udis itoria

2006 weli

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udis istoria

Cveni winaprebi Zveli welTaRricxviT 122-125 wlebSi Rvinis xarks uxdidnen

asirielebs. asiriis mefe sargoni ase aRwers Tavis barbarosobas: “me davwvi

mSvenieri sadgomebi, me avCexe maTi xexilis baRebi da uricxvi venaxebi. me bolo

movuRe mTel maT sasmels da udabnod vaqcie es qveyana.”

vin moTvlis ramdeni Tavganwirva dasWirdaT qarTvel tomebs, raTa axali,

bednieri cxovrebis gzaze daeyenebinaT TavianTi dabeCavebuli qveyana.

asirielebis mier musxebis – mosxebis (mesxebis) Cagvras bolo mouRo

kimerelTa tomis Sesevam asiriaSi. amis Semdeg qarTvelTa tomebi iZulebulni

gamxdaran daetovebinaT Zveli sacxovreblebi da samxreTidan ufro

CrdiloeTiT wamosuliyvnen da dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze

dasaxlebulan (Tumca dRevandeli mesxeTis teritoriaze mesxebis nawili mainc

cxovrobda). am droidan moyolebuli qarTvelTa tomebis arseboba mcire aziaSi

qreba.

“muSkebi” anu mesxebi dasaxlebulan dRevandeli samcxis teritoriaze,

mcire nawili dasaxlebula dRevandeli adigenis raionis erT-erT uZveles

adgilas “udis velze” (dRevandel udivlebze), sadac manamdec cxovrobdnen

mesxTa tomebi.

dRevandel sof. udis samxreT aRmosavleTiT “mamulaT wyarosa” da

“askilovanebis” Tavze mdebareobs nasoflari “udis veli”. arqeologebi am

nasoflars meoTxe aTaswleulis nasoflarad Tvlian, aq aris gorasamarxebi

(yorRanebi).

ai ras wers “ganaxlebuli mesxeTi” 1976 wlis pirveli maisis nomerSi

arqeologTa eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli oTar RambaSiZe: “aRsaniSnavia, rom Sua

brinjaos xana msxvil tomTa gaerTianebis xanaa. swored Cvens mier xsenebul

mxareSi Cvens mier mikvleuli yorRanebi msgavsad TrialeTisa, tomis beladebs

an dawinaurebul did ojaxebs Tu gvaris wevrebs ekuTvniT. am TvalsazrisiT

sof. udeSi (udivlebi – udis velebi) mikvleuli gorasamarxebi (yorRani),

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romelic garegnuli niSnebiT did msgavsebas hpovebs mtkvris zemo welSi

cnobil kamerian gorasamarxebTan.

aqedan gamomdinare dRevandeli sofel udis winamorbedad unda CaiTvalos

uZvelesi nasoflari “udis veli”, saidanac mosaxleoba IV-III aTas wleulSi

Camosaxlda da daiwyo cxovreba dRevandeli udis teritoriaze. Camosaxlebul

mosaxleobas “udis velis” nacvlad unda daerqmiaT ude, radgan axali

dasaxleba xev-ReleebiT, gorak-borcvebiT, gauvali tyiT yofila dafaruli da

ar hqonia vel-mindori, ris gamoc sityva “veli” TavisTavad CamoSorda da

rogorc Cans sofels saxeli “ude” darqmevia.

winaparTa gadmocemiT, dRevandeli udis Semogareni dafaruli yofila

xSiri, gauvali Sereuli tyiT. aRniSnuls adasturebs is, rom maqandaraSvilebis

saxls Zelad gamoyenebuli hqonia askilis xe, romlis gulSi katebi

Tavisuflad Zvrebodnen.

udis saxelis warmoSobis Sesaxeb zogierT mkvlevars Tavisi Sexeduleba

aqvs. mkvlevari vano merabiSvilis azriT ude uZveles periodSi unda yofiliyo

“SuSan qalaqis” saxelwodebiT.

vano merabiSvili (soflis mkvidri) 1897 wlis Jurnal “kvalSi” werda: es

naqalaqevi – samgzis aris aoxrebuli Tavisi dasabamidan”, rogorc saqarTvelos,

ise udis amaoxreblad asaxelebs murvan yrus, Temur lengsa da ukanasknelad

TurqTa Semosevebs da bolos ase amTavrebs: naqalaqevs Sno da Sexeduleba

dahkargvia Temur lengis aoxrebis Semdego.

vano merabiSvilis es mosazreba ar unda iyos swori, radgan udis mTlian

dasaxlebas ki ar rqmevia “SuSan – qalaqi”, aramed mis erT-erT ubans, sadac

cxovrobdnen am soflis batoni stefane da misi meuRle SuSana SaxburaZeebi. (es

adgili dResac SuSanqalas saxels atarebs). rogorc TviTon mkvlevari

gadmogvcems am ubanSi arsebuli eklesia da batonis sasaxle murvan yrus

daungrevia da batoni stefane SaxburaZe wamebiT mouklavs. mis qvrivs SuSanas

dangreuli sasaxle da eklesia auSenebia Tavisi xarjiT, igi didi SeZlebuli

batonis – anton xurciZis Svili yofila.

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unda vivaraudoT, rom ubani sadac cxovrobda stefanes qvrivi SuSana,

qmris sikvdilis Semdeg man ise moawyo, rom am ubnis mosaxleobam “SuSanas

qalaqi” Searqva, xolo udis mTlian dasaxlebas ki dasabamidan ude unda

rqmeoda da ara “SuSanqalaqi”.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom SaxburaZeebs memkvidre ar darCeniaT da

udesac mas Semdeg batoni – Tavadi aRar hyolia.

baton ilia maisuraZes (docenti) ramdenime variantad aqvs mocemuli

sofel udis saxelis warmoSobis sakiTxi.

erT-erT variantSi igi udes navebis TavSesafrad, sadgomad anu

navsayudeblad miiCnevs, sinamdvileSi udis teritoriaze arsebul zRviuri

naleqebi adasturebs, rom mTeli saqarTvelo da dRevandeli mesxeTis

teritoria daaxloebiT sami milioni wlis winaT dafaruli yofila wyliT da

maRali mTebi ki kunZulebis saxiT yofila warmodgenili, romlebzedac xarobda

tropiruli mcenareuloba, amis erT-erTi damadasturebeli faqtia goderZis

wyebaSi arsianis qedis aRmosavleTiT kalTaze gaqvavebuli tye, xolo

“kisaTibis” teritoriaze (axalcixis raioni) diatomitis maRaroSi Tevzebis

anabeWdebi.

mesameulis bolos da meoTxeulis dasawyisSi vulkanebis amofrqvevebma,

dedamiwis xSirma ryevebma da zedapiris awev-dawevam gamoiwvia zRvis ukan daxeva,

ris gamoc unda vivaraudoT, rom ude navebis TavSesafari unda yofiliyo,

radgan zRvis arsebobis dros udis teritoria wyliT iqneboda dafaruli,

navebis TavSesafari sadgomi SesaZlebelia yofiliyo maRlobebze – arsianis,

euSeTisa da fersaTis mTebis kalTebze.

zogierTis TvalsazrisiT ude ucxouri warmoSobis sityvaa, arc es

Sexedulebaa swori: ude Cveni azriT uZvelesi qarTuli sityvidan iRebs saTaves,

es aris “yude”, rac sadgoms, TavSesafars niSnavs (ixileT qarTuli enis

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni). sityva yude-s didi xania aRar xmaroben saqarTveloSi.

es sityva daiviwyes, mxolod “yuda” megrulSi, WanurSi da lazurSi gvaqvs yudes

saxiT, igi iqac sacxovrebel saxls-binas niSnavs, rogorc vxedavT mas aso “y”

daukargavs, misi naSTi erTgvari xmovnis saxiT mainc ismis.

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dRevandel sofel udeSi yvela gvars Tavisi ubani hqonia da TiToeuli

gavri erT ojaxad cxovrobda (TiTo ojaxSi 15-30 sulamde), rasac jalabobas

eZaxdnen. mtris Semosevebis dros TiToeuli gvaris wevrebi erTiandebodnen da

erT binaSi (darbazSi – didi oda) afarebdnen Tavs. xolo mamakacebi iaraRiT

icavdnen Sesasvlel kars.

Zvelad udis mosaxleoba cxovrobda miwur binebSi, romlis kedlebi naSeni

iyo mxolod qviT, romlis sisqe metramde aRwevda, zemodan daxuruli iyo

dauxerxavi msxvili xe-tyiT, romelsac zemodan dayrili hqonda erT metramde

miwa. umetes binebs fanjrebi hqonda zemodan, romelsac ewodeboda gvirgvini da

buxarSi datanebuli hqonda celi, rom buxridan mtris Camosvla SeuZlebeli

yofiliyo. TiToeul sajalabo binas hqonda ori gasasvleli bakebiT

mezoblebTan an sxva gvarTan saWiro SemTxvevaSi dasakavSireblad. ai aseTi

binebi warmoadgenda mtrisgan Tavdacvis saSualebas

sabolood sityvebi “yuro”-c da “yude”-c myudro TavSesafar adgilad

unda miviCnioT, romlisaganac unda iyos soflis saxeli ude warmoSobili.

batoni d. kokoriZe mconde (docenti) udisa da misi mosaxleobis

warmoSobas Tavis werilSi arasworad asabuTebs da srul ucodinarobas

amJRavnebs. man, rom udis istoriuli warsuli kargad icodes maSin ar dawerda

imas, rom ude da misi mosaxleoba SavSeTis – udinebis teritoriidan iyvnen

gadmosuli da enad sargeblobdnen albanel da azerbaijanel tomebs, man unda

icodes, rom ude uZvelesi sofelia mesxeTSi da misi mosaxleoba (mesxeTis) anu

Zveli (muSkebis) STamomavlebi arian da uxsovari droidan cxovroben udis

teritoriaze.

