed off of within or outside city and county limits into low lying down areas

like ponds and many others, without any treatment other than recyclable separation by

scavenger. The land is usually hired/leased on long period basis for disposal. Furthermore, the

least mitigating measures have likewise never been reported coming from any municipality.

Treatment and disposal technologies including sanitary land filling, composting and incineration

are comparatively brand new in Pakistan. Crude open dumping is the most frequent practice

throughout Pakistan and damp sites are generally set to fire to lessen the volume of amassing

waste, hence adding to the air pollution caused by the uncovered dumped waste alone (Rehan et

al,. 1998). At present, there are no landfill regulations or standards that include a basis for

compliance and monitoring, but national guidelines for these standards are prepared by the

Specialist under National Environmental Steps Plan Support Program (NEAP SP).

Solid waste management is usually a non-excludable good the way it is difficult to be protected

from the general market forces. One way of controlling non-excludable goods or services is

either from the internalization of costs (by levying charges for using the services) or by using a

command and control policy or a variety of both. Government intervention is necessary for this.

The rationality of the government’s intervention can be judged if your costs of producing the

favorable or service decline as more of the good or service is produced so when production or

use of the good or service ends up with "externalities” such as environment pollution (Macatdey

and Surfaces, 1995).

Pattnaik and also Reddy (2010) reported that municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is

amongst the most vital issues from the contemporary urban environments in particular in

developing countries. Various tasks of MSW management in Pondicherry, a small erstwhile

French colony in Pondicherry Partnership Territory were assessed in order to improve the

management methods. Its per capita creation rate and quantity from the city showed gradually

escalating trend with passage of years. It was 265 tonnes /day (t/d) through 2003, which

increased for you to 370 ton /d in 2008, with a waste generation factor of 0. 59 kg/capita/day.

Awareness programs educating individuals regarding the problems along with significance of

MSW discretion were practiced through NGOs. However, it was found, that we now have some

shortcomings in the current MSW management practices, that need rectification.

25

So as to alter the physical variety, obtain reduction in size and recover the useable items,

techniques like milling, sorting, compaction; shredding composting and hydropulpery are

increasingly being employed. (Tariq and Hayat, 1981). Pilot scale studies have been recently

take up in a number of cities like Calcutta, Alexandria and Cairo beneath the technical guidance

and financial sponsorship in the World Bank. (Cointreau et al., 1982).

According to mode of operation you can find two collection systems particularly, hauled

container system and also stationery container system. It's estimated that 60 to 80% in the total

expenditure is borne on collection services. From the developing countries this expenditure is

greater than that of the sophisticated countries. Solid waste services would be the responsibility

of the municipality almost in all countries in the world. However for collection uses various

agencies employed are usually municipal staff private agencies or contractors and non-public

agencies engaged by property owners. (Hagerty et al.,1973)

Connection between 1968 National Survey executed in USA reveal in which 56% of domestic

spend is collected by public collectors, 32% by private businesses and 12% by individual

homeowners. (Hagerty et al.,1973). Recent trends in this advanced countries are aimed to

minimize the employment of labour, follow the mechanically loading techniques and employ this

compacting vehicles. All these efforts any time combined together maximize this metric

tons/hr/worker output along with the system becomes more inexpensive. It is observed that these

countries employ the guide loading of motorized carry equipment. In addition handy carts and

wheel barrows single bullocks carts utilized for collection of sound wastes (Yunus, 1980).

Solid waste is commonly collected from curb side collection points utilizing the wheel barrows.

These collection points are critically the open dumps. (Cointreau et al.,1982). Donkeys are

regularly accustomed to collect refuse in the hilly localities which are not served by smooth

roadways or walkways. (Cointreau et al.,1982). The projects staying sponsored by World Bank

in Egypt, Indonesia, India and Philippines are extensively while using pushcarts as a key mode

of house to accommodate collection within the small income neighbour hoods. The carts have

the portable bins which may be readily unloaded into the portable container of any truck or

tractor based at nearby transfer section.

26

History has repeated itself and due to rising fuel and operating costs and complex labour

management issues, significance with the transfer stations has just as before increased manifold.

Thochanoglous et al.,1972).

In the advanced countries variety of water and railroad transport systems are depending on

particular requirements as transfer facilities. Recently north america has adopted the reduced

pressure and vacuum conduct transport system to move the solid wastes. Japan industry has also

developed certain sorts of transfer stations which typically function mechanically.

(Thochanoglous et al.,1972).

The industrialized places have adopted the control techniques like mechanical quantity reduction,

chemical volume lowering, drying and developing. Similarly incineration, pyrolysis and

indigestion are employed as methods intended for conversion of products and energy recovery.

(Thochanoglous et al.,1972).

Common methods put to use in disposal are incineration; composting and sanitary land filling.

Open dumping is a typical and unhygienic method for disposal with the wastes in almost all of

the developing countries until right now. Sanitary land filling has proved to be the most

economically and acceptable way for disposal of solid waste materials. A number of creating

countries are endeavouring to consider the compost techniques. Pilot scale projects are actually

in progress in metropolitan areas like Alexandria, Calcutta and Cairo. In Cairo about 190 to 300

metric plenty of the wastes go to help Shoubra compost plant. (Flint away, 1976).

Kahhat et al.,(2008) stated that over 1. 36 million metric numerous e-wastes were discarded,

mainly in landfills, in your U. S. in 2005, and e-waste is projected to grow in the next few years.

This paper explores issues pertaining to planning future e-waste legislations and management

systems within the U. S. It begins by reviewing the present U. S. recycling systems within the U.

S. to establish benefit of developing public tendencies. Other countries and regions worldwide

have already legislated and implemented electronic get back and recycling systems. To establish

the context of existing experience, e-waste management systems in Europe, Japan, and South

Korea along with Taiwan are explored. If the firm prefers to refurbish or resell the computer

instead of recycling, the transfers deferred till true end-of-life processing. Finally the paper

27

examines the domestic and international consequences from the implementation of die suggested

design.

Zhang et ing. (2010) compared that the municipal solid waste operations (MSWM) in Singapore

and also Berlin was carried out to be able to identify its current status, and highlight the relevant

conditions of MSWM. An overview of the various facets of MSWM in these 2 cities is provided,

with increased exposure of comparing the legal, technical, and managerial aspects connected

with MSW. Collection systems and recycling practiced based on the involvement of the

government and the private sector are in addition presented. The amounts connected with waste

have declined considerably, and at the very same time the proportion that is certainly recovered

and recycled has increased. In contrast, although Singapore’s recycling charge has been

increasing over the past few years, rapid economic and population growth and also change in

consumption patterns with this city-state has caused waste generation to carry on to increase.

On the list of studies conducted by the actual Central Bureau of Statistics demonstrates

unmanaged waste disposal was considered the primary cause of environmental problems in

Kathmandu followed by unmanaged sewage (CBS 1996, within CBS 1998 ). Thus solid waste

management is a growing issue in the actual context of urban environmentally friendly

degradation of Kathmandu. The rate of growth of population from the Kathmandu Valley is

greater than 6%, which is the highest among the cities connected with Nepal. Due to the fast

increase in population and increase in the intake of packed goods, the amount as well as the

quantum of non- biodegradable waste is increasing after a while. Among the total waste

generated in Nepal, 80% is generated only from Kathmandu in support of 30% of the total urban

refuse has collected in containers and transferred to the landfill site (Thapa et al.,1999).

28

Chapter 3

Materials and methods.

