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Network Topology

Mesh Topology

Mesh networking is a type of network topology in which a device (node) transmits its own data aswell as serves as a relay for other nodes. Routers are used to provide the best and most efficientdata path for effective communication. In the event of a hardware failure, many routes are available

to continue the network communication process.

Star Topology

Star topology is a network topology where each individual piece of a network is attached toa central node (often called a hub or switch). The attachment of these network pieces tothe central component is visually represented in a form similar to a star.

Bus topology


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Bus topology is a specific kind of network topology in which all of the various

devices in the network are connected to a single cable or line. In general, the

term refers to how various devices are set up in a network.

Ring topology

Ring topology refers to a specific kind of network setup in which devices are connected in a ringand pass information to or from each other according to their adjacent proximity in the ringstructure. This type of topology is highly efficient and handles heavier loads better than bustopology.A ring topology may also be called an active topology because messages are passed to eachdevice in the ring.

Hybrid topology

Hybrid topology is an integration of two or more different topologies to form a resultant topology which has many advantages (as well as disadvantages) of all the constituent basic topologies rather than having characteristics of one specific topology.


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what is Fibre Optic

Fiber optic technology uses glass fibers to transmit data at blazing fast speeds, although not asfast as the speed of light. This is because the general notion of the speed of light, which is299,792,458 meters per second, occurs in a vacuum. In reality, the speed at which light travelsgreatly varies, depending on the medium through which it passes.

To decode data, special hardware with light sensors is needed for each terminal of the fiber opticcable. This technology is considerably more expensive because manufacturing this type of cable ismore expensive, and even connecting two ends requires expensive measures.


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Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a type of digital

subscriber line (DSL) technology, a data communicationstechnology that enables faster data transmission over coppertelephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide.


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difference between OSI model and TCP/IP other than the number of

layers?

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a standard "reference model" created

by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to describe how the differentsoftware and hardware components involved in a network communication should dividelabor and interact with one another. It defines a seven-layer set of functional elements,ranging from the physical interconnections at Layer 1 (also known as the physical layer, orPHY interface) all the way up to Layer 7, the application layer.

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) are two of thenetwork standards that define the Internet. IP defines how computers can get data to eachother over a routed, interconnected set of networks. TCP defines how applications cancreate reliable channels of communication across such a network. Basically, IP definesaddressing and routing, while TCP defines how to have a conversation across the link

without garbling or losing data. TCP/IP grew out of research by the U.S. Dept. of Defenseand is based on a loose rather than a strict approach to layering. Many other key Internetprotocols, such as the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the basic protocol of the Web,and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), the core email transfer protocol, are builton top of TCP. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP), a companion to TCP, sacrifices theguarantees of reliability that TCP makes in return for faster communications.

TCP/IP doesn't map cleanly to the OSI model, since it was developed before the OSImodel and was designed to solve a specific set of problems, not to be a generaldescription for all network communications.

http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/UDPhttp://searchexchange.techtarget.com/definition/SMTPhttp://searchwindevelopment.techtarget.com/definition/HTTPhttp://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-Protocolhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TCPhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/physical-layerhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/OSI


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The relationships and differences between the OSI model and TCP/IP are:• IP corresponds to a subset of OSI Layer 3, the network layer• TCP corresponds to OSI Layer 4 (transport) and some functions of Layer 5

(session)• TCP/IP makes no assumptions about what happens above the level of a network

session (part of OSI Layer 5), while OSI defines several more layers of

standardized functions• TCP/IP makes no prescriptions as to the link layers below IP, where OSI specifies

two.• Where an application needs functions not found in TCP/IP, the application has to

supply them. In the OSI model, it is assumed that an application will neverimplement any functionally belonging in any defined layer, and because interfacesbetween layers abstract many details, it may not be able to anyway.

Application• Remote login to hosts: Telnet • File transfer: File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Trivial File TransferProtocol (TFTP)• Electronic mail transport: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

• Networking support: Domain Name System (DNS)• Host initialization: BOOTP • Remote host management: Simple Network ManagementProtocol (SNMP), Common Management Information Protocol over TCP

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Management_Information_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOOTPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial_File_Transfer_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Management_Information_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOOTPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial_File_Transfer_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet


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