1956 wels sofeli udeSi aRmoCenil ganZs maqandaraSvilis binasTan

mecnierebi Zveli welTaRricxvis me-10-e - me-11-e sauukuneebs miakuTvneben.

Tu es asea sofeli ude uZvelesi warmoSobis mWidrod dasaxlebuli sofeli

unda iyos. gadmocemiT dRevandeli raionul centrs da raions Zvelad adigvens

eZaxdnen, rac TiTqos niSnavs mdinaris lamaz xeobas. CvenTvis gaurkvevelia, Tu

es saxelwodeba saidan an visgan warmosdgeba, Tumca amJamadac lamazi

Sesaxedavia, droTa ganmavlobaSi saxe icvala saxelwodebam da darCa adigeni.

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sofeli ude raionuli centris – adigenis samxreT-aRmosavleT 10 km ze

mdebaroebs. mdinare qvablianis marjvena sanapirodan, eruSeTis mTis gorak-

borcvian kalTebzea Sefenili, romelsac dasavleTidan (kiaTxevis) xeoba Caudis

da cixis qarafovani sali klde akravs sartyeliviT, xolo samxreTidan ufro

maRali gorak-borcviani zegani, romlsac maRlidan dahyurebs (zaqoriebi)

saqoriebi, nanaseri da udivlebi, xolo aRmosavleTidan sofel arals

uerTdeba, ude zRvis donidan 1200 metris simaRleze mdebareobs, romlisTvisac

damaxasiaTebelia xangrZlivi da sakmaod civi zamTari. ianvris saSualo

temperatura aris 3-6 gradusi. xolo afsoluturi erTeulebi 25-28 gradusamdec

aris. zafxuli xanmokle da grilia. ivlisisa da agvistos temperatura +20-25

gradusamde meryeobs, naleqebis wliuri raodenoba meryeobs 550-dan 650 mm-mde.

naleqebis maqsimaluri raodenoba modis gazafxulze (100mm-mde) xolo ianvarSi –

30 dan 40-mde. wlis ganmavlobaSi naleqiani dReebi daaxloebiT 130-mde gvxvdeba,

magram zafxuli mainc ZiriTadad gvalviani icis. Tovli modis noembris III

dekadidan Tebervlis bolomde, romlis sisqe 50sm farglebSi meryeobs, Tovlis

arsebobis xangrZlivoba xSirad 110 dRemde meryeobs, qarbuqiani dReebi icis

zamTris periodSi, Tumca igi iSviaTi movlenaa, xSirad zafxulobiT maisis

TveSi icis wayinvebi. ris gamoc ziandeba xexilis baRebi da aRmocenebuli

sxvadasxva erTwliani kulturebi. aseve did zians ayenebs sas. sam. kulturebs

setyva, romelic arc ise iSviaTia.

Tu mesxeTis istorias Tvals gadavavlebT Cven davrwmundebiT, rom Zvelad

es adgili myudrod dasaxlebul mxared iTvleboda. magram JamTa siavem mospo

da nacartutad aqcia bevri sofeli, qalaqi, cixe-monasteri da eklesia.

mosaxleobis didi nawili mterTa brZolaSi ganadgurda, nawili mterma tyved

waiyvana, nawilma Tavi Seafara saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxares, amitom gaCnda

Tqmuleba saqarTveloSi “mesxi movida mkvidri ayarao”.

umetesoba gamahmadianda, xolo nawilma ki didi tanjva wamebiT da vai-

vaglaxiT SeinarCuna Tavisi qarTuli saxe, ena da sarwmunoeba. samcxis

erTeulma sofelma TavianTi erovnuli mtkice nebisyofiTa da gmiruli

brZolebiT daicves TavianTi erovnuli Rirebuleba, romelTa ricxvebSia mraval

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Wirgadanaxadi sofel udis mosaxleoba, romelsac Tavisi mravalsaukunovani

brZolebiT, SeudrekelobiT, ukuugdiaT Semoseuli mteri da mxurvale

furclebiT SeuvsiaT mesxeTis istoria. amitom SemTxveviT rodis eZaxian udes

“legendebisa, miTebisa da gmirTa budes”.

qarTvel xalxs aRmoaCnda didi Sinagani Zala, rom gaeZlo am udidesi

qarSxlisaTvis, romelic saukuneebis manZilze saqarTvelo aziis qveynebis

sabrZolo asparezad iyo qceuli. adamians, rom saswaulisa sjerodes, maSin

albaT saswaulad unda miiCnios is ambavi, rom qarTvelma xalxma da maT

ricxvSi udis mosaxleobam mesx xalxTan erTad dRemde moaRwia.

mZime saSinao politikuri viTarebis Sedegad samcxe-javaxeTidan 300-ze

meti sofeli ganadgurda arabTa batonobis periodSi. 735-738 wlebSi murvan yrus

rom daungrevia da gadauwvia saqarTvelos soflebi da qalaqebi, maT Soris

igive bedi swvevia udesac, rasac adasturebs udis teritoriaze gaTxrebis

monacemebi.

xangrZlivi Sesvenebis Semdeg 1235 wels monRolebi ipyroben saqarTvelos.

manmade ki Cvens tanjul qveyanas 5-jer Semoesia xvarazmis Sahis Svili jal-al-

eddinis razmi, ris Sedegadac dasustebul saqarTvelos advilad imorCileben

monRoli noinebi – CormaRani, CaRata, giCo da sxva. monRolTa batonobis

periodSi saqarTveloSi 700 sofeli aRigava pirisagan miwisa. monRolTa

batonobis Semdeg iranisa da TurqeTis 50 wlianma gauTavebelma brZolebma

saqarTvelos mimart, TurqeTi – saqarTvelos 100 wlianma omma qarTveli xalxi

gandgurebis gzamde miiyvana da maT Soris yvelaze metad samxreT saqarTvelom

Tavis mxrebze gadaitana muslimanTa samsaukunovani batonoba. am xnis manZilze

maT ara marto gaZarcves da daarbies mosaxleoba, aramed mis did nawils

muqariT, cecxliTa da maxviliT mahmadianoba miaRebines.

iraneli istorikosis iskander mumSis cnobiT Sah abasma 1616 wlis

laSqrobis dros kaxeTidan iranSi 130 aTasze meti qarTveli gadaasaxla. dRes

maTi STamomavlebi iranis sxvadasxva provinciebSi cxovroben, aseTi bedi

sweviaT mesxeT-javaxeTidan wayvanil tyveebsac, romlebic ardabilis olqSi

dausaxlebiaT, maT Soris sofeli udidanac bevri yoliaT wayvanili da udelebs

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ardabilis olqSi sacxovrebel adgilisaTvis TavianTi sofelis saxeli “ude”

daurqmeviaT. 1590-1595 wlebSi, roca Turq-osmalebma sabolood daipyres samxreT

saqarTvelo, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT mosaxleobis nawilma miatova saxl kari

da gaqceviT uSvela Tavs, xolo zogma mama-papis kera ver miatova. mesxeTis

mosaxleobis didi nawilma, ise rogorc udis 60 sxvadasxva gvaris 135 ojaxma,

romlebic darCnen TurqTa tyveobaSi. im dros TurqTa dampyroblebma mesxeTis

mosaxleobis uZrav-moZravi qoneba aRweres da Semdeg “ vilaieTebad”, olqebad

da raionebad dayves.

im periodisaTvis udis mosaxleobisaTvis dabegrili komlTa raodenoba

Seadgenda 135 ojaxs da sofeli ixdida gadasaxads (isfenjs) 30000 axCis

raodenobiT, rogorc naturiT ise fuladadac, maSin erTi qila xorbali

(daaxloebiT 3/5 kg) Sefasebuli yofila 12 aRCad. gadasaxadi dawesebuli

yofila soflis meurneobis produqtebzec, miqazec, wisqvilzec, yofila agreTve

saqorwilo gadasaxadic, romliTac ibegrebodnen gasaTxovari da

dasaqorwinebeli axalgazrdebi da qvrivi qalebi.

TurqTa batonobis periodSi 1959 wlidan 1828 wlamde ude did raionul

centrad ivleboda, Sedioda axalcixis “vilaieTSi”, udis raionSi am

periodisaTvis 58 sofeli Sedioda. ude, mediani, zemo da qveme orWoSani, irqa,

bolajuri, wyise, qvemo da zemo mareli, zemo zanavi eklesiiTurT, Sua zanavi

anu wina zanavi, gomaro, lelovani, qvemo farexa, arali, RorZe meore, yoraSeni,

kaxareTi, CorCani, yaraTubani, samyre, valisoni, xona, dunesi, derceli, sairmia,

CorCisi, somexTubani, xuro, xura, WobaSeni, CofaSeni, avxeri, zemo moxe, qvemo

moxe, kexovani, amxa, CanCafuri, didi mlaSe, zazalo (saZalo), ZinZe adgiliT,

utyisubani, natenaanT ubani, warbasubani, kortuxeTi, zarTa, osieTi anu osiZe,

zakuleTi, avazana, evabijvari, xerTvisi, saTleli, ialaRi Tlili, erema,

gorgamlaSe, Cairi udis rabaTTan, patra mlaSe, arzne, qvemo zanavi, gorguli,

sofel zarzmis eklesia, taZaro, flatesTan sofeli, smarza sofel zarzmasTan.

Turqul wyaroebSi vkiTxulobT: “aTabagma yvaryvare III–m yizilbaSebis

daxmarebiT moipova gamarjveba aTabagobis pretendent manuCarze, romelmac

yizilbaSebs osmalebi daupirispira yizil ahmed begis meTaurobiT. manuCari

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qarTveli yizil ahmed oRlisTan erTad, romelic sulTan seimis erTi

amiraTagani iyo rumiidan saqarTveloSi Camovida, raTa yvaryvaresaTvis qveyana

waerTmia da misTvis mieca (manuCarisaTvis). “yvaryvare maT Seeba yaraja-

ardahanSi da gaimarjva”.

cnobilia. rom yvaryvare III-is periodSi did Turqobis drosac ude did

raionuli centri yofila, romelsac ganagebda vinme aznauri “andromani”.

jer kidev osmaleTi XV saukunis meore naxevridan, samxreT saqarTveloSi

iWreba da aqedan iwyeba saqarTvelos dapyroba, ori agresiuli saxelmwifos –

TurqeTisa da iranis gauTavebeli brZolebi, xolo XVI saukunis 90-ian wlebSi

Turqebi samudamod epatronebian samxreT saqarTvelos.