3.1 Management plan:

According to (1998, census District population office) total population of selected 3 Ucs of

District Faisalabad is (111,323) and total solid waste collection in these 3 UCs of District

Faisalabad is 40058 kg per day. (Verbal Conversation, FWMC, District Fsd). According to

(office of FWMC) Solid wastes are collected from houses and streets manually after it with the

help of hand carts put in t0 the trolleys and throw into the dump site. There are dump site at

Makuana. It is done with the help of hydraulic trolleys. FWMC have trucks and tractor trolleys

which are used for disposal of above described solid ware management and disposable of solid

waste. Due to lack of transportation, approximately 40 % waste cannot be managed.

Solid waste analysis of three UCs of faisalabad showed that there are different types of solid

waste generated in these UCs .Different UCs have different numbers of institutions , offices,

hospitals, clinics, small industries etc. First we discuss about the existing waste management

situation in Faisalabad. This will make the picture clearer for the problem analysis and design

considerations for future proposals. The planning which is to be carried out for the purpose of

suggesting some revision to the system should be possible by analyzing the present waste

management situation in the case study area and evaluate the problems arise due to short

comings of the waste management system. Good municipal solid waste management practices

should require collection of critical information which is not just for keeping the records up to

date but used effectively for taking corrective measures as well as proper planning for the future

.The information of the existing situation should be available from different Sources.

The information about the working pattern is available from the interview with a FWMC

(Faisalabad Waste Management Company) employee, the municipal Solid waste is managed by

FWMC.

The selected 3 UCs consist of human population and there are numbers of institutions, hospitals,

banks and other offices so loaded trucks of waste should avoid in working timings. Because due

to this, there will be chances of health hazardous and other dieses.

29

There are general guidelines for municipal waste management which are set by the government

authorities. But also there are some modifications made as per the local requirements, resources

and area restrictions.

The waste collection vehicle should starts at 5.30 am for its waste collection trip. The waste

should collected manually by the labours. They collect waste from and around the bin in the

vessel and lift it manually and throw the garbage in the truck. The waste should collect in the

hand cart and brought to the truck which should waiting on the road and is transferred into the

truck. It should be the target to cover maximum number of bins from the allotted area. Those

bins which are left without collection of waste should covered in the second trip or on the next

day. As all categories of waste should put in same bin; the collection should also done without

any segregation.

3.2 Site selection.

It is the most important step of the research. In this way four UC of the Faisalabad will be

selected for the research purpose. For research purpose, site was selected on following

criteria.

1. Improper waste management.

2. The people of the study area were knowledgeable.

3. The site was access able.

4. The people of concerned area were supportive.

3.3 Sampling plan

The houses were selected of the union council(209,215,211) on basis of low, medium and

high income area and one commercial area(akber chowk market)

Waste collection bags were distributed in all union councils and also in commercial area.

capacity of each bag was 5 kg. Thirty houses were selected in each union council and ten

shops were selected for commercial area .Three bags were distributed in each house and

30

shop for.

3.4 sample collection.

Sample collected from each house and shop after three days. Waste collection was done

with collaboration of “Faisalabad waste management company”. Company provided worker

for the collection of waste sample. Workers collected waste sample from each house and put

the collected sample into the waste collection vehicle.

3.5 Transportation.

Collected waste sample were transfer to the transfer station through waste collection vehicle.

Transfer station near treat bakers at canal road Faisalabad were selected for separation of waste

contents. At transfer station company workers segregate the waste sample.

3.6 Weighing method.

Weighing balance was used for weighs the all collected waste sample. Every waste sample put

on the weighing balance and notes the reading. Weighing electric balance shows reading on the

screen. In this way all collected waste sample were weighs.

3.7 Manual segregation.

After transportation, next step segregated the collected waste sample. Separate the waste sample

into organic and inorganic contents.

31

Fig. 3.1. Manual segregation of solid waste.

32

Fig. 3.2.Manual segregation of solid waste.

33

3.8 Collection Point Survey.

Both designated and informal collection points will be identified in key residential and

commercial areas for baseline survey.

3.9 Dumpsite / Landfill site Survey

Primary surveys will also carried be out at dumping sites for a fair idea of the different types of

waste being generated in city and the composition of the waste. It will also allow comparison

between the waste compositions at collection and disposal sites.

3.10 Physical and chemical segregation and characterization of waste

Waste collected from three union council (uc.209,211 &215) and one commercial area(akber

chowk market) will be segregated physically and chemically and will be characterized (Al.

Khatib et al.,2010).The polythene bags of 5 Kg waste carrying capacity will be used for the

collection of daily generated waste. These bags will be brought to the laboratory and weighed for

the quantity. From the household collected solid waste 1 Kg of thoroughly mixed waste samples

will be selected for study. The components such as remains of vegetables and food waste, paper,

plastic, glass/ceramics, metal, fine earth and ash and miscellaneous will be segregated manually

by handpicking. The each component will be weighed by using weighing balance and the percent

weight of each portion of the waste will be calculated.

To study the physico-chemical characteristics of solid waste, the samples will be collected and

analyzed inlaboratory to study the characteristics viz. moisture content, pH, Organic matter and

Carbon etc. The methods will be used as described by APHA, 1998; Trivedy and Goel, 1986;

Maiti, 2004, Kaul and Gautam, 2002 and CPHERI, 1974).

.

34

Chapter 4

Results and Discussion.

According to “Faisalabad waste management company” (FWMC) solid waste collected from

houses, streets and also from commercial area. Workers collected the waste and put into the

waste vehicles.

Then waste was transported to the transfer station. At transfer station segregates the collected

waste in two components biodegradable and non-biodegradable.

Three union councils (209,215,211) and one commercial area (akber chowk market) were

selected for research study. Each union council was divided in three sections on the basis of low,

medium and high income area .Thirty houses were selected in each union council and ten houses

in each section and each section were thirty samples of waste. Akbar chowk market was selected

for study of commercial area. For commercial area ten shops were selected.

Biodegradable waste bags were provided by “Faisalabad waste management company” for the

collection of waste from the union councils and commercial area. Three biodegradable bags were

provided to each house and shop.

Three days after the distribution of bags, waste collected from all union councils and commercial

area. Waste vehicle and worker was provided by the FWMC. Workers collected the waste

samples from all union councils and commercial area and put into the waste collected vehicles.

After the collection, waste transport to the transfer station where segregates the collected waste

and weighs.

After the segregation and weighing, the results were made in form of table are given below.

