uh storage overview ws030320
TRANSCRIPT
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Overview on Thermal Storage Systems
Ulf Herrmann, Michael Geyer FLABEG Solar Int. GmbHDave Kearney Kearney & Associates
Workshop on Thermal Storage for Trough Power SystemsFebruary 20 - 21, 2002
FLABEG Solar International GmbH
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Why storage?Why storage?Why storage?Why storage?
• Cost reduction for solar generated electricity
• Improve availability of solar power plants
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Tasks of StorageTasks of StorageTasks of StorageTasks of Storage
• Buffering during transient weather conditions
• Dispatchability or time-shifting
• Increase of annual capacity factor
• More even distribution of electricity production
• Achieve full load operation of the steam cycle at high efficiency
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Technical Requirements for Storage SystemsTechnical Requirements for Storage SystemsTechnical Requirements for Storage SystemsTechnical Requirements for Storage Systems
• High energy density (per-unit mass or per-unit volume) in the storage material
• Good heat transfer between heat transfer fluid (HTF) and the storage medium
• Mechanical and chemical stability of storage material
• Chemical compatibility between HTF, heat exchanger and/or storage medium
• Complete reversibility for a large number of charging/discharging cycles
• Low thermal losses
• Ease of control
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Design Criteria: CostDesign Criteria: CostDesign Criteria: CostDesign Criteria: Cost
• The cost of the storage material itself
• The heat exchanger for charging and discharging the system
• The cost for the space and the enclosure for the TES
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Storage MechanismStorage MechanismStorage MechanismStorage Mechanism
• Sensible heat storage (solid of liquid)
• Latent heat storage
• Chemical Storage
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Solid Storage MaterialsSolid Storage MaterialsSolid Storage MaterialsSolid Storage Materials
Storage Medium Temperature
Cold Hot (°C) (°C)
Average density
(kg/m³)
Average heat
conduct-ivity
(W/mK)
Average heat
capacity
(kJ/kgK)
Volume specific
heat capacity (kWht/m³)
Media costs per kg
(US$/kg)
Media costs
per kWht(US$/kWht)
Solid media Sand-rock-mineral oil 200 300 1,700 1.0 1.30 60 0.15 4.2 Reinforced concrete 200 400 2,200 1.5 0.85 100 0.05 1.0
NaCl (solid) 200 500 2,160 7.0 0.85 150 0.15 1.5 Cast iron 200 400 7,200 37.0 0.56 160 1.00 32.0 Cast steel 200 700 7,800 40.0 0.60 450 5.00 60.0
Silica fire bricks 200 700 1,820 1.5 1.00 150 1.00 7.0 Magnesia fire bricks 200 1,200 3,000 5.0 1.15 600 2.00 6.0
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Concrete StorageConcrete StorageConcrete StorageConcrete Storage
• tested at small scale
• low cost
• long-termstability?
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Process Integration of Concrete StorageProcess Integration of Concrete StorageProcess Integration of Concrete StorageProcess Integration of Concrete Storage
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Liquid MaterialLiquid MaterialLiquid MaterialLiquid Material
Storage Medium Temperature
Cold Hot (°C) (°C)
Average density
(kg/m³)
Average heat
conduct-ivity
(W/mK)
Average heat
capacity
(kJ/kgK)
Volume specific
heat capacity
(kWht/m³)
Media costs per kg
(US$/kg)
Media costs
per kWht(US$/kWht)
Liquid media Mineral oil 200 300 770 0.12 2.6 55 0.30 4.2
Synthetic oil 250 350 900 0.11 2.3 57 3.00 43.0 Silicone oil 300 400 900 0.10 2.1 52 5.00 80.0 Nitrite salts 250 450 1,825 0.57 1.5 152 1.00 12.0 Nitrate salts 265 565 1,870 0.52 1.6 250 0.50 3.7
Carbonate salts 450 850 2,100 2.0 1.8 430 2.40 11.0 Liquid sodium 270 530 850 71.0 1.3 80 2.00 21.0
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Mineral Oil StorageMineral Oil StorageMineral Oil StorageMineral Oil Storage
• SEGS ISEGS ISEGS ISEGS I
• HTF: MineralHTF: MineralHTF: MineralHTF: Mineral OilOilOilOil
• 2222----Tank Mineral Oil StorageTank Mineral Oil StorageTank Mineral Oil StorageTank Mineral Oil Storage
• Max. Temp.: 307°CMax. Temp.: 307°CMax. Temp.: 307°CMax. Temp.: 307°C
• Capacity:115 MWh Capacity:115 MWh Capacity:115 MWh Capacity:115 MWh
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Process Scheme of SEGS IProcess Scheme of SEGS IProcess Scheme of SEGS IProcess Scheme of SEGS I
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Molten Salt StorageMolten Salt StorageMolten Salt StorageMolten Salt Storage
• 2 Tank Molten Salt2 Tank Molten Salt2 Tank Molten Salt2 Tank Molten Salt