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udis istoriuli Zeglebi

Cvens winaprebs jer kidev antikur periodSi soflis dasavleTiT augiaT

cixe, romlis mimdebare teritorias dResac xandakis saxeliT moixsenebs

mosaxleoba (xandakebs dResac eZaxis xalxi cixis mimdebare teritoriebs, sadac

aris amoTxrili didi ormoebi, romlebic daxuruli da Sexamebuli iyo

garemosTan, mtris Semosevebis dros mters gzas ormoebisken aZlevdnen,

ormoebSi Cacvenilebs zemodan qvebiT xocavdnen). aRniSnuli cixe miwisqveSa

gvirabebiT dakavSirebuli yofila soflis calkeul ubnebTan, raTa

Semosevebisagan mosaxleobas daecva Tavi, sofeli ude uZveles periodSi

mdidari yofila istoriuli ZeglebiT, am mxaris Zeglebi, rogorc akademikosi

vaxtang beriZe wers XIII saukunis miwurulsa da XIV saukuneebis Zeglebia. misi

azriT XII-XIV saukuneebSi saqarTvelos samxreTiT nawili damoukidebel

samTavros warmoadgenda adre pirvel bagrationTa dros (VIII-X saukuneebSi)

mTavari politikuri da kulturuli centrebi ufro samxreTiT taoSi iyo,

xolo Semdeg XIII-XIV saukuneebSi centrma CrdiloeTiT - samcxeSi

gadmoinacvla, samTavros dedaqalaqad axalcixe iqca, xolo sasulierod -

awyuri”.

udeSi eklesiebis umravlesoba XIII-XIV saukuneebs miekuTvneba, rogorc

akademikosi vaxtang beriZe varaudobs, magram eklesiebis nawili ki VII-VIII da

zogi ufro adrindeli saukuneebisa unda iyos, romelTa Sesaxebac qvemoT

visaubrebT.

Zvelad udes Svidi eklesia da erTi antikuri periodis cixe amSvenebda,

romelsac dasavleTidan sartyeliviT akravs maRali klde, xolo mis gaswvriv

“kiaTxevis” xevi Caudis, romelic saZalos cixisa da irmis Walis midamoebidan

ikrebs wyals.

soflis mkvidris, mkvlevar ivane merabiSvilis azriT cixe agebuli unda

iyos kerpTayvanismcemlobis periodSi, radgan cixis karis anayolSi qvaze

gamokveTili yofila cxoveli, cxovelis win kaci, romelsac Tavi daxrili

hqonia da xelebi gaSlili, mis ukan ori kaci mdgara gulxeldakrefili.

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mkvlevari iv. merabiSvili cxovelis winaSe Tavis moxras kerpTayvanismcemlobis

periodad miiCnevs da varaudobs, rom Tavdaxrili kaci am cixis mSenebeli,

xolo mis ukan mdgomni misi mxleblebi unda yofiliyvnen da es Tu asea, maSin

ivane merabiSvilis azrs unda daveyrdnoT da vivaraudoT, rom cixe

kerpTayanismcemlobis periodSi unda iyos agebuli.

mravalsaukunovanma seismurma da gareSe bunebrivma moqmedebebma cixis

dasavleTis cicabo kldovani mxare daangria, xolo CrdiloeTidan da Crdilo-

aRmosavleTis mxare daucurebia da igi cicabo ferdobad gadauqcevia, romlis

terasebzec dRes mosaxleobaa dasaxlebuli, xolo galavani da galavnis SigniT

mdebare nagebobani – sasaxle da eklesia JamTa siaves aRugvia pirisagan miwisa

da dRes cixis midamoebi ise gamoiyureba, TiTqos warsulSi iq araferi

yofiliyos.

Crdilo dasavleTis kldis Sverilze arsebuli burji am ramdenime wlis

win daangria iqve mcxovrebma vano gigolaSvilma, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT cixe

saidumlo miwisqvesa gvirabebiT dakavSirebuli yofila soflis centralur

ubnebTan, cixis darbazebidan gamomavali gvirabebi pavle balaxaSvilisa da

sergo yuljaniSvilis saxlebis qveS gavliT miemarTeboda erTi aRmosavleTiT,

meore Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT da eklesiebs akavSirdebda.

yuljaniSvili sergos saxli cixis sardafSi Sesasvlel gzazea

moTavsebuli, gza kiris xsnaris sqeli feniT yofila dafaruli da riyis qviT

mopirkeTebuli, warsulSi miwisZvrebis gamo Cangreula cixeSi yvela

Sesasvleli gzebi. galavnis samxreT kideSi ori ormo iyo, romlebic saxlebis

mSeneblobis dros amouvsiaT. cixis siRrmeSi arsebuli darbazebi gamoyenebuli

unda yofiliyo sursaTis Sesanaxad da SiSianobis dros mosaxleobis

TavSesafarad.

cixe saidumlo gvirabiT dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo dasavleTiT

xevTan, saidanac mosaxleoba maragdeboda rogorc sasmeli ise cxeli bunebrivi

wyliT, romelic dabla xevis piras mamulaSvilebis baRis Tavze didi lodis

Zirze gamodioda, magram am oTxi aTeuli wlis winaT cxelma wyarom sxvadasxva

gza hpova da daikarga.

11

rogorc ivane merabiSvili Tavis werilsi wers, udis cixis galavanis

sigrZe 200, xolo sigane 500 nabiji yofila, Cvenda saubedurod, didi xania rac

cixis teritorias daepatronnen cixesTan axlos mcxovrebni da cixis

teritoriaze aaSenes sacxovrebeli binebi, ris gamoc saidumloebiT moculi

cixis midamoebi gadaTxares da rac TvaliT ixedeboda zogi daangries da zogic

miwaSi damarxes.

rogorc irkveva, cixis aRmosavleT galavnis kedels ekvroda savaWro

moedani, xolo galavnis SigniT ki yofila sasaxle da eklesia, romelic 1595

wlidan Turqebma cixis galavanSi arsebuli sasaxle gamoiyenes jaris

nawilebisaTvis, xolo eklesia TavianT salocav meCeTad gadaakeTes.

“gurjistanis vilaieTis did davTaris” II wignis 57-e gverdze vkiTxulobT:

“vakufi didebuli yuranis, sakiTxavad udis cixis wminda meCeTSi: venaxi da baRi,

sayane miwiTurT, Cairi da wisqvili saxelad gurasfa aznaurisa da udis cixeSi

mdebare saxlebi axalcixis jaris marjvena flangis moxalisis devriS aRas

mflobelobaSi myofi Tanaxmad sasamarTlos ganaCenisa axal davTarSi Caiwera,

rom mas Semdeg, rac zemoxsenebuli venaxis, baRisa da yanis yuruSi da

gamosaRebi miecema miwis patrons (danarCeni) sargo daixarjos zemoxsenebul

wminda meCeTSi yuranis mkiTxvelebze.

zemod aRniSnuli faqtebi metyvelebs, rom udis cixe didi Turqobis dros

yofila moqmedi, sadac Turqebs Cayenebuli hyoliaT cixis sasaxleSi jari,

xolo cixeSi arsebuli eklesia – meCeTad (salocavad).

uZveles periodSi qvablianis xeobaSi ude didi savaWro centri yofila.

amas adasturebs udis cixis rabaTis saxelwodebac (rabaTi sparsuli sityvaa da

niSnavs gamargebul savaWro centrs). udeSi eklesiebisa da gvarTa simravle

miviTiTebs imaze, rom igi didi vaWar-xelosanTa punqti unda yofiliyo.

1590-1595 wlebSi, roca Turq osmalebma daarbies da gaZarcves samxreT

saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, im dros mesxeTis sxva soflebis mosaxleobasTan

erTad udis mosaxleobis didma nawilma miatova mSobliuri sofeli da gaqceviT

Tavs uSvela. xolo mama-papiseuli kera ver daTmo 64 sxvadasxva gvaris 135

ojaxma da darCnen TurqTa tyveobaSi.

12

vin icis Turq moxeleTa ramdeni Cagvra, tanjva-wameba da damcireba

gadautaniaT Cvens winaprebs TiTqmis sami aseuli wlis manZilze.

Tbilisidan samxreT saqarTvelosaken momavali gzebi gadioda mtkvris,

focxovis, qvablianis xeobiT, romelic akavSirebda bizantiis qveynebTan.

udidan SavSeTisken savaWro, saqaravno da safosto gzis arsebobis utyuar

faqtad isic unda miviCnioT, rom irmisWalis samxreT dasavleTiT myudro tyian

adgilas dRemde SemorCa qvebiT gakeTebuli ramdenime xalxami (xalxami niSnavs

pirutyvis dasamwyvdev adgils). gzad mimaval Tu momaval vaWrebs Rame aq unda

gaeTiaT, jorebs ki romelTac saqoneli mihqondaT, rorgoc Cans am xalxamebSi

amwyvdevdnen, ris gamoc am adgils aqedan unda aeRo jorebis xalxamis saxeli.

jorebis xalxamidan gza saCxereze gavliT Sedioda fornis karis ReleSi,

romelic viwro xeobis daboloebaSi mdebareobs.