35

Table 4.1 Composition of solid waste (by weight in Kg) in low income area of Union

Council 209

Sr.no Organic waste Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 2.47 0.06 0.15 0.326832

sample 2 2.02 0.11 0.06 0.801457

sample 3 2.71 0.14 0.02 0.12876

sample 4 2.28 0.12 0.04 0.558961

sample 5 2.77 0.05 0.01 0.168691

sample 6 1.79 0.33 0.18 0.705285

sample 7 2.14 0.20 0.11 0.547137

sample 8 2.35 0.21 0.21 0.24

sample 9 2.51 0.14 0.07 0.27

sample 10 2.68 0.04 0.04 0.25

sample 11 2.35 0.22 0.22 0.20

sample 12 2.80 0.02 0.05 0.12

sample 13 2.45 0.03 0.07 0.45

sample 14 2.12 0.41 0.22 0.25

sample 15 2.26 0.18 0.09 0.47

36

Sr.no Organic waste Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 16 2.42 0.03 0.19 0.36

sample 17 2.52 0.25 0.05 0.17

sample 18 2.44 0.05 0.15 0.37

sample 19 2.73 0.10 0.02 0.15

sample 20 2.76 0.12 0.04 0.08

sample 21 2.59 0.01 0.05 0.35

sample 22 2.69 0.06 0.05 0.20

sample 23 2.72 0.19 0.03 0.07

sample 24 2.73 0.07 0.04 0.15

sample 25 2.65 0.01 0.08 0.26

sample 26 2.53 0.12 0.09 0.26

sample 27 2.20 0.02 0.36 0.42

sample 28 2.68 0.05 0.10 0.17

sample 29 2.66 0.13 0.09 0.12

37

Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in low income area of Union Council 209

The below tabulated data taken from the low income area (UC 209).In section thirty samples were collected from ten houses..Each sample contains organic waste, paper/cardboard, plastic/polythene bags and undefined type of waste. It was observed that in all collected waste samples major portion was organic waste. According to the percentage, the sequence of waste in the collected sample is in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>plastic/polythene bag>paper/cardboard

But in some samples variation were occur in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>paper/cardboard>plastic/polythene bags.

38

Table 4.2 Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in low income area of Union Council

209

Sr. No. Organic waste Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 82.15 2.00 4.99 10.87

sample 2 67.53 3.68 2.01 26.79

sample 3 90.37 4.67 0.67 4.29

sample 4 76.03 4.00 1.33 18.64

sample 5 92.37 1.67 0.33 5.63

sample 6 59.56 10.98 5.99 23.47

sample 7 71.40 6.67 3.67 18.26

sample 8 78.07 6.98 6.98 7.97

sample 9 83.95 4.68 2.34 9.03

sample 10 89.04 1.33 1.33 8.31

sample 11 78.60 7.36 7.36 6.69

sample 12 93.65 0.67 1.67 4.01

sample 13 81.67 1.00 2.33 15.00

sample 14 70.67 13.67 7.33 8.33

sample 15 75.33 6.00 3.00 15.67

sample 16 80.67 1.00 6.33 12.00

sample 17 84.28 8.36 1.67 5.69

sample 18 81.06 1.66 4.98 12.29

sample 19 91.00 3.33 0.67 5.00

sample 20 92.00 4.00 1.33 2.67

sample 21 86.33 0.33 1.67 11.67

sample 22 89.67 2.00 1.67 6.67

sample 23 90.37 6.31 1.00 2.33

sample 24 91.30 2.34 1.34 5.02

sample 25 88.33 0.33 2.67 8.67

sample 26 84.33 4.00 3.00 8.67

sample 27 73.33 0.67 12.00 14.00

39

sample 28 89.33 1.67 3.33 5.67

sample 29 88.67 4.33 3.00 4.00

sample 30 79.73 2.66 5.65 11.96

40

0rganic paper plastic other0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

low income area(UC#209)

sample 1sample 2sample 3sample 4sample 5sample 6sample 7sample 8sample 9sample 10

Fig. 4.1.Composition of solidwaste (Kg) from lowincome area of Union council 209.

41

Table 4.3 Composition of solid waste (by weight in kg) in medium income area of Union

Council 209.

Sr.no Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 1.20 0.08 0.14 0.31

sample 2 1.47 0.08 0.05 0.58

sample 3 1.83 0.09 0.01 0.09

sample 4 1.47 0.07 0.03 0.36

sample 5 1.72 0.06 0.01 0.21

sample 6 1.13 0.23 0.11 0.45

sample 7 1.55 0.15 0.08 0.40

sample 8 1.46 0.13 0.13 0.15

sample 9 1.55 0.14 0.07 0.27

sample 10 1.68 0.04 0.04 0.25

sample 11 1.53 0.03 0.23 0.21

sample 12 1.77 0.06 0.05 0.12

sample 13 1.63 0.02 0.04 0.30

sample 14 1.41 0.27 0.15 0.17

sample 15 1.50 0.12 0.06 0.31

sample 16 1.61 0.02 0.13 0.24

sample 17 1.77 0.03 0.05 0.16

sample 18 1.62 0.04 0.10 0.25

sample 19 1.78 0.07 0.02 0.14

sample 20 1.86 0.04 0.03 0.07

sample 21 1.61 0.01 0.05 0.33

sample 22 1.72 0.05 0.04 0.19

sample 23 1.71 0.19 0.03 0.07

sample 24 1.77 0.06 0.04 0.13

sample 25 1.76 0.01 0.05 0.17

sample 26 1.68 0.08 0.06 0.18

sample 27 1.47 0.02 0.24 0.28

sample 28 1.79 0.03 0.07 0.12

42

sample 29 1.77 0.09 0.06 0.08

sample 30 1.60 0.05 0.11 0.24

43

Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in medium income area of Union Council 209 .

The below tabulated data taken from the medum income area (UC 209).In section thirty samples were collected from ten houses..Each sample contains organic waste, paper/cardboard, plastic/polythene bags and undefined type of waste. It was observed that in all collected waste samples major portion was organic waste. According to the percentage, the sequence of waste in the collected sample is in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>plastic/polythene bag>paper/cardboard

But in some samples variation were occur in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>paper/cardboard>plastic/polythene bags.

,

44

Table 4.4 Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in medium income area of Union

Council 209 .

Sr.no Organic waste Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 69.36 4.62 8.09 17.92

sample 2 67.43 3.67 2.29 26.61

sample 3 90.59 4.46 0.50 4.46

sample 4 76.17 3.63 1.55 18.65

sample 5 86.00 3.00 0.50 10.50

sample 6 58.85 11.98 5.73 23.44

sample 7 71.10 6.88 3.67 18.35

sample 8 78.07 6.95 6.95 8.02

sample 9 76.35 6.90 3.45 13.30

sample 10 83.58 1.99 1.99 12.44

sample 11 76.50 1.50 11.50 10.50

sample 12 88.50 3.00 2.50 6.00

sample 13 81.91 1.01 2.01 15.08

sample 14 70.50 13.50 7.50 8.50

sample 15 75.38 6.03 3.02 15.58

sample 16 80.50 1.00 6.50 12.00

sample 17 88.06 1.49 2.49 7.96

sample 18 80.60 1.99 4.98 12.44

sample 19 88.56 3.48 1.00 6.97

sample 20 93.00 2.00 1.50 3.50

sample 21 80.50 0.50 2.50 16.50

sample 22 86.00 2.50 2.00 9.50

sample 23 85.50 9.50 1.50 3.50

sample 24 88.50 3.00 2.00 6.50

sample 25 88.44 0.50 2.51 8.54

sample 26 84.00 4.00 3.00 9.00

sample 27 73.13 1.00 11.94 13.93

sample 28 89.05 1.49 3.48 5.97

45

sample 29 88.50 4.50 3.00 4.00

sample 30 80.00 2.50 5.50 12.00

46

0rganic paper plastic other0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

medium income area(UC#209)

sample 1sample 2sample 3sample 4sample 5sample 6sample 7sample 8sample 9sample 10

Fig4.2 Composition of solid waste (kg) of medium income area of UC(209)

47

Table 4.5 Composition of solid waste (by weight in kg) in high income area of Union

