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UGC Minor Research Project :- PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR NAME NANDRE CHANDRAKANT VEDU SANCTION FILE NO. F. 47-795/09 (WRO) dated August 17, 2009 Title of research project: "SEPRATION OF ORGANIC AND METALLIC MOIETIES FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTES BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION." Total amount approved Rs. 1, 85,000/- Period of WORK 2009-2012. PUBLICATIONS C.V.Nandre and V.S.Shrivastava, “ Solvent extraction , detection and identification of organics in industrial wastewater by FTIR and GC-MS techniques.” AJCER 4(2) , 67-72. April 2011 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS Water pollution due to organics and hazardous heavy metals has been a major global concern for environmentalist, because some moieties are degradable. It is well perceived that there is a permissible limit for heavy metals, above which they are generally toxic and some are even hazardous. Contamination of the environment with organics and heavy metals from industrial wastewater is a major problem. Due to their accumulation through food chain and persistence in nature, it is necessary to remove organics and heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Organics like dyes, pigments, pesticides, organic solvents and heavy metals like Hg, As, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu ions are the serious environmental pollutants frequently encountered in industrial waste water from textile dyeing and printing, pesticide, chemicals, pulp and paper, sugar industries etc.

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UGC Minor Research Project :- PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR NAME NANDRE CHANDRAKANT VEDU

SANCTION FILE NO. F. 47-795/09 (WRO)

dated August 17, 2009

Title of research project: "SEPRATION OF ORGANIC AND METALLIC

MOIETIES FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTES BY

SOLVENT EXTRACTION."

Total amount approved Rs. 1, 85,000/-

Period of WORK 2009-2012.

PUBLICATIONS C.V.Nandre and V.S.Shrivastava, “ Solvent extraction ,

detection and identification of organics in industrial

wastewater by FTIR and GC-MS techniques.” AJCER

4(2) , 67-72. April 2011

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS

Water pollution due to organics and hazardous heavy metals has been a

major global concern for environmentalist, because some moieties are

degradable. It is well perceived that there is a permissible limit for heavy

metals, above which they are generally toxic and some are even hazardous.

Contamination of the environment with organics and heavy metals from

industrial wastewater is a major problem. Due to their accumulation

through food chain and persistence in nature, it is necessary to remove

organics and heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Organics like dyes,

pigments, pesticides, organic solvents and heavy metals like Hg, As, Cr,

Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu ions are the serious environmental pollutants frequently

encountered in industrial waste water from textile dyeing and printing,

pesticide, chemicals, pulp and paper, sugar industries etc.

Although a considerable amount of work has been carried out on the

physico-chemical, metal analysis and organic pollutants present in

industrial wastewaters but the physico-chemical properties, metal analysis

and organic pollutants in industrial wastewater from Satpur and Ambad

MIDC, Nasik yet has not been studied.

In view of the above, we are finding out detection and identification of

organics by FTIR and GG-MS techniques, concentration of hazardous

metals in industrial waste water by ICP-AES,development of low cost

methods for removal of organics and heavy metals from waste water and

physico-chemical and statistical analysis of the collected results.

The results thus obtained are being described and discussed briefly under

the following sections.

Section-1 :- Detection and identification of organic

compounds in solvent extracted masses by FTIR and

GC-MS techniques.

Section - II: - Detection of metals.

Section- III: - Development of low cost methods for the removal of

organic and metallic moieties by using bio-adsorbents.

Section- IV:- physico chemical characteristics of industrial

wastewater groundwater and amended soil samples.

SECTION - I

Detection and identification of organic compounds in solvent extracted

masses by FTIR and GC-MS techniques:

In this section we will discuss the analysis of industrial waste water

samples collected from Satpur and Ambad MIDC, Nashik, Which were

extracted from CH2CI2 and recorded for FTIR and GC-MS. The obtained

extracted mass has been analyzed for different functional groups by Parkin

Elmer make FTIR and organic compounds by Haward Packered make GC-

MS instruments at Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF),

IIT, Mumbai.

The FTIR result of industrial wastewater samples show some important

frequencies and characteristics bands. The obtained GC-MS results of

industrial wastewater samples from Satpur and Ambad MIDC, show the

presence of organic compounds, which are being given in Section -1 of

Chapter 3. SECTION-II Detection of metals:

This section is divided into two parts.

A] Detection of hazardous metals by ICP-AES.

B] Detection of exchangeable metals by flame photometry and

complexometry.

A] Detection of hazardous metals by ICP-AES.

The disposal of treated and untreated industrial effluents into river water

increases the heavy metal concentration in water. The industries require

large volume of water and variety of chemicals for various process and

generate high amount of waste contains a wide variety of hazardous,

organic inorganic and carcinogenic substances and toxic heavy metals,

which are posing serious problems.