Zvel qarTulSi forans fardian urems eZaxdnen, xolo kari ki viwro

xeobidan gadasasvleli an Semosasvleli adgilia. unda vivaraudoT, rom udis

cixis yelidan am gziT midioda savaWro gza.

udis ori eklesia da erTi samkvidro (romelsac nasaydriebs eZaxian)

arabTa Semosevebis dros murvan yrus daungrevia. mouklavT stefane SaxburaZe

(udis batoni), SuSanqalas eklesia auSenebia baton xurciZis asuls, stefanes

meuRles SuSanas.

ivane merabiSvili wers: amiT vamtkiceb, rom es eklesia aris aSenebuli

SaxburaZeebis colisagan qmris suli Sesandobarad murvan yrus aoxrebamde.

avtoris cnobiT warweriani qva dakargula mis maxloblad saxlebis

mSeneblobis dros. Tue es asea, maSin SuSanqalas eklesia VI-VII saukuneebis

Zegli unda iyos.

SuSanqalas nangrevi eklesiis aRmosavleTiT daaxloebiT 200 metr

manZilze mdebareobs patara eklesia, romelic wminda “sertis” saxels atarebs

da dRemde daculia, Sig araviTari mxatvroba ar aris, varaudobT, rom

aRniSnuli eklesia IV-V saukubeebis unda iyos. udis I saSualo skolis

aRmosavleTis Zirs yanaSi 15 metrSi patara gorakze uZvelesi periodis eklesia

mdgara, Cveni winaprebi am adgils “nasaRdrevs” eZaxian dResac. 1983 wlis 11

13

maiss nasaRdrevis Crdilo dasavleTis ferdobze gzis gayvana-gafarToebis

dros buldozerma gamoaCina samarxi, romelic adamianTa ZvlebiT iyo mofenili.

samarxs gverdebi amoSenebuli aqvs riyis qviT, xolo zemodan daxurulia

fiqali qviT. gasuli saukunis bolos ivane merabiSvils am eklesiis nangrevebSi

unaxavs qva, romelic damtvreuli iyo, am qvaze gamoxatuli yofila jvari,

romlis qveS warwera yofila – “Saxbur”, radgan qva damtvreuli yofila.

“Saxbur”-is garda sxva veRar amoukiTxavs. mkvlevaris azriT udis batonis

dinastiis ojaxis wevrebi unda damarxuliyvnen am eklesiaSi, xolo eklesiis

garedan ferdobis irgvlis udis Zveli mosaxleobis samarxebi unda iyos. Cveni

azriT “nasaRdrevis” irgvliv aramarto amJamad aRmoCenili samarxia, aramed

amgvari samarxebi kidev bevri sxva unda iyos

es SesaniSnavi eklesiebi: “SuSanqala”, “nasaRdrevi”, bogirze

mamukaSvilebis baRSi, mis aRmosavleTiT aToSivlebis baRis terasSi, cixeSi,

verdoebSi, da amJamad arsebuli didi eklesiis adgilas mtrebis Semosevebma

aRgava pirisagam miwisa.

amJamad arsebuli kaTolikuri eklesiis adgilas yofila SedarebiT pata

marTlmadideblebis eklesia. 1900 wels udis mosaxleobas eklesia daungrevia da

mis adgilas 1901-1912 wlebSi augiaT es didebuli eklesia, romelic albaT

saqarTveloSi sididiT me-5-e Senoba iqneba da mariamis miZinebis saxels atarebs.

jemal jayelis wignSi “sfinqsi sibrZnisa” (gv. 107) vkiTxulobT Semdegs: “daiwyo

mesxeTze sabediswero Semoteva, qveynis sazRvarma aWara-mesxeTis alpur zonas

gadauara, goderZis mamis (JamTaber gujariZeis) TanxlenibiT udes Cavida

gurul-aWarelTa darCeuli razmiT – mesxeTisaken mTavari dartymis xazze udis

dasaxmareblad.

14

mamulaSvilisa da xmalaZis mier mefe giorgis

gamoxsna tyveobidan axalcixis cixidan.

mixeil kekeliZis romanidan “brwyinavle varskvlavis maZiebelni” gv. 392-394

laparakia axalcixis cixidan mefe giorgis gamoxsnaze: “ im Rames qarTvel

mecixovneebs Tvalze ruli ar mihkarebiaT. Tavi erT ganapira sakanSi moeyaraT

da Cumad TaTbirobdnen:

- rodis gadawyvita mefem stambols gamgzavreba? - ikiTxa erTma, romelic

ufrosi Canda.

- dRes ulaparakiaT faSasTan.

- mere saSiSi ra aris? mesxi didebulebic xom urCevdnen xonqTars

damegobreboda da misi wyalobiT imereTic da qarTlic daekavebina!

- xonqTarTan ver CaaRwevs, gzaSi moklaven, TviTon movismine, Cemi yuriT,

rac salimfaSam enver beis uTxra.

- ra vqnaT?

- mefe unda gavaparoT.

- kargi, SuaRamisas samxreTis kedelTan iyavi. cxenebi qalaq gareT gyavdes.

mefes samSvidobos gaiyvan.

mosaubres araferi upasuxnia. maSinve gamoemSvidoba warmosadeg Savgvreman

vaJkacs.

cixes eZina. eZina mefesac. giorgi sulac ar hqonia gamzraxuli stambols

gamgzavreba an TaTris rjulis miReba, mxolod salamis SeSineba undoda.

sabednierod mizans swrafad miaRwia. amis Semdeg faSas ufro Cqara meoSorebina

saSiSi tyve. SuaRame axlovdeboda. viRacam giorgi mefe frTxilad gaaRviZa

- vin xar? – wamoiwia giorgim da maSinve tansacmels miwvda.

- mesxi var batono! – qarTulad gasca pasuxi.

- ianiCari?

- rogor giTxraT, adamianebi yvelgan arian. Tqvens bedze me swored

qarTveli ianiCari melaparaka. mendeT da rac giTxraT SeasruleT.

15

- ra ginda? rogor vendo kacs, romlis saxelic ar vici? – kvlav ikiTxa

mefem

- getyviT, batono, magram axla Tu RmerTi gwamT gamomyeviT. salim faSam da

enver beim xumroba ar ician, roca saqme maT sicocxlesa da simdidres

exeba.

giorgi Seyoymanda

- miTxari vin xar? – hkiTxa mosuls

- dros nu kargavT, batono, mec damRupavT da Tavsac daiRupavT.

am sityvebiT stumari karisaken mitrialda. “moxdes. rac mosaxdenia, erTxel

dabadebuli erTxel mokvdeba”. – gaifiqra mefem da ucnobs fexdafex mihyva.

cixis qongurze Sedgnen. iq giorgim sagangebod danagrebul sables CasWida

xeli.

- daeSvit batono! – CurCuliT uTxra mxsnelma.

- miTxari vin xar, rom odesme madli gadagixado!

- qarTveli var!

- saxeli ar gaqvs?

- mere, batono, axla magis dro ar gaxlavT. gza damilocnia!

giorgim ufrskulSi Caixeda da frTxilad dahyva Toks. is iyo miwas fexi

daakara, rom CurCuli moesma: Cqara momyevi batonoSvilo. giorgi ukve

darwmunda, rom Ralati aRar iyo mosalodneli. da megzurs swrafi nabijiT

gayva.

erTi saaTis Semdeg qalaqs sakmaod gascildnen. megzuri ReleSi Cavida da

iqidan cxenebi amoiyvana. erTxans cxenebiT iares da miadgnen romeliRaca

sofels. megzeruma mxolod aq amoiRo xma da mefes uTxra:

- ai batono, am sofelSi maxare gulbataSvili ikiTxeT, Cemis saxeli

uTxariT da maspinZlobasac is gagiwevs. selim faSas sabrZanebels ukve

gamovcdiT!

- agre vizamdi, magram Seni saxeli rom ar giTqvams?

- me zaqaria var, sofel udidan, mamulaSvili. is viRa iyo sabolood

cixidan rom gamomiSva?

16

- isa, Seni Wirime dolenji xmalaZea, Zalian kai gulis kaci.

giorgim jibeebi moiqeqa, undoda rame samaxsovro saCuqari mieca

gamyolisaTvis, magram araferi aRmoaCnda. ganSorebis win zaqaria mamulaSvils

qudi sTxova rom daeTmo. zaqariam maSinve moixada quid da mefes miarTva.

giorgim Tavis qudi mamulaSvils daaxura, TviTon ki imisi aiRo da sTqva:

- Cemda samaxsovrod gqondeT Senc da dolenji xmalaZesac. ulvaSTan erTad

qudic patiosnebis niSania, Tu Cemi avkacobisa da qveynis Ralatisa gaigoT

raime, qudi fexqveS gaTeleT da Tqvi: RmerTo ase gaTele giorgis

vaJkacoba. da sicocxleo.

- vecdebi Tqveni Tavdadeba davafaso.

imave Rames gamTeniisas mefe giorgi sofel slesas mivida. (axalcixis raioni,

sadac daxvdnen zikiliidan mosuli dedofali xoreSan, rZali TinaTini,

Zmiswulebi: qaxosro, vaxtangi, domeniki, ise da svimoni, sulxan orbeliani, givi

amilaxvari da misi Tanamecxedre Tamar batoniSvili, mraval didebuli da

aTasamde mxedari, romelic salaSqrod iyvnen aRWurvilni.

ase ixsna mefe giorgi sikvdilisagan udelma zaqaria mamulaSvilma da

axalcixelma dolenja xmalaZem

17

arsena marabdeli udeSi

“arsenam meorejer gaaxila Tvalebi da gaocda: mas isev gaaxsenda yvelaferi,

magram Tavisi axali samyofeli ver icno. bneli sardafis magier axla sufTa

oTaxSi iyo da TavT momRimare magdana edga.