Council 209

Sr.no Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 2.09 0.13 0.24 0.54

sample 2 2.02 0.11 0.06 0.80

sample 3 2.71 0.14 0.02 0.13

sample 4 2.30 0.10 0.04 0.56

sample 5 2.57 0.10 0.01 0.32

sample 6 1.77 0.35 0.18 0.70

sample 7 2.14 0.20 0.11 0.55

sample 8 2.35 0.21 0.21 0.24

sample 9 2.28 0.21 0.11 0.40

sample 10 2.52 0.05 0.05 0.37

sample 11 2.30 0.04 0.34 0.31

sample 12 2.65 0.08 0.08 0.18

sample 13 2.45 0.03 0.07 0.45

sample 14 2.12 0.41 0.22 0.25

sample 15 2.26 0.18 0.09 0.47

sample 16 2.42 0.03 0.19 0.36

sample 17 2.65 0.05 0.07 0.23

sample 18 2.43 0.05 0.15 0.37

sample 19 2.67 0.10 0.02 0.21

sample 20 2.79 0.07 0.04 0.10

sample 21 2.42 0.01 0.08 0.49

sample 22 2.58 0.08 0.06 0.28

sample 23 2.56 0.29 0.04 0.11

sample 24 2.66 0.10 0.05 0.19

sample 25 2.65 0.01 0.08 0.26

sample 26 2.53 0.12 0.09 0.26

sample 27 2.20 0.02 0.36 0.42

sample 28 2.68 0.05 0.10 0.17

48

sample 29 2.66 0.13 0.09 0.12

sample 30 2.40 0.08 0.17 0.36

49

Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in high income area of Union Council 209

The below tabulated data taken from the high income area (UC 209).In section thirty samples were collected from ten houses..Each sample contains organic waste, paper/cardboard, plastic/polythene bags and undefined type of waste. It was observed that in all collected waste samples major portion was organic waste. According to the percentage, the sequence of waste in the collected sample is in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>plastic/polythene bag>paper/cardboard

But in some samples variation were occur in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>paper/cardboard>plastic/polythene bags.

In all section of UC 209 variation occur in plastic and paper type of waste.

50

Table 4.6 Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in high income area of Union Council

209

Sr.no Organic waste Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 69.67 4.33 8.00 18.00

sample 2 67.56 3.68 2.01 26.76

sample 3 90.33 4.67 0.67 4.33

sample 4 76.67 3.33 1.33 18.67

sample 5 85.67 3.33 0.33 10.67

sample 6 59.00 11.67 6.00 23.33

sample 7 71.33 6.67 3.67 18.33

sample 8 78.07 6.98 6.98 7.97

sample 9 76.00 7.00 3.67 13.33

sample 10 84.28 1.67 1.67 12.37

sample 11 76.92 1.34 11.37 10.37

sample 12 88.63 2.68 2.68 6.02

sample 13 81.67 1.00 2.33 15.00

sample 14 70.67 13.67 7.33 8.33

sample 15 75.33 6.00 3.00 15.67

sample 16 80.67 1.00 6.33 12.00

sample 17 88.33 1.67 2.33 7.67

sample 18 81.00 1.67 5.00 12.33

sample 19 89.00 3.33 0.67 7.00

sample 20 93.00 2.33 1.33 3.33

sample 21 80.67 0.33 2.67 16.33

sample 22 86.00 2.67 2.00 9.33

sample 23 85.33 9.67 1.33 3.67

sample 24 88.67 3.33 1.67 6.33

sample 25 88.33 0.33 2.67 8.67

sample 26 84.33 4.00 3.00 8.67

sample 27 73.33 0.67 12.00 14.00

51

sample 28 89.33 1.67 3.33 5.67

sample 29 88.67 4.33 3.00 4.00

sample 30 79.73 2.66 5.65 11.96

52

0rganic paper plastic other0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

high income area (UC#209)

sample 1sample 2sample 3sample 4sample 5sample 6sample 7sample 8sample 9sample 10

Fig 4.3 composition of solid waste(kg) of high income area uc (209)

53

Table 4.7 Composition of solid waste (by weight in kg ) in low income area of Union

Council 215.

Sr.no Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 1.68 0.05 0.08 0.19

sample 2 1.14 0.11 0.48 0.27

sample 3 1.42 0.14 0.38 0.06

sample 4 1.44 0.01 0.09 0.47

sample 5 1.37 0.07 0.29 0.27

sample 6 1.61 0.08 0.20 0.11

sample 7 1.56 0.08 0.17 0.19

sample 8 1.31 0.08 0.36 0.24

sample 9 1.17 0.45 0.16 0.22

sample 10 1.48 0.17 0.24 0.11

sample 11 1.29 0.31 0.07 0.33

sample 12 1.35 0.35 0.20 0.10

sample 13 1.36 0.33 0.19 0.12

sample 14 1.11 0.20 0.35 0.34

sample 15 1.32 0.14 0.16 0.38

sample 16 1.34 0.42 0.09 0.15

sample 17 1.12 0.28 0.44 0.16

sample 18 1.16 0.30 0.26 0.28

sample 19 1.04 0.21 0.37 0.38

sample 20 1.38 0.10 0.18 0.35

sample 21 1.08 0.39 0.09 0.44

sample 22 1.25 0.23 0.07 0.45

sample 23 1.40 0.19 0.40 0.01

sample 24 1.29 0.20 0.46 0.04

54

sample 25 1.24 0.31 0.42 0.03

sample 26 1.81 0.15 0.01 0.03

sample 27 1.47 0.45 0.06 0.03

sample 28 1.51 0.39 0.06 0.03

sample 29 1.32 0.27 0.04 0.37

sample 30 1.43 0.47 0.02 0.07

55

Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in low income area of Union Council 215

The below tabulated data taken from the low income area (UC 215).In section thirty samples were collected from ten houses..Each sample contains organic waste, paper/cardboard, plastic/polythene bags and undefined type of waste. It was observed that in all collected waste samples major portion was organic waste. According to the percentage, the sequence of waste in the collected sample is in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>plastic/polythene bag>paper/cardboard

But in some samples variation were occur in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>paper/cardboard>plastic/polythene bags.

But in some samples variation were occur in following pattern.

Organic waste> paper/cardboard> undefined waste>plastic/polythene bags.

56

Table 4.8 Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in low income area of Union Council

215

Sr.no Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 84.19 2.41 3.78 9.62

sample 2 56.79 5.68 24.20 13.33

sample 3 70.82 7.08 18.98 3.12

sample 4 71.94 0.36 4.32 23.38

sample 5 68.40 3.58 14.66 13.36

sample 6 80.38 3.80 10.13 5.70

sample 7 78.07 3.80 8.48 9.65

sample 8 65.56 4.13 18.18 12.12

sample 9 58.41 22.50 7.95 11.14

sample 10 73.98 8.67 11.99 5.36

sample 11 64.35 15.51 3.47 16.67

sample 12 67.49 17.61 9.93 4.97

sample 13 67.80 16.72 9.60 5.88

sample 14 55.28 10.09 17.66 16.97

sample 15 66.04 6.85 8.10 19.00

sample 16 66.91 21.01 4.59 7.49

sample 17 56.15 14.25 21.79 7.82

sample 18 58.22 15.07 12.79 13.93

sample 19 51.87 10.75 18.46 18.93

sample 20 68.75 4.89 8.97 17.39

sample 21 53.83 19.64 4.34 22.19

sample 22 62.69 11.42 3.30 22.59

sample 23 69.97 9.62 20.12 0.29

sample 24 64.59 10.05 23.21 2.15

sample 25 61.84 15.46 21.01 1.69

sample 26 90.28 7.69 0.40 1.62

sample 27 73.37 22.28 2.99 1.36

sample 28 75.47 19.73 3.20 1.60

57

sample 29 66.18 13.29 2.17 18.36

sample 30 71.69 23.38 1.23 3.69

58

organic waste paper/cardboard plastic/polythene bag

other/undefined0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

low income area(UC#215)

sample 1sample 2sample 3sample 4sample 5sample 6sample 7sample 8sample 9sample 10