The heavy metals present in the industrial effluents interact with organic

and inorganic species and forms complexes.

The hazardous metals like Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, Ni, As, Hg and Cr play an

extremely important role in the environmental Pollution. These toxic

metals are one of the major polluting sources and of course which are

widely spread in the environment. The transformation, mobilization,

transport and bioaccumulation of these metals are of fundamental

environmental importance. Therefore it is necessary to analyze the

industrial waste water for metallic concentration. Out of the several

hazardous metals present in the above samples, we have analysed only Cu,

Cr, Ni, Zn, Hg, Cd, etc.

B] Detection of exchangeable metals by flame photometry and

complexomelry.

The concentration of Na and K were determined by flame photometric

technique and Ca and Mg were detected by the complexometric method.

SECTION- III

Development of low cost methods for removal of organic and

metallic moieties by using bio adsorbents:

1] Removal of basic red dye by using Ipomoea Carnia Stem Waste

Activated carbon:

Basic Red dye was selected for removal studies. The batch mode

adsorption studies were carried out by varying different parameters such as

agitation time, initial dye concentration, carbon dose, particle size and pH..

The adsorption capacity was found to be 49.84 mg/g of Ipomoea Carnia

Stem Waste Carbon (ICSWC) at pH 7 at room temperature.

2] Removal of Cr (VI) by using Albiza Lebbeck Pods from industrial

wastewater:

Albiza Libbeck pods were used for removal of Cr (VI) from industrial

wastewaters. The optimum pH for adsorption was 2.0. The metal removal

efficiency was found to be 94-99 %. SECTION- IV

Physico-chemical characteristic of industrial wastewater,

ground water and amended soil samples:

Physico chemical characteristics are best indicator of pollution. The

phvsico-chemical parameters like pH, EC, Chlorides, Total Phosphorous,

Total Nitrogen, TDS, COD, BOD and DO were analysed for all the

samples collected from various sites of Satpur and Ambad MIDC, Nashik.

The values are slightly more than the standard values.

UGC Minor Research Project :-

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR NAME DEORE SATISH VEDU

SANCTION FILE NO. 47-1669/10(WRO) AUG 17, 2011 Title of research project: “Comparative anatomical studies of roots and

stem wood with Histochemical studies

pertaining to heartwood formation in some

Angiosperm”.

Total amount approved Rs. 1, 60,000/-

Period of WORK 2012 to 2013.

PUBLICATIONS :- S. V. Deore and P. V. Ramaiah. “Chemical

regulation of heartwood formation”. Asian Journal of Chemical and Environmental Research, Vol. 5 (3-40) 69-71, July October 2012.

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS

In the deciduous tree species the radial extension of heartwood is

comparatively less than evergreen species.

The amount of heartwood is less in gum producing trees except in Acacia

nilotica, which both the gummosis and well-formed heartwood are

present.

In the seasonal study different histochemical parameters and their

distribution patterns indicate that senses occurred in the transition zone

during heartwood formation.

In general the number of vessels per unit area in root woot is less than

that of stem wood while the amount of parenchyma is higher than root

wood compared to stem wood.

Starch is major reserved food material possibly converted into phenolic

extractives via lipids derivatives from outer sap wood to transition zone

during wood development.

In all observed tree species transport processes indicated by localization

of phosphatases, decrease from outer sap wood to transition zone.

Histochemical observation indicate that outer and middle sapwood the

parenchyma cell are metabolically active in inner transition zone.

Ethylene and ACC treatment into the sap wood resulted in the formation

of induced heartwood in under observed tree species.

In gum yield tree the radial extension of induced heartwood is less

compared to tree with the heartwood formation.

The electric resistance being lowest in the barks and gradually increase

towards inside and showed sudden increases in transition zone.

Heartwood shows height resistance due to low moisture content.

UGC Minor Research Project :-

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR NAME SAWANT DILIP KASHINATH

SANCTION FILE NO. Sanction file No.:- F.47-1696/10(WRO)

Dated, 6 MAR 2011

Title of research project: “To Study the effect of mixed crystals of

Calcium Tartrate in Silica gel”

Total amount approved Rs. 1, 30,000/-

Period of WORK 2011 to 2012.

PUBLICATIONS 1D. K. Sawant . Growth and EDAX of mixed Ca-

Ba Tartrate. Scholars Research Library

Archives of Physics Research, 2013, 4 (2):1-3

2. D. K. Sawant 1* and D. S. Bhavsar2.

Photoluminescence and Band gap energy of Ca-

Sr Tartrate. Scholars Research Library

Archives of Physics Research, 2012, 3 (1):29-35

3..D. K. Sawant1*, H. M. Patil2, D. S. Bhavsar3

and K. D. Girase4. “Elemental analysis of gel

grown Ca-Cd tartrate .Advances in Applied

Science Research, 2013, 4(1):383-385 4. D. K. Sawant 1*, H. M. Patil 2, D. S.