- sada var Zalo? – dabali xmiT hkiTxa marabdelma

- axalcixis maxloblad, sofel udeSi, barikaSvilis saxlSi, miugo

naqvrivalma, - axalcixes faTeraki mogveloda, gigolam raRac gaigo,

magram TamaraSvilma droze agvacdina xifaTi da aq gadmogiyvana”

mixeil javaxiSvili “arsena marabdeli” tavi XII, gv. 465 1955 weli

18

moulodneli Sexvedra

iraneli istorikosis - iskander munSis cnobiT, Sahabasma 1616 wlis

laSqrobis dros kaxeTidan iranSi 130 aTasze meti qarTveli gadaasaxla. dRes

maTi STamomavlebi iranis sxva da sxva provinciebSi cxovroben. saukuneebma

bevrs daukarga qarTvelis saxe da ieri, magram zogma dRemde SeinarCuna

mSobliuri ena da zne-Cveuleba. fereidanSi aris soflebi – martyofi,

CuRureTi, ninowminda, Telavi da sxva.

sparseTSi sofeli udec yofila. dRevandeli adigenis raionis sofel

udidan mosaxleni auyriaT da gadausaxlebiaT. maTi STamomavlebi unaxavs mefis

(ruseTis) armies yofil jariskacs adigenis raionis sofel arils mkvidrs

petre vardiZes.

1914 wels igi sparseTSi moxvedrila, masTan erTad iyvnen Tanasoflelebi:

iordane baTmanaSvili, simon baTmanaSvili da levan afriamaSvili. ai ras

gviambobs petre vardiZe.

Cven qalaq ardebilSi videqiT, iranis erT-erT savaWro-samrewvelo qalaqSi,

cxenebs sakvebi SemoakldaT da mis SesaZenad soflebSi wavediT narimanovis

meTaurobiT, romelic warmoSobiT Tbilseli iyo. man kargad icoda qarTuli,

rusuli, azerbaijanuli da somxuri enebi. qalaq ardebilidan samxreT-

dasavleTis mimarTulebiT wavediT. gaviareT ori sofeli, magram veraferi

viSoveT, da gza ganvagrZeT, mesame soflis SesasvlelSi, gzis piras wyaro iyo

da iqiT gadavuxvieT. wyarosTan qalebs moeyaraT Tavi. qarTuli laparaki rom

gavigone yurebs ar davujere, saxtad davrCi: maSinve es ambavi narimanovs

qarTulad vuTxari, Cveni laparakis gagonebaze qalebi centrisaken gaiqcnen,

aTiode wuTSi TiTqmis mTeli soflis mosaxleoba Cvensken morboda, win

mouZRoda maRal-maRali Suaxnis kaci albaT soflis Tavkaci. mosulebi

TavdaxriT mogvesalmnen, Cvens mier Tavkacad miCneulma Tqva:

- cudi ganzraxviT rodi movsulvarT, Tavs vuxriT didi saqarTvelos

warmomadgenlebs.

19

- Cveni winaprebi mesxeTidan arian tyveTa nawili Sahis laSqarSi

CauricxavT, nawili – monebad gauyidiaT iranis bazarze, nawili ki

dausaxlebiaT sxvadasxva mxares, maT Soris ardebilis olqSic. ardebilis

olqSi axlac aris bevri qarTuli sofeli, xolo Cveni soflis

dRevandeli mcxovrebelebis winaprebi sofel udidan yofilan. am

sofelsac ude davarqviT da enac SevinarCuneT.

roca maspinZelma gaigo, rom me udis mezobeli soflidan viyavi,

mRelvarebisagan Tavi ver Siekava da acremlebuli gadamexvia.

- mamakacs aseTi saqcieli ar Seferis, magram Cems mdgomareobaSi kacs bevri

ram epatieba - miTxra man. mere TiTqos ucnauri, magram mis pirobebSi

gasagebi winadadeba SemomTavaza.

- ori qaliSvili myavs, damerwmuneT, rom lamazebi arian, airCie erT-erTi da

colad SeirTe. ucolo kaci xar, ar minda samareSi ise Cavide, rom Cemi

ojaxis erTi wevri mainc samSobloSi ar megulebodeso, - marTlac

mSvenieri qaliSvilebi hyavda, magram jariskacs aba sad wameyvana coli?!

soflis Tavkacma mosawoni maspinZloba gagviwia, im Rames ar gagviSva, radgan

30 km-ze saxifaTo gza gvqonda gasavleli. meore dRes jor-aqlemebi

dagvitvirTes qeriT ufasod da gagvistumres:

Seni vaeba wina midges

sofelo ganawamebo,

saukuneebi itanje

wuTebs rad iTvli wamebo.

udis eSxiT var anamRerebi.

ra damaviwyebs pirvelad naxuls

udis midamos TiTqmis nasaxlars

da dRevandel dRes, gulebis zeims,

saxlebis mwkrivebs, Cems Tvalwin nazards

me amamRera udis mSvenebam,

20

trfobiT davdnebi rogorc sanTeli,

kulturis kera amaRlebulia

viT damelios masze saTqmeli.

albaT marTla var Seyvarebuli

am xalxis lxena aba rad maTrobs?

vdgevar, gicqeriT, ase mgonia:

xeTa Srialic Tqvenze kargs ambobs.

ver aSinebda winaparT TqvenTa

gadamTielis boroti rwmena,

amitom iyo, rom am sofelSi

mterma ver mospo qarTuli ena.

dgas oqros cixe, amayad mxedi.

gahyurebs zarzmis taZris galavans

da cocxldebian mogonebebi,

Tu ram daixsna moyvris amala.

rogorc varskvlavi uRrublo caze

ise anaTebs kulturis saxli

SexedeT, datkbiT, guilT ixareT,

daloceT Weri Senobis axlis.

momilocnia sofelo Cemo,

Senze vimRereb aw da maradis,

Senma saxelma ididos yvelgan

megzuri iyos tatos meranis SeiTniSvili

warmoTqmulia udis kulturis saxlis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT

1968 wels.

21

1904 wels z. WiWinaZe wers samagaliTo adamiani stefane konstantine

zubalaSvilis Sesaxeb:

“mesxeTSi, anu axalcixis bazarSi qarTvelT ricxvi erTob gasaWir

mdgomareobaSi Cavarda, xalxi gamravlda, maT ara aqvT sakmarisi miwa – mamuli,

amis gamo mraval qarTvelma glexma artaanisa da gumbrisaken iwyes gadasaxleba.

am garemoebas pativcemulma patrma don Gabriel aslaniSvilma yuradReba miaqcia

da mesxeTis sofel udidan ramdenime komli qarTveli kaTolike glexebisa

gorSi gadmoasaxla da daasaxla sabatono da eklesiis miwebze. axlad

gadmosul glexebs saqme Zlier gauWirdaT, magram ras izamdnen, garemoebas unda

Sehguebodnen, am axlad moSeneebs stefane konstantines Zem 1000 maneTi gaugzavna

da daavala, rom amiT maTTvis oTxfexi saqoneli eyidaT. saqoneli uyides, maTs

locvas da madlobis gadaxdas saZRvari ar aqvnda, yovelTvis stefanesa da mis

ymebs locavdnen”.

1904 wlis dasawyisSi udis eklesiis mSeneblobis komitetma gamoyo

komisia, romlsac unda SeeZina eklesiis saxuravi. komisiis Semadgenlobas

borjomSi SemTxveviT Sexvda stefane zubalaSvili, romlmac gaigo rom udelebi

eklesiis saxuravis SesaZenad midiodnen.

s. k. zubaSvils saubarSi uTqvams udelebisaTvis: “ me Tqven eklesiisaTvis

cinkis saxuravs gamogigzavniT usasyidlod, mxolod Tqven eklesiis zomebi

momeciT da bolos s. zubalaSvilma daarwmuna udelebi, rom isini male

miiRebdnen eklesiis saxuravs borjomis sadgurSi.

1904 wlis 13 aprils s. zubaSvils z. WiWinaZesTan saubarSi uTqvams: “udis

eklesiis amSenebleTa komitets vacnobe, rom Tunuqi da zari borjomis

sadgurSia da gatana SegiZliaT”. ase miiRo sofel udis mosaxleobam eklesiis

saxuravi (cinka) da didi zari saCuqrad Zmebi zubalaSvilebisagan.

aRniSnuli didi zari 1942 wels udis mkvidrma iakob saraSvilma Camoxsna

da Caabara saxelmwifos gasadnobad.

22

mesxi komunari biWis ambavi

udis mkvidri kote mRebriSvilis revoluciuri cxovreba, misis babua abel

mRebriSvili saswavleblad wasuli iyo peterburgSi, sadac daamTavra samxedro

saswalebeli da iqve darCa samxedro samsaxurSi. abelma generlobamdec ki

miaRwia. igi iyo demokrati, revolucionerebis momxre. biWi kote iyo abelis

SviliSvili, romlis mamasac aleqsanre erqva, kotes mama iyo cnobili msaxiobi

da reJisori, mas colad hyavda rusi momRerali qali viqtoria Cevani. sabWoTa

mTavrobam isini Tavis samsaxurSi gamoiyena – aleqsandre mRebriSvils daavala

Seeqmna heroikuli Teatri da samsaxuri gaewia muSaTa klasisaTvis,

revoluciisaTvis, marTlac man Seqmna Teatri, sadac mTavari moqmedi

agitatorebi iyvnen col-qmari da Svili – kote. kote uniWieresi bavSvi iyo da

zepirad icoda revoluciuri leqsebi, gamodioda dedasTan erTad TeatrSi da

xalxSi eweoda revoluciisaTvis sasargeblo agitacia-propagandas.…

TeTrgvardielebma kote tramvais qveS Caagdes da igi gardaicvala.

petrogorodis revoluciuri sabWos dadgenilebiT misi neSti wiTel droSaSi

gaaxvies da moaTavses kuboSi da damarxes marqsis sasaflaoze warweriT:

“patara artist-agitators kote mRebrov-Cekans 1913-1922”.