Fig 4.4 composition of solid waste (kg) of low income area of uc(215)

59

Table 4.9 Composition of solid waste (by weight in kg ) in medium income area of Union

Council 215

Sr.no Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 3.39 0.03 0.16 1.42

sample 2 3.30 0.27 1.25 0.17

sample 3 3.28 0.74 0.13 0.85

sample 4 3.70 0.33 0.33 0.64

sample 5 3.85 0.15 0.83 0.17

sample 6 4.07 0.36 0.34 0.22

sample 7 3.03 0.37 0.88 0.73

sample 8 3.18 1.02 0.16 0.63

sample 9 3.18 0.83 0.49 0.49

sample 10 3.42 0.51 0.13 0.93

sample 11 4.02 0.15 0.71 0.12

sample 12 3.08 0.76 1.10 0.06

sample 13 2.37 0.87 0.97 0.79

sample 14 2.95 0.41 0.74 0.89

sample 15 2.53 0.56 1.11 0.80

sample 16 3.30 0.16 0.72 0.81

sample 17 2.78 0.83 0.70 0.69

sample 18 2.57 1.07 0.55 0.82

sample 19 3.03 0.88 0.22 0.87

sample 20 3.67 0.86 0.15 0.32

sample 21 3.78 1.02 0.10 0.10

sample 22 3.38 0.26 0.29 1.07

sample 23 2.97 0.62 0.22 1.19

sample 24 2.60 1.23 0.97 0.21

sample 25 3.02 0.25 0.64 1.09

sample 26 3.19 0.72 1.07 0.02

sample 27 2.77 0.99 1.08 0.16

sample 28 2.99 0.28 0.83 0.90

60

sample 29 3.86 0.05 0.71 0.38

sample 30 3.00 0.49 0.75 0.75

61

Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in medium income area of Union Council 215

The above tabulated data taken from the medium income area (UC 215).In section thirty samples

were collected from ten houses..Each sample contains organic waste, paper/cardboard,

plastic/polythene bags and undefined type of waste. It was observed that in all collected waste

samples major portion was organic waste. According to the percentage, the sequence of waste in

the collected sample is in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>plastic/polythene bag>paper/cardboard

But in some samples variation were occur in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>paper/cardboard>plastic/polythene bags.

62

Table 4.10 Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in midum income area of Union

Council 215

Sr.no Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 67.74 0.65 3.23 28.39

sample 2 66.10 5.41 25.07 3.42

sample 3 65.64 14.76 2.64 16.96

sample 4 73.91 6.67 6.67 12.75

sample 5 76.92 2.98 16.63 3.47

sample 6 81.38 7.29 6.88 4.45

sample 7 60.50 7.31 17.58 14.61

sample 8 63.62 20.42 3.29 12.68

sample 9 63.69 16.62 9.85 9.85

sample 10 68.50 10.26 2.63 18.62

sample 11 80.38 2.96 14.25 2.42

sample 12 61.67 15.27 21.90 1.15

sample 13 47.32 17.41 19.42 15.85

sample 14 59.07 8.24 14.84 17.86

sample 15 50.63 11.14 22.28 15.95

sample 16 66.01 3.29 14.47 16.23

sample 17 55.64 16.54 14.04 13.78

sample 18 51.34 21.41 10.95 16.30

sample 19 60.56 17.63 4.41 17.40

sample 20 73.40 17.17 3.03 6.40

sample 21 75.68 20.49 1.91 1.91

sample 22 67.64 5.18 5.83 21.36

sample 23 59.41 12.35 4.41 23.82

sample 24 51.98 24.50 19.31 4.21

sample 25 60.35 4.96 12.83 21.87

sample 26 63.80 14.35 21.41 0.44

63

sample 27 55.43 19.78 21.52 3.26

sample 28 59.75 5.54 16.63 18.07

sample 29 77.26 0.93 14.15 7.66

sample 30 60.06 9.76 15.09 15.09

64

organic paper plastic other/defined0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

Medium income area(UC 215)

sample 1sample 2sample 3sample 4sample 5sample 6sample 7sample 8sample 9sample 10

Fig 4.5 composition of solid waste (kg) of medium income area of uc(215)

65

Table 4.11 Composition of solid waste (by weight in kg ) in high income area of Union

Council 215.

Sr.no Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 1.53 0.05 0.23 0.19

sample 2 1.78 0.12 0.05 0.06

sample 3 1.65 0.07 0.24 0.04

sample 4 1.85 0.00 0.06 0.09

sample 5 1.61 0.07 0.17 0.15

sample 6 1.80 0.12 0.04 0.04

sample 7 1.66 0.09 0.14 0.10

sample 8 1.84 0.05 0.06 0.06

sample 9 1.47 0.30 0.12 0.11

sample 10 1.83 0.05 0.06 0.06

sample 11 1.62 0.25 0.07 0.05

sample 12 1.46 0.33 0.08 0.13

sample 13 1.54 0.18 0.07 0.21

sample 14 1.54 0.15 0.13 0.18

sample 15 1.84 0.06 0.05 0.06

sample 16 1.68 0.14 0.13 0.05

sample 17 1.64 0.12 0.21 0.03

sample 18 1.54 0.27 0.09 0.09

sample 19 1.43 0.22 0.19 0.16

sample 20 1.61 0.12 0.12 0.14

sample 21 1.56 0.35 0.05 0.05

sample 22 1.55 0.14 0.25 0.06

sample 23 1.81 0.05 0.14 0.00

sample 24 1.81 0.05 0.09 0.04

sample 25 1.74 0.17 0.05 0.04

sample 26 1.51 0.20 0.09 0.20

sample 27 1.69 0.05 0.10 0.16

sample 28 1.52 0.24 0.09 0.15

66

sample 29 1.53 0.06 0.16 0.25

sample 30 1.79 0.04 0.02 0.15

67

Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in high income area of Union Council 215.

The above tabulated data taken from the high income area (UC 215).In section thirty samples

were collected from ten houses..Each sample contains organic waste, paper/cardboard,

plastic/polythene bags and undefined type of waste. It was observed that in all collected waste

samples major portion was organic waste. According to the percentage, the sequence of waste in

the collected sample is in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>plastic/polythene bag>paper/cardboard

But in some samples variation were occur in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>paper/cardboard>plastic/polythene bags

68

Table 4.12 Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in high income area of Union

Council 215.