Bhavsar3, J.H. Patil4, K.D.Girase5. Structural

and Optical Properties of Calcium Cadmium

Tartrate. Archives of Physics Research, 2011, 2

(2): 67-73.

3 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS

Author has selected “To Study the effect of mixed crystals of Calcium Tartrate in Silica

gel”. The grown crystals of mixed calcium tartrate will be used for following

characterization.

1. X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD)

2. FTIR

3. Thermal studies

a) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

b) Derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG)

c) Differential thermal analysis (DTA)

4. UV-Visible spectroscopy

5. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX)

6. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

ACHIEMENTS FROM THE PROJECT

The advances in the science of the solid state and material science depend upon the

availability of good quality single crystals. Consequently, tremendous amount of efforts has

been made on the development of crystal growth techniques, each having its own importance

and potentiality with certain limitation.

The new rapidly developing branches of science and technology, such as quantum

electronics, quantum and non linear optics, semiconductor instrumentation, Laser and masers

etc. all involves the use of single crystals and their singular properties. So several techniques

have been developed and are still being to be developed in rapid succession to synthesize

better and better quality of crystals, which are rare in nature, or not yet grown in laboratory.

Crystals are the unknown pillars of modern technology. The modern technological

developments depend greatly on the availability of suitable single crystals, whether it is for

lasers, semiconductors, magnetic devices, optical devices, superconductors,

telecommunication etc. In spite of great technological advancements in the recent years, we

are still in the early stage with respect to the growth of several important crystals such as

diamond, silicon carbide, gallium nitride and so on. Unless the science of growing these

crystals understood precisely, it is impossible to grow them as large single crystals to be

applied in modern industry. The large number of crystals is used in electronic, optical and in

industries. Hence today’s demand is to grow large single crystals with high purity and

symmetry.

A crystal can consist of any virtually pure single chemical compound (small

impurities can be present which give colors to minerals and mixtures of compounds that can

co-crystallize, but less common). The compound may be inorganic, as in minerals and salts,

e.g. SiO2 (quartz) or NaCl (salt) or organic, such as sugar. In fact, any pure organic substance

can be crystallized under the right conditions. The chemist actually uses process of

recrystallization to purify their compounds as traces of impurity generally remain in solution

when the crystals are formed. While classic compounds such as CuSO4 can be obtained in the

large form of crystals. Most compounds crystallize in smaller size, which can be obtained in

large and well formed under suitable conditions and by using proper techniques. Even

proteins can be encouraged to crystallize nicely under appropriate conditions. The large size

of protein crystal helps scientists to study for the determination of structure of proteins

thereby understands their function. Protein crystallography is a very hot field in biosciences

these days.

Mixed crystal of tartrate have several applications in medicine, optics etc. and hence;

it was thought work while to undertake investigation on growth of crystals of mixed tartrate

and their characterization by different methods.

UGC Minor Research Project:- PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR NAME WAGH PRAKASH BHILA

SANCTION FILE NO. 47-794/09(WRO) DATED, AUGUST 17, 2009

Title of research project: “.Removal of dyes by using different Agro based carbon: Kinetic and Equilibrium Study.

Total amount approved Rs. 1, 80,000/-

Period of WORK 2009-2012.

PUBLICATIONS P.B.WAGH AND V S SHRIVASTAVA, 2011; “ORGANICS IN DYE WASTEWATER: A FTIR AND GC-MS STUDY”, Asian Journal of chemical and environmental research, 4 (1), 87-91

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS

The contamination of the environments by organics from the industrial dye waste water is

a major problem due to their accumulation in nature and water bodies. The dyes effect

the flora and fauna and nearby land areas and hence it is necessary to remove this dyes

from the dye waste water industries. In waste water effluent organics dyes , pigments ,

pesticides and heavy metals from the industries like printings, chemicals, pulp, sugar

,tanering, etc are found to be present and this creates a serious environmental problems.

I have tried to study the physicochemical parameters of the dye industries effluent

like PH, EC, total prosperous, Nitrate as No3, dissolved oxygen, COD, BOD present in the

dye industries effluents from the G.I.D.C.-Sachin Pandesara of Surat city in Gujarat. In

view of the above I have also tried to detect and identify the organics presents in a dye

industries waste water effluents by FTIR and GC-MS technique. I also developed a low cost

adsorption method for the removal of dyes by using agro based carbon adsorbent

material for a dye alizarin red-s.

I have presented this study in the following sections:

Section I. Physicochemical characteristics of industrial waste water bore well and

amended soil

Section II. Detection and identification of organic dyes solvent extracted mass by FTIR and

G.C.M.S technique

Section III. Development of low cost method for the removal of dye Alizarin red-s using

agro based coconut shell activated carbon.

