arCil qiqoZe

kargad maxsovs imdroindeli sakuTari Tavi, roca pirvelad wavikiTxe folkneris „daTvi“. ara mgonia, mxolod me viyo aseTi – rogorc wesi, am mweralTan damegobrebas mkiTxveli swored am vrceli moTxrobiT iwyebs xolme. albaT daaxloebiT 17 wlisa viyavi, Tovliani zamTari iyo, sofelSi, Cvens patara farRalala qoxSi, mudmivad unda SegekeTebina RumlisTvis SeSa, radgan CaqrobisTanave iyineboda iqauroba. SeSa bevri mqonda, loginze vijeqi da am saocar nawarmoebs vkiTxulobdi...

diax, zustad maxsovs, rom vijeqi, Tumca wamowolili kiTxva miyvars. moTxrobam wamomsva da dasawyisidan bolomde wigni verafriT gavuSvi xelidan.

folkners erTi Tviseba aqvs – misi moTxrobili sul umniSvnelo ambavic ki miTad iqceva, sa-kacobrio dramad. ar vici, rogor moaxerxa es. odesRac isic iyo damwyebi, isic dgamda litera-turaSi pirvel nabijebs. sakuTar TavSi darwmunebuli ar iyo, Tavisi nawerebis erideboda... erTxel maiamis StatSi saxelganTqmuli mwerali Servud andersoni gaicno, daumegobrda da morcxvad sTxova, mis nawerebs gascnoboda. andersons axalgazrda kaci moswonda, magram misi wakiTxva mainc daezara. rCeva ki misca: „Tqven axalgazrda kaci xarT da rac Tqven iciT, aris mi-wis patara nagleji, sadRac iq, samxreTiT, magram esec sakmarisia, wereT amaze“.

uiliam folkneri

mwerloba

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uiliam folkneri

diax, aseTi sazRvari marTla arsebobs. uiliam folknerma gamoigona patara olqi – ioknapatofa, misi rukac ki daxata. rukaze aRniSnulia gza, romelic qalaq memfisSi mi-dis. ese igi gamogonili alagi misisipis StatSi memfisis siaxloves mdebareobs. mwe-ralma ioknapatofaSi daasaxla sakuTari personaJebi, maTi winaprebi da STamomavle-bi da Seqmna is, rasac kritikosebi ioknapa-tofas sagas uwodeben. Tavis sqeltanian ro-manebsa da moTxrobebSi mweralma ioknapa-tofas olqis mcxovreblebis araerTi Tao-bis bedi aRwera da mis mier gamogonili oja-xebi: kompsonebi, despeinebi, sartorisebi, makaslinebi dRes iseTive realurebi arian, rogorc esa Tu is namdvili istoriuli gmi-ri.

da folknermac wera (Tanac rogor wera!) im samxreTze, romelsac sakuTari xuTi Ti-TiviT icnobda, uyvarda da sakuTari patara kuTxis da misi xalxis aRweriT msoflio li-teraturis erT-erTi yvelaze didi mwerali gaxda, radgan misi personaJebi da mis mier aRwerili ambebi gascda im geografiul saz-Rvars, romelSic mweralma isini moaqcia.

im omis mere TiTqmis 150 welia gasuli. am drois manZilze amerikis SeerTebul Sta-tebs sakuTar miwaze omi ar unaxavs. amerikis

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze gardamtexi epizodi aris samoqalaqo omi, romelsac XIX saukunis sa-mocian wlebSi CrdiloeTis ufro ganviTa-rebuli da mowinave Statebi prezident abraam linkolnis xelmZRvanelobiT awar-moebdnen ekonomikurad ufro CamorCenili samxreT Statebis winaaRmdeg. omis dawyebis mizezi monobis gauqmeba gaxda. samxreT Sta-tebis ekonomika mTlianad bambis plantaci-ebze idga, plantaciebSi ki afrikeli monebi muSaobdnen.

folkneri da misi Semoqmedeba rom ukeT gavigoT, unda vicodeT, ras warmoadgenda misi samxreTi da misi mSobliuri Stati misu-ri, romelic mTeli sicocxle STaagonebda mwerals.

Servud andersoni (1876-1941) – amerikeli mwerali, saxeli gaiTqva, rogorc novelistma. gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo misi novelebis seria ̀ uainsburgi, ohaio~, ekuTvnis ramdenime romanic.