Sr.no

Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 76.50 2.50 11.50 9.50

sample 2 88.56 5.97 2.49 2.99

sample 3 82.50 3.50 12.00 2.00

sample 4 92.50 0.00 3.00 4.50

sample 5 80.50 3.50 8.50 7.50

sample 6 90.00 6.00 2.00 2.00

sample 7 83.42 4.52 7.04 5.03

sample 8 91.54 2.49 2.99 2.99

sample 9 73.50 15.00 6.00 5.50

sample 10 91.50 2.50 3.00 3.00

sample 11 81.41 12.56 3.52 2.51

sample 12 73.00 16.50 4.00 6.50

sample 13 77.00 9.00 3.50 10.50

sample 14 77.00 7.50 6.50 9.00

sample 15 91.54 2.99 2.49 2.99

sample 16 84.00 7.00 6.50 2.50

sample 17 82.00 6.00 10.50 1.50

sample 18 77.39 13.57 4.52 4.52

sample 19 71.50 11.00 9.50 8.00

sample 20 80.90 6.03 6.03 7.04

sample 21 77.61 17.41 2.49 2.49

sample 22 77.50 7.00 12.50 3.00

sample 23 90.50 2.50 7.00 0.00

sample 24 90.95 2.51 4.52 2.01

sample 25 87.00 8.50 2.50 2.00

sample 26 75.50 10.00 4.50 10.00

sample 27 84.50 2.50 5.00 8.00

sample 28 76.00 12.00 4.50 7.50

69

sample 29 76.50 3.00 8.00 12.50

sample 30 89.50 2.00 1.00 7.50

70

organic waste paper/cardboard plastic/polythene bag other/undefined0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

High income area(215)

sample 1sample 2sample 3sample 4sample 5sample 6sample 7sample 8sample 9sample 10

Fig 4.6 composition of solid waste (kg) of high income area of uc(215)

71

Table 4.13 Composition of solid waste (by weight in kg) in low income area of Union

Council 211.

Sr.no Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 1.76 0.04 0.06 0.13

sample 2 1.37 0.09 0.38 0.16

sample 3 1.45 0.12 0.32 0.11

sample 4 1.79 0.01 0.11 0.10

sample 5 1.63 0.05 0.21 0.11

sample 6 1.58 0.07 0.17 0.18

sample 7 1.48 0.19 0.05 0.28

sample 8 1.42 0.21 0.18 0.19

sample 9 1.55 0.22 0.15 0.09

sample 10 1.53 0.06 0.24 0.17

sample 11 1.67 0.14 0.05 0.14

sample 12 1.75 0.09 0.12 0.05

sample 13 1.61 0.18 0.05 0.15

sample 14 1.63 0.10 0.10 0.18

sample 15 1.75 0.05 0.16 0.05

sample 16 1.63 0.06 0.11 0.21

sample 17 1.60 0.05 0.20 0.15

sample 18 1.46 0.14 0.13 0.28

sample 19 1.53 0.14 0.19 0.14

sample 20 1.48 0.12 0.06 0.34

sample 21 1.47 0.29 0.15 0.10

sample 22 1.62 0.05 0.10 0.24

sample 23 1.69 0.10 0.05 0.16

sample 24 1.72 0.05 0.14 0.10

sample 25 1.53 0.14 0.29 0.05

sample 26 1.72 0.06 0.17 0.06

sample 27 1.56 0.21 0.04 0.19

72

sample 28 1.47 0.15 0.12 0.26

sample 29 1.65 0.09 0.21 0.05

sample 30 1.57 0.15 0.10 0.17

73

Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in low income area of Union Council 211.

The above tabulated data taken from the low income area (UC 215).In section thirty samples were collected from ten houses..Each sample contains organic waste, paper/cardboard, plastic/polythene bags and undefined type of waste. It was observed that in all collected waste samples major portion was organic waste. According to the percentage, the sequence of waste in the collected sample is in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>plastic/polythene bag>paper/cardboard

But in some samples variation were occur in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>paper/cardboard>plastic/polythene bags

74

Table 4.14 Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in low income area of Union

Council 211.

Sr.no Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 88.44 2.01 3.02 6.53

sample 2 68.50 4.50 19.00 8.00

sample 3 72.50 6.00 16.00 5.50

sample 4 89.05 0.50 5.47 4.98

sample 5 81.50 2.50 10.50 5.50

sample 6 79.00 3.50 8.50 9.00

sample 7 74.00 9.50 2.50 14.00

sample 8 71.00 10.50 9.00 9.50

sample 9 77.11 10.95 7.46 4.48

sample 10 76.50 3.00 12.00 8.50

sample 11 83.50 7.00 2.50 7.00

sample 12 87.06 4.48 5.97 2.49

sample 13 80.90 9.05 2.51 7.54

sample 14 81.09 4.98 4.98 8.96

sample 15 87.06 2.49 7.96 2.49

sample 16 81.09 2.99 5.47 10.45

sample 17 80.00 2.50 10.00 7.50

sample 18 72.64 6.97 6.47 13.93

sample 19 76.50 7.00 9.50 7.00

sample 20 74.00 6.00 3.00 17.00

sample 21 73.13 14.43 7.46 4.98

sample 22 80.60 2.49 4.98 11.94

sample 23 84.50 5.00 2.50 8.00

sample 24 85.57 2.49 6.97 4.98

sample 25 76.12 6.97 14.43 2.49

sample 26 85.57 2.99 8.46 2.99

75

sample 27 78.00 10.50 2.00 9.50

sample 28 73.50 7.50 6.00 13.00

sample 29 82.50 4.50 10.50 2.50

sample 30 78.89 7.54 5.03 8.54

76

organic waste paper/cardboard plastic/polythene bag

other/undefined0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

low income area(UC 211)

sample 1sample 2sample 3sample 4sample 5sample 6sample 7sample 8sample 9

Fig 4.8 composition of solid waste (kg) of low income area of uc (211)

77

Table 4.14 Composition of solid waste (by weight in kg) in medium income area of Union

Council 211.

Sr.no Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 1.58 0.06 0.14 0.22

sample 2 1.61 0.08 0.23 0.08

sample 3 1.78 0.04 0.13 0.04

sample 4 1.63 0.05 0.13 0.19

sample 5 1.35 0.11 0.18 0.36

sample 6 1.55 0.15 0.20 0.10

sample 7 1.42 0.25 0.11 0.22

sample 8 1.69 0.11 0.11 0.08

sample 9 1.54 0.15 0.17 0.13

sample 10 1.49 0.39 0.07 0.06

sample 11 1.67 0.08 0.09 0.17

sample 12 1.48 0.04 0.19 0.28

sample 13 1.39 0.09 0.11 0.41

sample 14 1.44 0.17 0.33 0.06

sample 15 1.57 0.12 0.12 0.18

sample 16 1.46 0.22 0.05 0.27

sample 17 1.67 0.10 0.14 0.10

sample 18 1.50 0.06 0.06 0.39

sample 19 1.36 0.09 0.30 0.24

sample 20 1.68 0.05 0.11 0.16

sample 21 1.64 0.13 0.18 0.04

sample 22 1.34 0.09 0.37 0.19

sample 23 1.55 0.22 0.11 0.11

sample 24 1.36 0.16 0.24 0.24

sample 25 1.43 0.30 0.16 0.11

sample 26 1.36 0.16 0.21 0.27

sample 27 1.63 0.06 0.13 0.18

sample 28 1.51 0.36 0.07 0.06

78

sample 29 1.54 0.07 0.25 0.14

sample 30 1.30 0.20 0.30 0.20

79

Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in medium income area of Union Council 211.

The above tabulated data taken from the medium income area (UC 215).In section thirty samples were collected from ten houses..Each sample contains organic waste, paper/cardboard, plastic/polythene bags and undefined type of waste. It was observed that in all collected waste samples major portion was organic waste. According to the percentage, the sequence of waste in the collected sample is in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>plastic/polythene bag>paper/cardboard

But in some samples variation were occur in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>paper/cardboard>plastic/polythene bags

80

Table 4.16 Composition of solid waste (by percentage) in medium income area of Union

Council 211.