mamia vaSakiZis poemas (mesxi komunari biWis ambavi) wamZRvarebuli aqvs

zemoT moyvanili mTliani teqsti. ix. gazeT “ganaxlebuli mesxeTis” 1963 wlis 19

maisis nomeri

23

berobana Tu yeenoba

Zveli mesxebi, yeenobis saxeliT icnobdnen TaTar-monRolTa periodis

sanaxaobas, romelsac axla “berobanas” veZaxiT, XX saukunis dasawyisidan

TandaTan daiviwyes yeinoba da monRolTa jarebis meTauri noini – “berad”

monaTla mayurebelma Tavisi garegnuli Cacmulobisa da yelze Sebmuli

samkaulebis gamo. “berobanas” Sesaxeb bevri daiwera, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia

profesor dimitri janeliZis gamokvlevebi. “ganaxlebul mesxeTSi” gamoqveynda

S. rusTavelis saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo Teatraluri institutis

xelovnebaTmcodneobis kandidatis givi jaoSvilis narkvevi “udis berobanas

istoriisaTvis”.

amasTan dakavSirebiT gvinda Cveni azric gavuziaroT mkiTxvels. pirvel

yovlisa, ibadeba kiTxva, ratom sZaravs xalxs, ratom scems xarkis “urC”

gadamxdelebs beri? an ratom itaceben bavSvebs, qalebs da beris brZanebiT

jariskacebis produqtebi ratom gamoaqvT Zalad saxlidan? vfiqrobT,

“berobanas” arcerTi monawile aseT sisaZagles ar unda Cadiodes, igi raRa

beria Tu saxlis mZarcveli da amawiokebeli iqneba? Cven udaod migvaCnia, rom

xalxi faqtiurad yeinobas ansaxierebs da Cven mas “berobanas” veZaxiT.

yovelwliurad, Tebervlis TveSi “yvelieris” bolokviria adigenis,

axalcixisa da aspinZis zogierT sofelSi, kerZod udeSi, aralSi, valeSi,

xizabavraSi, vartavSi da sxvagan tardeba mterze gamarjvebis tradiciuli

dResaswauli yeinoba (berobanas saxelwodebiT), romelic asaxavs mesxeTSi

TaTar-monRolTa batonobis ukanasknel periods.

udeSi da aralSi mTeli ori kviris manZilze imarTeba Widaoba, sadac

sxvadasxva mxridan mosuli falavanebi erkinebian erTmaneTs. am dros saWidaos

ukravs meduduke, medole da salamurze damkvreli.

Tavisufali Widaobis moyvarulebi qvablianis soflebidan da Zvelad ki

focxovidanac modiodnen udeSi. Widaobis ukanaskneli dRe didmarxvis dadgomis

wina SabaTs, Widaobis Semdeg udeSi SuSanqalas nangrevi eklesiis win da

aralSi tatalaSvilebis kaloebze, ferxuls gaabamdnen da mklav-mklav

24

gadaWdobili iwyebdnen wriul saferxulo cekvas da Tan mRerodnen “mumli

muxasao”. ferxulis TamaSiT rom guls ijerebdnen, Semdeg iwyebdnen

sarTulebian cekvas “samyrelos” da Tan mRerodnen.

“samyrelo, samyrelo

Zirs Camodi samyrelo,

nugeS-nugeSinia

qveS bumbuli gigia.

rogor ar gveSinia

caSi bewviT vkidivarT

Zirs CamovalT samyrelo

monRolebi ar Canan

saqarTvelo didia.

am or sarTuliani saferxulo sacekvaos maSin erTgvari dazverviTi

mniSvneloba hqonda. Cveni winaprebi Tan cekvavdnen da Tan mters iaraRasxmuli

xvdebodnen.

Widaoba da saferxulo TamaSobebebi uxsovari droidan modis rogorc

udeSi, ise mesxeTis sxva soflebSi da amiT mTavrdeboda es gazafxulis lamazi

da SesaniSnavi tradiciuli dResaswauli, xolo laloini da orsarTuliani

cekva “samyrelo” ki monRolTa Semosevis periodidan iwyeba. amas migvaniSnebs

leqsis bolo taepi: “Zirs Camodi samyrelo, monRolebi ar sCanan”.

monRolebi mTeli sami saukunis manZilze awarmoebdnen brZolas aziisa da

dasavleT evropis qveynebis winaaRmdeg. dapyrobili qveynebis mosaxleobas

sastikad uswordebodnen da didZal gadasaxadebs axdevinebdnen: angrevdnen

cixeebs, eklesiebs, qalaqebs, soflebs da uwyalod xocavdnen udanaSaulo

adamianebs. dapyrobili qveynebis gaZarcvis Semdeg, gadadiodnen meore qveyanaSi

da ase moZraobdnen aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken.

25

“monRolTa laSqars sarlobda oTxi noini – CormaRani, CaRata, oisuri da

biCoi”. qarTveli istorikosis sityviT es noinebi “ormoci aTasiTa kaciTa da

dedawuliTa movides qveyanasa aRmosavleTisasa”. Semdeg movdinen qveynad erayisa

da moaoxres” (iv. javaxiSvilis qarTveli eris istoria t. III gv. 74, 1966).

TaTar-monRolTa batonobis periodSi, isini dapyrobil qveynebidan

axalgazrdobas, TavianT regularul armiis rigebSi Rebulobdnen, amitomaa, rom

berobanaSi munj-bermeTauris damcvelebi arian, rogorc misi mebrZolebi, ise

lazebi, romlebic maT armiaSi Caricxuli, xolo “boSebi” mosaxleobis ZarcvaSi

daxmarebas uweven, amitomaa, rom yvela eseni monRolTa interesebis damcvelni

aria, garda aWarlebisa.

“xalxis aRweris Semdeg monRolTa xelisuflebas saSualeba hqonda

gamoerkvia, ramdeni meomari unda gaoeyvana saqarTvelos brZolis velze.

TiToeul cxra sruluflebian komls monRoleTisaTvis erTi molaSqre unda

mieca da am aRricxvis kvalobaze maT gamouangariSebiaT, rom yovelwliurad

saqarTvelos unda 9 dumani kaci mxedari mieca, e.i. 90 aTasi meomari.

amitomaa, rom lazebi maT armiaSi yofilan Caricxuli. maSindel saqarTvelos

samefoSi sul 5 milioni mcxovrebi unda yofiliyo, cnobebidan Cans, Tu

ramdenad mWidro mosaxleoba iyo maSindel saqarTveloSi. imisda miuxedavad,

rom mas ukve jalaleddinis xuTi da Cingiz xanis ori Semosevis saSineleba

hqonda gamovlili da xalxic am or Semosevas sakmaod Seewira msxverplad (iv.

javaxiSvilis qarTuli eris istoria, gv. 343, t. III 1966).

rogoc zemoT avRniSneT aWareli monRolTa jarSi blu noinis gamrTobia,

magram sinamdvileSi igi cnobebs awvdis qarTvelebs monRolTa siZlieris

Sesaxeb da klavs noinis xelqveiTs, romelsac noinis amalaSi erT-erTi sakmaod

didi Tananmdeboba ukavia.

samwuxarod “berobana”-Si aWarelis rolma sul sxva cvlileba ganicada,

Semsruleblebi mas abuCad igdebdnen, TiTqos aWareli xSirad wvers ivarcxnides

da kbenarebs klavdes. es am rolis ara swori gansaxierebaa istoriuli azris

uxeSi damaxinjebaa da dRevandel scenebSi araswor warmodgenas uqmnis aWarel

qarTvels monRolebis Sesaxeb, cnobebs awvdis Tavis moZme qarTvelebs, moments

26

eZebs, rom ramdenadme Seasustos mtris Zalebi da amitomaa, rom noinis jaris

meTaurs klavs, romelsac dResac oficers eZaxian rac arasworia. aWarelma

mokla noinis xelqveiTi meTauri, rogorc maT jaris wyobaSi iyo: aseuli,

aTeulis da aTi aTaseulis meTaurebi, unda vifiqroT, rom aWarelma mokla

monRolTa aseulis meTauri, romelic dabali Tananmdebobis noini unda

yofiliyo.

udeSi Zvelad aWarelis rols kargad axorcielebdnen: stefane

WaRiaSvili, stefane parunaSvili da pavle martiaSvili.

Temur lengis sikvdilis Semdeg monRolTa jarebis narCenebi kidev idgnen

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi, rogorc Cans munj bermeTaurma Seavso

Tavisi jaris nawilebi axalgazrdebiT da Savi zRvis sanapirodan wamovida

mdinare aWaris wylis xeobiT, igi gadmodis goderZis uReltexilze, iqidan

moyveba md. ZinZesa da Semdeg qvablianis xeobis mosaxleobas gzadagza Zarcvaven,

xolo winaaRmdegobis gamwevi ki munj ber-noinTan mihyavT, ris gamoc bermeTauri

maT cemiTa da sikvilis muqariT arTmevs gadasaxads.

bermeTauris munjoba iqidanac sCans, rom igi yvela moqmedebas munjurad

asrulebs, ai Tundac masTan raRac “urCi” gadamxdeli miyavT jariskacebs. noini

ver laparakobs da gamoscems gaugebar bgerebs – “buu”, “buu” da TavSi kets

urtyams. advili SesaZlebelia, rom bermeTaurma brZolebSi dakarga ena da

amitom daarqves lal noini anu munji noini.

“lal-noini” ori sityviT Sedgeba – “lal” TaTrulad niSnavs munjs,

xolo “noini” ki monRolTa amalis, jarebis aTaseulis da aTi aTaseulis

meTaurs.

“lal-noinis” nacvlad vxmarobT “laloins”, es ki munjur cekvas niSnavs,

vfiqrobT munji bermeTauris davalebiT sruldeboda aseTi cekvebi da amitom

advili safiqrelia, TavianT munj bermeTaurs aseTi cekvebiT arTobdnen, es

iqidanac Cans, rom TamaSis yvela moqmedebas xelmZRvaneli usityvod asrulebs,

aseve usityvod unda Seasrulos yvela monawilem, amiT hbaZaven TavianT munj

noins, vinc ver mibaZavs xelmZRvanels, is munj noinis risxvas imsaxurebs.