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TiTqmis yvela patara da did qalaqSi dgas am omis monawileTa monumenti, radgan msxverpli, ro-melic maSin qveyanam gaiRo, Zalian didi iyo. imasac amboben, rom zogan, gansakuTrebiT samxreT StatebSi, omi arasodes damTavrebula. aq isev yvavis rasizmi, TeTrebi da Savkanianebi mxolod oficialurad arian Tanasworni.

rodesac 1897 wels uiliam folkneri daibada, samoqalaqo omi ocdaaTi wlis damTavrebuli iyo. momaval mwerals saxlSi hyavda am omis monawile oficeri babua, romelic gauTaveblad uy-veboda warsulis ambebs. polkovniki folkneri im aristokratiis warmomadgeneli iyo, rome-lic samoqalaqo omis mere welSi veRar gasworda, axal realobas ver SeeCvia, axal formaciaSi sakuTari adgili ver monaxa, gaRatakda...

uiliam folkneris babua

uiliam klark folkneri (1826-1889)

ukeT rom agixsnaT, rogoria folkneris literatura da rom dagainteresoT, isev im Cems pirvel Sokze, „daTvze“, mogiTxrobT, moTxrobaze, romelmac sul axalgazrda ase amaforiaqa da misi avtoris mkiTxvelad da samudamo damfaseblad maqcia.

folkneri Zalian Taviseburi mweralia, Tan martivi da Tan Zalian rTuli da Zalian masSta-buri. masTan ver SexvdebiT evropuli litera-turisaTvis damaxasiaTebel filosofias an sa-kuTari Tavis umowyalo gaSiSvlebas. folkneri adamianebze mogviTxrobs da maTi saqcielis, ma-Ti moqmedebebis aRweriT gvaCvenebs rogoria adamiani. is ki, ra gasaocaric ar unda iyos, yvelgan erTnairia, samxreTSi da CrdiloeTSi, amerikaSi da kavkasiaSi, skandinaviasa da iapo-niaSi da swored amitom aris, rom es mwerali yvelgan dafasebulia, rogorc ubadlo mTx-robeli, rogorc adamianis saukeTeso mcodne.

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samoqalaqo omis memoriali

mwerloba

me ver movyvebi mTeli moTxrobis Sina-arss. amiT saqmes gavafuWeb, magram erTs ki vityvi, rom es aris wigni nadirobis garda sxva bevr rameze, magaliTad imaze, rogor ispoben adamianebi mTavars, rogor cdilo-ben moklan is, ris gareSec maTi cxovreba sruliad kargavs azrs...

uiliam folkneri ZmebTan erTad

oRond es miwa, es uRrani tye aravis ek-uTvnis, ar SeiZleba ekuTvnodes da sul ara aqvs mniSvneloba, rom furcelze is marTla viRacis sakuTrebaa. rogor SeiZleba usier tyes da mis velur binadars hyavdes patro-ni, rogor SeiZleba, rom am tyeebis suli, be-beri daTvi, romelzec monadireebi yovel wels awyoben nadirobas, vinmes sakuTreba iyos?!

warmoidgineT uRrani tye, romelsac yo-vel wels orjer stumrobs monadireTa gun-di, Tavisi ZaRlebiT, msaxurebiT da mzareu-lebiT. es monadireebi swored im aristok-ratiis warmomadgenlebi arian, romelTa cxovreba samoqalaqo omis mere samudamod Seicvala, zogi maTgani am omis monawile of-iceria, magram es ar aris mTavari. monadire-ebs axlavT biWi, romelic Tavidan aTi wlis aris, mere – TerTmetis, Tormetis, cametis, ToTxmetis. biWi, romelic am ambavs gviam-bobs, biWi, romelic izrdeba, wlidan wlam-de eziareba tyis saidumloebebs, raTa bo-los namdvil bunebis Svilad, did monadi-red iqces. mas hyavs maswavlebeli, mamiT in-dielTa beladis da dediT zangi monis Svi-li. folknerTan araferia SemTxveviT, mona-direTa banakSi man mTeli samxreTi Seyara – brwyinvale aristokratiis narCenebi, indi-elTa beladebis, maTi, visac es miwa TeTrka-nianebamde ekuTvnodaT da zangi monebis, vis umowyalo Sromazec samxreTi idga, STamo-mavlebi.