Sr.no Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 79.00 3.00 7.00 11.00

sample 2 80.50 4.00 11.50 4.02

sample 3 89.45 2.01 6.53 2.00

sample 4 81.50 2.50 6.50 9.50

sample 5 67.50 5.50 9.00 18.00

sample 6 77.50 7.50 10.00 5.00

sample 7 71.00 12.50 5.50 11.06

sample 8 84.92 5.53 5.53 4.02

sample 9 77.39 7.54 8.54 6.47

sample 10 74.13 19.40 3.48 2.99

sample 11 83.08 3.98 4.48 8.54

sample 12 74.37 2.01 9.55 14.00

sample 13 69.50 4.50 5.50 20.50

sample 14 72.00 8.50 16.50 3.02

sample 15 78.89 6.03 6.03 9.00

sample 16 73.00 11.00 2.50 13.43

sample 17 83.08 4.98 6.97 4.98

sample 18 74.63 2.99 2.99 19.60

sample 19 68.34 4.52 15.08 12.00

sample 20 84.00 2.50 5.50 8.04

sample 21 82.41 6.53 9.05 2.01

sample 22 67.34 4.52 18.59 9.55

sample 23 77.89 11.06 5.53 5.50

sample 24 68.00 8.00 12.00 12.00

sample 25 71.50 15.00 8.00 5.50

sample 26 68.00 8.00 10.50 13.50

sample 27 81.50 3.00 6.50 9.00

sample 28 75.50 18.00 3.50 3.00

81

sample 29 77.00 3.50 12.50 7.00

sample 30 65.00 10.00 15.00 20.00

82

organic waste paper/cardboard plastic/polythene bag other/undefined0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

Medium income area(UC 211)

sample 1sample 2sample 3sample 4sample 5sample 6sample 7sample 8sample 9sample 10

Fig 4.7 composition of solid waste (kg) of medium area of uc (211)

83

Table 4.17 Composition of solid waste (by weight in kg ) in high income area of Union

Council 211.

Sr.no Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 1.62 0.10 0.19 0.10

sample 2 1.77 0.06 0.12 0.06

sample 3 1.64 0.11 0.05 0.20

sample 4 1.40 0.14 0.23 0.24

sample 5 1.68 0.05 0.11 0.16

sample 6 1.38 0.21 0.21 0.21

sample 7 1.46 0.18 0.18 0.18

sample 8 1.65 0.19 0.06 0.10

sample 9 1.36 0.26 0.11 0.27

sample 10 1.51 0.16 0.19 0.15

sample 11 1.46 0.16 0.32 0.06

sample 12 1.55 0.09 0.27 0.09

sample 13 1.46 0.22 0.06 0.26

sample 14 1.45 0.13 0.27 0.14

sample 15 1.44 0.42 0.07 0.08

sample 16 1.53 0.17 0.10 0.20

sample 17 1.75 0.04 0.17 0.04

sample 18 1.46 0.14 0.22 0.19

sample 19 1.18 0.20 0.36 0.26

sample 20 1.48 0.11 0.11 0.29

sample 21 1.59 0.20 0.10 0.11

sample 22 1.37 0.18 0.38 0.06

sample 23 1.58 0.11 0.06 0.25

sample 24 1.52 0.05 0.14 0.29

sample 25 1.30 0.15 0.34 0.20

sample 26 1.43 0.20 0.05 0.32

sample 27 1.49 0.13 0.25 0.13

84

sample 28 1.55 0.22 0.18 0.06

sample 29 1.45 0.10 0.24 0.20

sample 30 1.42 0.13 0.14 0.31

85

Table 4.18 Composition of solid waste (by percentage ) in high income area of Union

Council 211.

The above tabulated data taken from the high income area (UC 215).In section thirty samples were collected from ten houses..Each sample contains organic waste, paper/cardboard, plastic/polythene bags and undefined type of waste. It was observed that in all collected waste samples major portion was organic waste. According to the percentage, the sequence of waste in the collected sample is in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>plastic/polythene bag>paper/cardboard

But in some samples variation were occur in following pattern.

Organic waste>undefined waste>paper/cardboard>plastic/polythene bags

86

Table 4.18 Composition of solid waste (by percentage ) in high income area of Union

Council 211.

Sr.no Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 80.60 4.98 9.45 4.98

sample 2 88.06 2.99 5.97 2.99

sample 3 82.00 5.50 2.50 10.00

sample 4 69.65 6.97 11.44 11.94

sample 5 84.00 2.50 5.50 8.00

sample 6 68.66 10.45 10.45 10.45

sample 7 73.00 9.00 9.00 9.00

sample 8 82.50 9.50 3.00 5.00

sample 9 68.00 13.00 5.50 13.50

sample 10 75.12 7.96 9.45 7.46

sample 11 73.00 8.00 16.00 3.00

sample 12 77.50 4.50 13.50 4.50

sample 13 73.00 11.00 3.00 13.00

sample 14 72.86 6.53 13.57 7.04

sample 15 71.64 20.90 3.48 3.98

sample 16 76.50 8.50 5.00 10.00

sample 17 87.50 2.00 8.50 2.00

sample 18 72.64 6.97 10.95 9.45

sample 19 59.00 10.00 18.00 13.00

sample 20 74.37 5.53 5.53 14.57

sample 21 79.50 10.00 5.00 5.50

sample 22 68.84 9.05 19.10 3.02

sample 23 79.00 5.50 3.00 12.50

sample 24 76.00 2.50 7.00 14.50

sample 25 65.33 7.54 17.09 10.05

sample 26 71.50 10.00 2.50 16.00

sample 27 74.50 6.50 12.50 6.50

sample 28 77.11 10.95 8.96 2.99

87

sample 29 72.86 5.03 12.06 10.05

sample 30 71.00 6.50 7.00 15.50

88

organic waste paper/cardboard plastic/polythene bag other/undefined0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

high income area(UC 211)

sample 1sample 2sample 3sample 4sample 5sample 6sample 7sample 8sample 9sample 10

Fig 4.9 composition of solid waste (kg) of high income area of uc (211)

Table 4.19 Composition of solid waste (by weight in kg ) commercial area.

89

Sr.no Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 0.31 0.86 1.53 0.31

sample 2 0.13 1.41 0.84 0.62

sample 3 0.42 0.46 0.92 1.20

sample 4 0.41 0.61 1.54 0.45

sample 5 0.09 0.37 2.16 0.39

sample 6 0.10 0.58 1.39 0.93

sample 7 0.21 0.25 1.82 0.72

sample 8 0.10 0.54 1.83 0.54

sample 9 0.05 0.46 1.95 0.54

sample 10 0.02 0.46 2.11 0.41

commercial area by percentage

90

The below tabulated data taken from the commercial area(akber chowk market).In section 10 samples were collected from ten shop..Each sample contains organic waste, paper/cardboard, plastic/polythene bags and undefined type of waste. It was observed that in all collected waste samples major portion was plastic/polythene bag waste. According to the percentage, the sequence of waste in the collected sample is in following pattern.

plastic/polythene bag > paper/cardboard>undefined waste>organic waste

Table 4.20 Composition of solid waste (by percentage) commercial area.