27

pativcemul dimitri janeliZis azriT lal-oini saaqlemos niSnavs, radgan

sabas leqsikonSi “loini” ganmartebulia, rogorc mamali aqlemi da

berobanaSic, raxan kacebi aqlemebad arian gamoyvanilni “laloins” saaqlemo

TamaSad miiCnevs (sabWoTa xelovneba gv. 12, 1977weli).

cnobilia, rom monRolTa urdoebi aqlemebiTa da cxenebiT moZraobdnen

TavianTi ojaxis wevrebiT, isini romel qveyanasac Seeseodnen yvelafers

anadgurebdnen, rogorc viciT yeinobaSi anu uwindel berobanaSi kacebi

aqlemebad arian gamoyvanili, im periodisaTvis aqlemebi da cxenebi monRolTa

erT-erTi satransporto saSualeba iyo da mas yeinobaSi swored es mniSvneloba

unda hqondes.

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT am munjur cekvaSi gansakuTrebiT

ganviTarebulia noinis mtacebluri politika sadac xdeba bavSvebis, qalebis,

Zvirfasi nivTebisa da sursaTis motaceba. motacebul bavSvebSi da qalebSi

monRolTa ber meTaur noinisaTvis gansazRvruli gadasaxadi unda miecaT, rom

motacebuli bavSvi an qali daebrunebinaT ukan.

XV saukunis dasawyisidan TaTar-monRolTa Zliereba ukve Seryeuliyo,

amas daerTo isic rom 1405 wlis 18 Tebervals cxelebiT gardaicvala Temur-

lengi, xolo am dros saqarTveloSi jer kidev darCenili iyvnen monRolTa

jaris nawilebi, romelTa gandevnac warmoebda Cvens sazRvrebTan.

rogorc irkveva, albaT monRolTa noinma winaswar gaiTvaliswina, rom 1405

wels, Tebervlis bolo ricxvebsi religiuri dResaswaulis “aRebRames”

qarTvelebi nasvamni iqnebodnen da amitom mcire amaliT ganizraxes kidev

erTxel ukanasknelad daerbiaT mesxi mosaxleoba, magram Tavdasxmis dros

damarcxdnen, ai swored am dabneulobiT isargebla mosaxleobam da gaqceul

monRolTa ber noinsa da mis amalas, samarcxvinod, saxlis binidan WuWyian

wyals tanze asxamdenen da monRolTa meomrebis motacebasac axerxebdnen, ris

gamoc monRolebi iZulebulni iyvnen miecaT gamosasyidi gatacebulTa

sanacvlod.

Cveni winaprebi xalxur sanaxaobas - yeinobas roca asrulebdnen, maSin

srulebiTac ar iyo moqmedi pirebi “eSmaki” da “mefe-patarZali”, aRniSnuli

28

moqmedi pirebi “berobinaSi” Tbilisidan movlinebulma reJisorma, alaviZem

Caamata 1947 wels, es imis gamo gaakeTa, rom am xalxur sanaxaobis inscenirebas

erTgavri silamaze micemoda, magram man amiT istoriul sinamdviles Crdili

miayena.

safiqrelia isic, rom SesaZlebelia monRolTa noini, romelmac mesxeTi

daarbia, xanSiSesuli iyo, amitom xalxma moxuci noini “ber” noinad monaTla am

xuTi aTeuli wlis manZilze, amis gamo yeinoba gandevna “berobanam” da dRes

berobinis saxeliT icnobs mosaxleoba am warmodgenas. misi Sida wreebi,

saTaveebi ki rogorc vTqviT yeenobaSia.

cnobilia, rom monRolebi pirvelad 1220 wels gamoCndnen saqarTveloSi,

xolo meored 1235 wels. manmade saqarTvelos xuTjer Semoesia xvarazm Sahis

Svili jalal ed dinni, ris gamoc dasustebul saqarTvelos advilad

imorCilebs Temur lengi.

1386 wlidan 1403 wlebis periodSi Temur lengma Tavisi laSqari

saqarTvelos rvajer Semousia. am laSqrobis Sedegad saqarTveloSi gauqmebuli

soflebis ricxvi 700-s aRwevda.

“monRoluri wesiT” yvela ymadnafici saxelmwifoebi da samTavroebi

valdebulni iyvnen maTTan erTad salaSqrod gasuliyvnen, amitomac dapyrobili

qveynis qoneba da simdidre aseT laSqrobaSi monawile sxvadasxva erovnebis

jariskacebsac uvardebodaT xelSi. aseT qonebas nasisxli ewodeboda, radgan

misi SeZena mxolod sisxlis daRvriT SeiZleboda. zemoT aRniSnuli gziT

qonebis dagroveba, monRolebTan erTad mebrZol sxvadasxva xalxebis

warmomadgenlebisaTvisac imdenad mimzidveli Seiqmna, rom isini amgvari

saxsrebiT cxovrobas mieCvnien. monRolTa maSindel sabrZaneblebSi Semaval

sxvadasxva samefo – samTavroebis SeTxelebuli qonebis Sesavsebad es erTad-

erTi wyaro iyo, magram aseTi gziT gamdidrebas umTavresad maRali samxedro

pirebis xvedri iyo. Cveulebriv molaSqres, rasakvirvelia, im nadavlidan

mxolod mcire nawili Tu Cauvardeboda, samagierod yoveli aseTi laSqroba

xalxis sicocxlis ganwirvasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

29

es istoriuli faqti migvaniSnebs imaze, rom yeinobaSi romelsac

“berobanas” veZaxiT, lazebi beris damcvelebi arian, romlebic sami saukunis

manZilze aseT avbedobaSi imyofebodnen, monRolTa armiaSi Caricxuli

qarTvelebis tyve jariskacTa nawili sabolood indoeTSi dausaxlebiaT

monRolebs, romlebsac indoeli mosaxleoba gujarebs anu gurjebs eZaxian

dResac.

“udis berobanas istoriisaTvis”, narkvevebSi givi jaoSvils miaCnia, rom

yvela xalxuri Tqmuleba da leqsi, romelic sofel udeSia gamoTqmuli, misi

azriT berobasTan kavSirSi unda iyos – “daTvisa da biWis” gabaaseba, “kameCi da

meurme” da saSairo sxva kupletebi.

magaliTisaTvis momaqvs is xalxuri Tqmulebebis nawili, romelic sofel

udis mosaxleobas gamouTqvams odesRac.

Cven vfiqrobT, rom qvemoT moyvanil leqs araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs arc

“berobanasTan” da arc “yeenobasTan”.

daRamda da dasca binda

coleulTan midis biWi,

daTvi win Seomeyara

yel-qedana, metad didi.

biWi:

- daje daTvo vWamoT,

Rvino maqvs da kaTxa didi.

daTvi:

- me Seni Rvino rad minda

exla vWame Walas Sindi,

wreulobiT gamiSvixar,

samermisod damiSindi.

da sxva….

givi jaoSvils miaCnia, rom “udis berobanaSi’ cxovelTa kultis

gadmonaSTis Sesaxeb migvaniSnebs kameCisa da meurmis gabaaseba:

30

meurme – hoi, Tvu kameCo naibao

ra dagemarTa, ra iyo?

kameCi _ sicxeman guli wamTuTqa,,

sigrile Cemi Zma iyo.

udis berobinaSi ar aris cxovelTa kulti mocemuli, rasac mkvlevari

SeniSnavs. advili safiqrelia “berikaobasTan” hqondes kavSiri, radgan

berikaobaSi: daTvis, Rorisa da sxva cxovelebis niRbebiT gamodian adamianebi

inscenirebis dros. udis e.w. berobana ki rogorc vTqviT arsebiTad igive

yeenobis gansaxierebaa.

monRolebis gandevnis, albaT wlis Tavze mesxeTis soflebSi, ferxulis,

samyrelos, laloinis am sanaxaobis meore dRes e.i. religiur dResaswaul

“aRebRames” – diliT moirTobodnen yeinobis gansaxierebis monawileni da

SuadRidan iwyebdnen inscenirebis Sesrulebas.

am ukanasknel wlebSi TavianT rolebs ise ver anxorcieleben berobanas

monawileni, rogorc es sinamdvileSi iyo.

Tumca Cven imiTac madlierni varT, rasac asruleben, radgan es xalxuri

Semoqmedebis Senaxvis tradiciaa. miuxedavad amisa saWiroa meti sizustis dacva,

yovel detalSi istoria ikveTeba, istoriis sunTqva igrZnoba.

kargi iqneba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom Zvelad beris rolSi

gamoyavdaT iseTi pirovneba, romelic fizikurad Zlieri, maRali da

xanSiSesuli iyo.

beri CacmulobiTac gansxvavdeboda sxva monawileebisagan, romelsac Tavze

exura batis frTebiT morTuli kasri da yelze hqonda simindis fuCeCisagan

damzadebuli mZivi. faqtiurad bevr noins eqneboda Zvirfasi qarvis mZivebi.

bers moedanze, sadac am TamaSis gansaxiereba xdeboda edga taxti. jariskacebs

berTan mihyavdaT mxolod xarkis “urCi” gadamxdelebi.

beri iSviaTad Tu wamodgeboda “taxtidan”, misi wamodgomisas mosaxleoba

garboda.

Zvelad aRniSnul TamaSobaTa gansaxierebas kargad da didxans

xelmZRvanelobdnen udeSi konstantine (kosto) kopaZe da ioseb balaxaSvili.