axalgazrda uiliam folkneri

უილიამ ფოლკნერი

დათვი

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is, rom folkneri sakuTar samSobloSi popularuli ar iyo, me Semdegnairad mesmis: is samxreTi, romelsac igi aRwerda, samxre-Teli amerikelebisTvisac miuRebeli iyo da CrdiloelebisTvisac. uiliam folkneri aRwerda damarcxebulebs da damarcxebis sidiades. ucnauria, magram didi literatu-risTvis gamarjvebuli da warmatebuli uin-teresoa, damarcxeba da damarcxebuli ki –

ukve mogvianebiT misi erT-erTi romanis furclebze gakrTa patara ambavi imis Sesa-xeb, rom ioknapatofas olqSi viRacam daT-vis kvali ipova da mis sanaxavad yvelaze ganTqmul moxuc monadires dauZaxes. am ada-mianSi me is patara biWi vicani, samoci wliT adre nadirobis anabanas Cem Tvalwin rom eufleboda. vicani da uceb avReldi.

ai, aseTi mweralia folkneri. man iokna-patofa da misi mkvidrebi monatrebuli oja-xis wevrebiviT an bavSvobis unaxavi megobre-biviT miqcia.

TviTon ar iyo ioli xasiaTis kaci. arc bednieri yofila. bednieri adamiani amdens verc SeZlebda. misi wignebi evropaSi ufro popularuli iyo, vidre amerikaSi, ojaxi rom erCina, holivudSi gadavida mxatvruli filmebisTvis dialogebis sawerad. warmo-idgineT, rogori iyo Zveli holivudi, sa-dac Cveulebrivze Cveulebrivi filmebis dialogebs am donis mwerlebi werdnen! mxo-lod mas mere, rac ukve asakovans nobelis premia gadasces, man SeZlo sakuTari mate-rialuri mdgomareobis gamosworeba da ho-livudSi samuSaoze uaris Tqma. nobelis premiis mere misken amerikeli mkiTxvelic motrialda da daafasa.

saintereso. ufro metic, mwerali TiToeul sakuTar romans damarcxebas uwodebda, mis yvelaze aRiarebul wigns „xmaurs da mZvin-varebas“ ki – yvelaze did damarcxebas. ra ucnauria, ara? meore mxriv, yvelaferi mar-tivia. mwerali wigns qmnis, yvelaze mTavars eWidaveba da verasodes miaRwevs imas, rasac gamarjveba hqvia. ver dawers srulyofil wigns, aucileblad damarcxdeba, magram mxolod aseT diad damarcxebas aqvs azri, mxolod aseTi damarcxebebisgan iqmneba di-di literatura.

xolo damarcxebuli samxreTis Temas rom mivubrunde, vityvi, rom istoriam gan-saja ase, rom CrdiloeT Statebma, romle-bic ufro ganviTarebuli da progresuli ideebiT iyvnen nasazrdoebi, romelTac yve-la drois erT-erTi saukeTeso prezidenti edga saTaveSi, sZlies samxreTs, gaaTavisuf-les afrikeli monebi da XVIII saukuneSi miRebuli Tavisuflebis deklaraciasTan erTad, swored am gamarjvebidan iSva ameri-

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mwerloba

ხმაური და მძვინვარება

უილიამ ფოლკნერი

kis SeerTebuli Statebis diadi da misabaZi demokratia, oRond gamarjvebul CrdiloeTs ar ga-mosCenia iseTi diadi mematiane, rogorc damarcxebul samxreTs. es ukve literaturuli kanon-zomierebaa.

oRond arc samxreTi aRmoCnda mzad folkneris misaRebad, radgan is Riad werda rasizmsa da rasistebze, linCis wesiT gasamarTlebaze. mis erT-erT patara moTxrobaSi Sinabera TeTrkania-ni qali, romelic Tavisi ucnaurobebiT aris cnobili, Tavis Savkanian Tanamoqalaqes gaupatiu-rebis mcdelobaSi sdebs brals. es ukve ganaCenia. Savkaniani biWi ukvalod qreba, mas Tanamoqala-qe TeTri mamakacebi klaven, miuxedavad imisa, rom gulis siRrmeSi yvela darwmunebulia, rom qalma braldeba Tavad gamoigona.