Section I-

Physicochemical characteristics of an industrial dye waste water amended soil bore well

water and ground water.

The physicochemical characteristics of a industrial dye waste water, amended soil, bore

well water and ground water are the best indicators of the pollution and hence the

physicochemical parameters were analysd for all the dyes industries sample collected

from GIDC- Sachin Pandesara of Surat city. The result thus obtained is described under the

following subheadings.

1) PH- It is the most important characteristics of a dye industries waste water effluents

and it indicates the H+Ions in the water effluent. The PH of the effluent varies from 6.5 -

9.3 for the dye industries and for soil sample it is in between 7- 8.5 and bore well water it

is 7.5-8. The standard range of PH is 6.5-8.5

2) EC-The electrical conductivity depends upon the salt and minerals present in the dye

waste water. In dye industries waste water the EC varies from 3.5 micromhos to 60

micromhos.

3) Total Phosphorous- The variation ranges is from 2.12-7.66mg/liter for dye waste water

and for soil sample from 0.34-0.40mg/lit and for bore well water and ground water the

phosphorus is not detected. The limit of Phosphorous is found in a desired limit. The

standard for the phosphorous is 500 mg/liter by the ISI 10500 standard

4)Total Nitrogen – The percentage of Nitrogen in the dye industries varies from 2.12-7.56

and is soil it is from 0.0 38 to 0.38 and in bore water it is 3.27 and in ground water it is

2.19.The percentage of found Nitrogen found is in a desired limit.

5) Nitrate as NO3- the limit of Nitrate as NO3 for dye waste water effluent varies from 2.57

to 14.36mg/liter and for soil sample it is 1.39 to 14.98mg/liter and for bore water it is

2.92mg/liter. The nitrate is not detected in ground water sample, the nitrate is found in a

desired limit according to the ISI 10500 standard

6) Dissolved Oxygen- the Do in dye industries waste water varies from 1.3 to 2.6 and in

bore well water it is 4.5mg/liter and for ground water it is 4mg/liter. The Do found is also

in desired limit.

7) BOD- The BOD of dye industries varies between 110 to 600mg/liter. IN bore water and

ground water it is not detected.

8) COD- It is most important factor and it found in dye industries water in between 463 to

2080mg/liter. The COD values are more in some industries waste water and in ground well

water it is 10.30mg/liter.

9) Sulphate- amount of Sulphate in dyes waste water industries varies in between 249 to

5294mg/liter and in soil sample it is between 149 to 1429 mg/liter and in bore water it is

59.34 to 116mh/liter an in ground water it is 59.34mg/liter the high value indicates the

presence of minerals

Section II-

Detection and identifications of dyes by FTIR and GCMS technique

The samples collected from the dye waste water industries are anylaised for the detection

and identifications of dyes. By FTIR .The IR bond detected are N-H stretching, O-H

stretching, CO2 stretching, C-N, C-O single bond stretching in ester. The dyes detected are

Azidomethyl Benzin and 2 – Phenyl-4 (formyloxy methyl) 5-methyl 1, 2, 3 trizole. From

literature survey the observation is that the dyes in effluents are Carcinogenic, Mutagenic

and Tetratogenic to human and flora and fauna. The deposition of this dyes affect the

fertile soil and drinking water qualities of the nearby areas hence it is necessary the dye

should be removed from the waste water effluents before they discharge by using

different technique

Section III-

Development of low cost method for the removal dyes from dye waste water using agro

based carbons.

The kinetics and mechanism of Alizarin red-s dye on coconut shell activated carbon is

studied. The investigation is done by using batch adsorption technique. The different

variables like initial dye concentration , adsorbent dose , contact time PH and the various

kinetics models like ilovichs model , intrapartical diffusion model pseudo first and pseudo

second orders and adsorption isotherms like Langmuir and frendlich adsorption isotherms

were studied . The adsorbent is characterized by FTIR, EDAX and SEM analysis. The

adsorbent used was coconut shell activated carbon.

The optimized conditions are initial dye concentration used are 60, 80,100, 120

ppm solution, PH fixed is 8, Contact time 120 min and adsorbent dose form 0.2 to

4gm/liter

Conclusions

1) The coconut shell activated carbon can be an effective adsorbent for the removal of

alizarin red-s dye.

2) The amount of dye uptake was found to be increased with increase in contact time,

initial dye concentration and it decreases with and increasing adsorbent dose

3) The adsorption rate was found to be confirm to pseudo second order kinetics with

good correlation

4) The equilibrium data fit very well in Langmuir equation and it indicates monolayer

adsorption kinetics.

5) The waste water effluent of dyes industries should not be discharge in to water bodies

without giving a proper treatment.