91

Sr.no Organic

waste

Paper/cardboard Plastic/polythene

bag

Other/undefined

sample 1 10.30 28.57 50.83 10.30

sample 2 4.33 47.00 28.00 20.67

sample 3 14.00 15.33 30.67 40.00

sample 4 13.62 20.27 51.16 14.95

sample 5 2.99 12.29 71.76 12.96

sample 6 3.33 19.33 46.33 31.00

sample 7 7.00 8.33 60.67 24.00

sample 8 3.32 17.94 60.80 17.94

sample 9 1.67 15.33 65.00 18.00

sample 10 0.67 15.33 70.33 13.67

92

organic waste paper/cardboard plastic/polythene bag

other/undefined0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

commercial area(akber chowk)

sample 1sample 2sample 3sample 4sample 6sample 7sample 8sample 9sample 10

Fig 4.1 composition of solid waste (kg) of commercial area

93

In low income area Union council(209) in thirty samples, the average waste of organic

compound, paper, plastic and other waste were 83 % ,4% ,3.5% and 9.5% respectively.

In medium income area Union council(209) in thirty samples, the average waste of organic

compound, paper, plastic and other waste were 87% ,3% ,2 % and 8% respectively.

In high income area Union council(209) in thirty samples, the average waste of organic

compound, paper, plastic and other waste were 85% ,1% ,4 % and 10%respectively.

Organic waste of medium income area was greater as compared to high and low income area.

Paper/cardboard produced by low income area was greater as compared to high and medium

income area.

Plastic/polythene bags produced by high income area were greater as compared to low and

medium income area.

Undefined waste produced by high income area was greater as compared to low and medium

income area.

In low income area Union council(215) in thirty samples, the average waste of organic

compound, paper, plastic and other waste were 80 % ,4% ,7% and 9% respectively.

In medium income area Union council(215) in thirty samples, the average waste of organic

compound, paper, plastic and other waste were 88% ,3% ,2 % and 7% respectively.

In high income area Union council(215) in thirty samples, the average waste of organic

compound, paper, plastic and other waste were 89% ,1% ,2 % and 8%respectively.

Organic waste of high income area was greater as compared to medium and low income area.

Paper/cardboard produced by low income area was greater as compared to high and medium

income area.

Plastic/polythene bags produced by low income area was greater as compared to high and

medium income area.

94

Undefined waste produced by low income area was greater as compared to high and medium

income area.

In low income area Union council(211) in thirty samples, the average waste of organic

compound, paper, plastic and other waste were 83 % ,5% ,3% and 9% respectively.

In medium income area Union council(211) in thirty samples, the average waste of organic

compound, paper, plastic and other waste were 81% ,4% ,4 % and 11% respectively.

In high income area Union council(211) in thirty samples, the average waste of organic

compound, paper, plastic and other waste were 85% ,3% 2 % and 10%respectively.

Organic waste of high income area was greater as compared to medium and low income area.

Paper/cardboard produced by low income area was greater as compared to high and medium

income area.

Plastic/polythene bags produced by medium income area were greater as compared to high and

low income area.

Undefined waste produced by medium income area was greater as compared to high and low

income area.

Commercial area was contain organic compound7%, paper/cardboard8%, plastic/polythene

bag61%, and undefined waste24%, respectively.

In commercial area waste production was the following pattern.

plastic/polythene bag> undefined waste> paper/cardboard> organic waste.

95

SUMMARY

Waste management is a global environment issue which concern about a very significant

problem in today’s world. There is a considerable amount of disposal of waste without proper

segregation which has lead to both economic and environmental suffering. It is still practiced in

many cities. There tremendous amount of loss in terms of environmental degradation, health

hazards and economic descend due to direct disposal of waste. It is better to segregate the waste

at initial stages where it is generated, rather than going for a later option which is inconvenient

and expensive. There has to be appropriate planning for the proper waste management by means

of analysis of the waste situation of the area.

Improper of the solid waste results in unsightly conditions; creates health hazards, gives rise to

the atmospheric pollution, contamination of water resources and depletion of natural resources.

Rats, flies and other disease vectors breed in open dump. It has been established that 22 human

diseases can be related to improper solid waste management. Data are also available to show that

infection rate of the worker engaged in the collection and disposal of solid wastes is several

times higher than that for the industrial employees.

The ever increasing rate of environmental pollution in the sprawling urban centres demands that

the wastes generated in residents, commercial centres and industries should be carefully and

adequately treated before being release to the solid, liquid and gaseous phases of the

environment, lest the assimilation capacity of the nature is exceeded and ecological imbalance

impose on the biosphere.

The majority of solid waste is collected in bins ranging in size from household trash cans to

industrial dumpsters which are filled by individuals or companies. Solid waste collection trucks

roam the streets on regular schedules to collect these bins. Garbage is also collected by street

sweeping agencies, volunteer cleanup organizations, and through consumers who bring their

waste directly to the solid waste management company. Once solid waste is collected, it is routed

to a recycling facility, garbage facility that can handle toxic waste, composting centre, or disposed

of. Many solid waste management companies maintain large dumps for this purpose, while

96

others incinerate their garbage, using the energy generated by the incinerator to run a recycling

plant or feed power back into the electrical grid.

Solid waste management has been defined as ‘multi-disciplinary activity which deals with the

control of generation, on -site storage , collection , transfer and transport , processing and

recovery as well as final disposal of the solid wastes in a manner which is in accord with the best

principles of public health , economic , engineering , conservation , aesthetics and other

environmental considerations and is also responsive to public attitudes. This method was applied

on Faisalabad (case study area). The analyzed data and result suggested various modifications in

the existing system which has reduced the waste management work load to a great extent. There

are many issues that can be considered for future studies. The important issue it to first takes

those ones which can be practically possible to important in the area with the consideration for

the system constrains. Here some futures study suggestions which can be adopted as a next step to

the proposed model for the study area.

Study the quantity of waste generation in different areas for planning waste management

in a more precise manner.

Door to door waste collection

Improve collection and transportation facilities

Improve disposal facilities

Incinerate the hazardous waste.

More facilities should be given to FWMC.

97

98

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Freduah, G.2004. Problems of Solid Waste Management in Nima, Accra.University of Ghana,

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106

Appendix.

Questionnaire Survey on Solid Waste Management

Locality UCs 204, 205, 206, 215 City Faisalabad

1. What is the estimated amount of waste produced by your home daily?

i. 5-10 Kg ii. 10-15 Kg iii. 15-20 Kg iv. More than 20 Kg

2. Waste generated by your home consists of

i. Papers 100% 75% 50% 25% less than 25%

ii. Disposables 100% 75% 50% 25% less than 25%

iii. Food items 100% 75% 50% 25% less than 25 %

iv. Garden waste 100% 50% 25% less than 25%

3. Is there any waste collection mechanism provided by the Govt. or private business?

Yes.

4. Do they provided any waste segregating bins to homes or all the waste collected in one bin?

No.

5. Do you have any facility to compost waste like kitchen items and garden waste in your home?

No.

6. In your opinion what is the best method to dispose of waste?

Waste should be dump.

7. Will you be ready to pay extra money to purchase recyclable products?

No.

8. Is there any public education about proper garbage management?

No.

9. Are you care about the burning garbage that can be bad for your health and of others?

Yes.

10. Do you have information about the reduction of garbage?

No.

11. Are you concerned with the diseases caused by the improper management of solid waste?

Yes.

107

12. Is local Government doing enough to fix garbage problems?

Yes.

13. Is your waste collected from your home on daily basis?

No.

14. Are people throw their waste in the streets and in front of their homes to get rid of it?

Yes.

15. As citizen, what is your role in efficient waste collection and management?

As a citizen we should collect waste in bins and segregate according to waste composition,

and dump properly.

16. No. of Residents?

Five.

108