უილიამ ფოლკნერი

folkneris wignebidan me yvelaze metad „agvistos naTeli“ miyvars, saerTodac, msoflio literaturis erT-erTi mTavari Sedevri mgonia. es wigni or samyaros Soris gamokidebuli ada-mianis tragedia, TeTrkaniani kaci, romlis ZarRvebSi Savkanianis sisxli Cqefs da amis Sesaxeb mxolod TviTon icis, magram samxreTSi rasistuli garemo imdenad Zlieria, rom sisxlis es pa-tara wilic ki cxovrebas jojoxeTad uqcevs da SeuZlebels xdis sakuTari Tavi srulfa-sovnad aRiqvas.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Tanasworobaze dgas. rasac folkneri werda, Zalian Sors iyo Tanasworobisgan. ufro sworad, mwerals ar swamda, rom Tanasworoba SesaZle-belia, samagierod, mas swamda erTeuli adamianebisa da maTi gamarjve-bis. mis yvelaze uimedo romanebSic ki arian adamianebi, romlebic yvela xifaTis da Tavs damtydari ubedurebebis miuxedavad, mainc inarCuneben adamianobas. es xandaxan meorexarisxovani personaJebi mwerals gansa-kuTrebiT uyvarda, ufrTxildeboda maT da romanidan romanSi gadahyavda.

Semoqmedebisgan gansxvavebiT, am kacis cxovreba Cveulebrivze Cveulebrivi iyo. am-itom mwerali uwyinari tyuilebiT alama-zebda mas, gansakuTrebiT sibereSi, aTasi Wo-ri gamougonia sakuTar „boboqar“ axalgazr-dobaze. me miWirs Tqma, raSi sWirdeboda es yvelaferi, magram am tyuilebis patieba sul advilad SemiZlia.

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uiliams 1914 wels dawyebul pirvel msoflio om-Si monawileoba ar miuRia, radgan samxedro samsa-xurisTvis sidablis gamo daiwunes, magram kana-daSi ganlagebuli didi britaneTis samxedro na-wilebis rezervSi mainc imsaxura, Tumca ocneba ver aisrula da ver gaxda samxedro piloti.

uiliam folkneris mSrali biografia

uiliam katbert folkneri daibada 1897 wels misisipis Statis qalaq niu-olbaniSi. xuTi wlisa ojaxTan erTad gadavida imave Statis qa-laq oqsfordSi, sadac cxovrebis didi nawili gaatara.

folkneri oTx Zmas Soris yvelaze ufrosi iyo. swavla didad ar ita-cebda da skolaSi imdenad zarmacobda, rom saSualo skolis damTav-rebac ki ver SeZlo.

uiliam folkneri mamasTan erTad

1927 wels dawera pirveli romani Tavisi gamogo-nili olqis ioknapatofas ciklidan. romans „droSebi mtverSi“ erqva da maSinve miiqcia mkiTx-velisa da kritikosebis yuradReba.

1925 wels gamoaqveyna pirveli romani „jariska-cis jildo“, romelsac gansakuTrebuli warma-teba ar hqonia.

1919 wels swavla daiwyo misisipis universitet-Si, Tumca erT semestrze meti ar uswavlia. aRsa-niSnavia, rom momaval saxelganTqmul mwerals inglisur enaSi Zalian dabali qulebi hqonda.

უილიამ ფოლკნერი

ჯარისკაცისჯილდო

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mwerloba

1929 wels folknerma iqorwina Tavis axalgazr-dobis siyvarulze – estel oldhemze, romelsac wina qorwinebidan ori Svili hyavda. ojaxis sar-Cenad mwerals sxvadasxva samuSaos keTeba uwevda, radgan wignebidan Semosuli fuli sakmarisi ar iyo.

1950 wels uiliam folkneri nobelis premiis laureati gaxda.uiliam folkneri gardaicvala 1962 wlis 6 ivliss, 64 wlis asakSi. dakrZalulia ojaxTan erTad oqs-fordSi (misisipi), wm. petres sasaflaoze.

uiliam folkneri meuRlesTan erTad

hovard hoqsTan erTad

1932 wels folkneri bedis saZieblad holivudSi gaemgzavra. momdevno oci wlis manZilze igi re-gularulad werda scenarebs holivudisTvis. yvelaze xSirad is legendarul reJisorTan ho-vard hoqsTan muSaobda, romelTanac megobrob-da kidec. mweralsac da reJisorsac, orives, Za-lian uyvardaT nadiroba da alkoholi.

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