• Nitrate Salt MixtureNitrate Salt MixtureNitrate Salt MixtureNitrate Salt Mixture
• Salt was also HTFSalt was also HTFSalt was also HTFSalt was also HTF
• Max. Temp. 565°CMax. Temp. 565°CMax. Temp. 565°CMax. Temp. 565°C
• Capacity: 105 MWh Capacity: 105 MWh Capacity: 105 MWh Capacity: 105 MWh
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Process Scheme for SEGS plant with 2 Tank TESProcess Scheme for SEGS plant with 2 Tank TESProcess Scheme for SEGS plant with 2 Tank TESProcess Scheme for SEGS plant with 2 Tank TES
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Process Scheme: Option 2Process Scheme: Option 2Process Scheme: Option 2Process Scheme: Option 2
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Next Step Thermocline StorageNext Step Thermocline StorageNext Step Thermocline StorageNext Step Thermocline Storage
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Phase Change MaterialPhase Change MaterialPhase Change MaterialPhase Change Material
Storage Medium Temperature
Cold Hot (°C) (°C)
Average density
(kg/m³)
Average heat
conduct-ivity
(W/mK)
Average heat
capacity
(kJ/kgK)
Volume specific
heat capacity
(kWht/m³)
Media costs per kg
(US$/kg)
Media costs
per kWht(US$/kWht)
Phase change media NaNO3 308 2,257 0.5 200 125 0.20 3.6 KNO3 333 2,110 0.5 267 156 0.30 4.1 KOH 380 2,044 0.5 150 85 1.00 24.0
Salt-ceramics (NaCO3-BaCO3/MgO) 500-850 2,600 5.0 420 300 2.00 17.0
NaCl 802 2,160 5.0 520 280 0.15 1.2 Na2CO3 854 2,533 2.0 276 194 0.20 2.6
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Phase Change Material ExperimentsPhase Change Material ExperimentsPhase Change Material ExperimentsPhase Change Material Experiments
T max 400 C
P max20 bar
V = 0,3 - 3 m /h
Thermal oi
DemineralizedWater
Nitrogen
Cooling HEmax. 100kW
8,5 kWh Storage-capacity in the rangefrom 280 C to 360 C
Cooling-
N 2 -inert gassuperposition
3
3
3
• only lab scale experiments
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Process Scheme for SEGS with PCMProcess Scheme for SEGS with PCMProcess Scheme for SEGS with PCMProcess Scheme for SEGS with PCM----StorageStorageStorageStorage
Solar Field
ExpansionVessel
HTFHeater
Deaerator
Condenser
Low PressurePreheater
SolarSuperheater
SteamGenerator
SolarPreheater
SolarReheater
G
Steam Turbine
Thermal Energy Storage
Module 1Module 2Module n
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Chemical StorageChemical StorageChemical StorageChemical Storage
Electricdis s ociator
(endothermic)
Synthes izer (exothermic)
20 litre Separation and Storage
NH3-s upply
10 litreBuffer
Sepa
rato
r
S o lar
dis s ociator
(endothermic)
20 m2 Solar Dis h
Counterflow Heat
Exchangers
N2
Nitrogen backed
Ammonia Accumulator
Leve l detec tors
FC
PI
QC:NDIR
Balanc ings eparator
• only lab scale experimentsor• for different applications (Dish)
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Specific Cost of Storage ConceptsSpecific Cost of Storage ConceptsSpecific Cost of Storage ConceptsSpecific Cost of Storage Concepts
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
Concrete Solid Salt 2-TankLiquid Salt
ThermoclineLiquid Salt
LUZ 5 PCM INITEC 5PCM
SGR 3 PCM
Spec
. Cos
ts [U
S$/k
Wh]
Installation and balance of systemStorage MaterialHeat ExchangerOil
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SummarySummarySummarySummary
• Three storage options offer favourable cost
– Salt Storage (2-Tank and Thermocline)
– Concrete (or compound material)
– Phase change material
• No reliable information available about cost of chemical storage
• 2-Tank molten salt storage seems to be most advanced system and ready for realization
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Overview on Current European WorkOverview on Current European WorkOverview on Current European WorkOverview on Current European Work
• 2222----Tank Molten Salt StorageTank Molten Salt StorageTank Molten Salt StorageTank Molten Salt StorageAndaSolAndaSolAndaSolAndaSol----ProjectProjectProjectProject Herrmann/Geyer/KistnerHerrmann/Geyer/KistnerHerrmann/Geyer/KistnerHerrmann/Geyer/Kistner
• Concrete or Compound MaterialConcrete or Compound MaterialConcrete or Compound MaterialConcrete or Compound MaterialUpdate on the European concrete TES programUpdate on the European concrete TES programUpdate on the European concrete TES programUpdate on the European concrete TES program
TammeTammeTammeTamme
• Phase Change MaterialPhase Change MaterialPhase Change MaterialPhase Change MaterialPhase Change Storage/Storage for DISSPhase Change Storage/Storage for DISSPhase Change Storage/Storage for DISSPhase Change Storage/Storage for DISS
Tamme/PitzTamme/PitzTamme/PitzTamme/Pitz----PaalPaalPaalPaal