31

maTi sikvdilis Semdeg es tradiciuli TamaSobani yovelwliurad tardeboda

stefane balaxaSvilis (lehkaos) xelmZRvanelobiT, xolo Semdeg ki simon

balaxaSvilisa. didad sasixaruloa, rom udis am saxalxo dResaswauls

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia cnobilma mecnierma d. janeliZem.

sanaxaoba safuZveli gaxda Seqmniliyo saxalxo universiteti, romelsac

saqarTveloSi S. rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluri instituti meTaurobs.

yovelwliurad imarTeba sxvadasxva RonisZiebani, samecniero sesia da sxva.

mesxeTis ZvelTa Zvel soflebSi SemorCenili xalxuri sanaxaobis movla

da misi zusti aRdgena saSviliSvilo saqmea. iqneb Cvenma zogierTma

mosazrebamac xeli Seuwyos am saSvliSvilo saqmis SenarCunebas.

32

udis gvarebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb

Zvelad adamianTa gvarebi ar arsebobda. es imitom, rom Cveni planetis

zedapirze Zalze mcire mosaxleoba yofila dasaxlebuli da isini cxovrobdnen

calkeul tomebad, tomebs yavdaT TavianTi beladebi.

tomis mcxovreblebs yvelas Tavisi saxeli erqva da isini advilad

arCevdnen erTmaneTs. droTa msvlelobaSi, roca tomebi mravldeboda, maSin

saWiro daxda erTnairi saxeliani pirovnebis garCeva, ris gamoc ukve saxelis

gverdiT gaCnda kidev meore damatebiTi saxeli, romelic azustebda pirovnebis

vinaobas, ai swored am damatebiT saxelisagan droTa ganmavlobaSi warmoiSva

gvari.

maresizmis klasikosebi gvaswavlian, rom gvarebi warmoiSva ganviTarebul

klasobriv sazogadoebaSi da amitom mas socialuri gansxvavebis gamoxatvac

daekisra, ris gamoc Zvelad gvarebis mixedviT gansxvavdebodnen maRali,

saSualo da dabali wodebis xalxs.

gvarebi umetesad warmoebulia saxelebisagan. cxadia aseT SemTxvevebSi

aRebulia winapris saxelebi da metsaxelebi, garda amisa gvarebi warmoebulia

ojaxuri mdgomareobisa, adamianis fizikuri naklis aRmniSvneli sityvebisa,

cxovelebisa, frinvelebisa, adgilmdebareobisa da sxva.

winaprebis saxelebisagan an metsaxelebisagan udeSi warmoebuli gvarebia:

afriasagan – afriamaSvilebi, baRdosagan – baRdoSvilebi, gabosagan –

gaboSvilebi, gigolasagan - gigolaSvilebi, dido – diqosagan – giqoSvilebi,

zazasagan – zazaSvilebi, TaTeozisagan – TaTenaSvilebi da TaToSvilebi,

kakosagan – kakoSvilebi, mamukasagan – mamukaSvilebi, petasagan – petaSvilebi,

sarasagan – saraSvilebi.

ojaxuri mdgomareobis gamomxatveli gvarebia: obolaSvili da

yuljaniSvili.

fizikuri naklis aRmniSvneli sityvebidan miRebuli gavrebia: kiknaZe da

CilaSvili.

33

sityva “kikna” berZnuli sityvaa da mcires niSnavs, xolo nayvavileb –

Cilisagan warmoiSva CilaSvilebis gvari.

udeSi xelobisa da Tananmdebobis aRmniSvneli gvarebia: mRebavisagan –

mRebriSvili, gzirosagan – gziriSvili, merabisagan – merabiSvili,

mamasaxlisisagan – mamasaxlisaSvili da xucesisagan - xuciSvili.

wodebrivi warmoSobis gvaria – aRoSaSvili

mcenareebis da cxovelebisagan warmoSobili gvarebis: balaxaSvili,

gelaZe – gelaSvili.

zogi gvari warmoebulia drois aRmniSvneli sityvebidan: martisagan –

martiaSvili, maisisagan – maisuraZe.

XVI saukunis bolos, Turqma dampyroblebma, samxreT saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis aRwerisas gvarebi aRar Seitanes da siebi Seadgines saxelisa da

mamis saxelis mixedviT.

1595 wels “gurjistanis vilaieTis did davTarSi”: Cawerilia, rom sofel

udis 135 ojaxis uforsi, Turq mosaxleebs yovelwliurad uxdida 30,000 “axCas”.

amJamad CvenTvis gaurkvevelia, Tu gadasaxadis gadamxdeli 135 ojaxis ufrosebi

ra gvariT iyvnen, romelTa nawilis saxelebic mogvyavs qvemoT:

1. zurab Zma misi

2. batata Ze misi

3. paruna Ze misi

4. iona Zma misi

5. elia Zma misi

6. daviT Zma misi

7. mamuka Ze misi

8. amiran aridanis Ze

9. masur Ze misi

10. paruna Zma misi

11. mRvdeli Zma misi

12. masura gelabaris Ze

13. biZina Ze misi

14. gelazaris Svilis Svili

15. giorgi Zma misi

16. iakob Zma misi

17. Rariba Zma misi

da ase Semdeg sul 135 kacia dabegrili.

34

samxreT saqarTvelos didma umravlesobam, dampyrobelTa did

gadasaxadebs veRar gauZlo da iZulebuli gaxda mieRo mahmadianoba, ris

Semdegadac maTma umravlesobam dakarga qarTveloba, sarwmunoeba, ena, gvari da

saxeli.

vaxuSti batoniSvili samcxis Sesaxeb wers: “jayeli, ese ars aw aTabagi da

faSa axalcixisa, SalikaSvili, TavdgiraZe, diasamiZe, qobulis Ze, gogebaSvili,

amilaxvari, avaliSvili, sumbatiSvili, gogoriSvili, Tuxareli, RaRaniZe da

sxvani, aRar iwodebian gvariTa, aramed faSad, begad da sanjaxad da aznaurica

egreTve.”

qarTvel mahmadianTa Soris bevrma dakarga Tavisi namdvili gvari da

gadavida Zvel gvarze, ase rom Taobidan Taobaze erTi da igive gvari ki ar

gadadioda, aramed icvleboda mamis saxelis mixedviT, eseTi wesi gansakuTrebiT

mahmadianuri warmoSobis xalxSi dResacaa daculi.

marTlac gvaris aseTi cvla iwvevs did siZneleebs, amitom msoflios

umravlesobam irCia, rom erTxelve SemuSavebuli gvari damkvidrdes da gadaeces

Taobidan Taobas.

1944 wlis 14 noembramde udeSi sul 64 gvaris xalxi cxovrobda, xolo

amave wlis 14 noembris Semdeg gvarTa raodebnoba Semcirda imis gamo, rom

udidan qarTveli mahmadianebi Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles. amJamad udeSi sul 59

sxvadasxva gvari cxovrobs. aqedan yvelaze gavrcelebuli gvarebia: merabiSvili,

balaxaSvili, abulaZe, giqoSvili (kiknaZe), TaToSvili, gigolaSvili,

yuljaniSvili, petaSvili, gelaZe da sxva.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg udes Seemata eqvsi sxvadasxva gvaris ojaxi –

akofiani, SaSikiani, karakaSiani, adeiSvili da suxmani (axalcixis, axalqalaqis,

aspinZis raionebidan da aseve belorusiidan).

udeSi Zvel mosulebad iTvlebian – TaToSvilebis nawili (zavzakianTebis

Sto) da mamukaSvilebi (aspinZis raioni sofeli xizabavra).

1830 wlidan udeSi cxovrobdnen davidovebi da stanCikovebi, rogorc

irkveva isini mefis ruseTis jariskacebi iyvnen (1828-1830) da samxreT

35

saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis ibrZodnen da sabolood udeSi darCnen

sacxovreblad.

jer kidev XVI saukunis bolos da XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde udidan

SiSianobis gamo gadaixvewa saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi abulaZeebis,

balaxaSvilebis, merabiSvilebis, kiknaZeebis, babunaSvilebis, barikaSvilebis,

xuciSvilebis, xojvanaSvilebis, TamaraSvilebis da sxva gvarebi…

udeSi amJamad 59 gvaria 1190 ojaxi 3380 suli (1980 wlis monacemebiT),

udidan Zvelad sxvadasxva dros gadasaxlebulan saqarTvelos Sida raionebSi

SiSianobis gamo, xolo sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi samsaxurebrivi

movaleobis Sesrulebis gamo darCnen sacxovreblad Cveni samSoblos qalaqebsa

da soflebSi, romelTa Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT cnobebs vaTavsebT qvemoT.

#

gadavidnen sacxovreblad

rodis

gadasaxldnen

ramdeni

komli

amJamad

komlTa

raodenoba

SeniSvna

1 q. axalcixe 150 250 sxvadasxva dros

2 sof. ivlita (axalcixis r-ni) 1910 3 21

3 sof. axalSeni (wulukiZis r-ni) 1910 15 58

4 q. gori 1900 8 20

5 q. Tbilisi da rusTavi 200 350 sxvadasxva dros

6 sof. sanavardo (yvarelis r-ni) 1910 20 70

7 Sua aziis qveynebSi udeli mahmadianebi 1944 133 300

8 adigenis raionul centrSi cxovroben 20 30

9 kur. abasTumani (adigenis r-ni) 12 25

10 sof. varxani (adigenis r-ni) 2 4

11 sof. abasTumani (adigenis r-ni) 3 6

12 sof. umwa (adigenis r-ni) 7 12

13 sof. fxero (adigenis r-ni)

1945 wlidan 1992 wlamde

3 6

36

14 sof. kaxareTi (adigenis r-ni) 6 7

15 sof. wre (adigenis r-ni) 1 1

16 sof. gorguli (adigenis r-ni) 5 7

17 sof. waxani (adigenis r-ni) 1 3

18 sof. bolajuri (adigenis r-ni) 2 2

aqedan gamomdinare sul wasuli aris 491 ojaxi da amJamad maTi STamomavlebi

Seadgenen sul 952 ojaxs (1992 wlis monacemebiT).

37

Sina mrewveloba

Zvelad udeSi, Sina mrewvelobis bevri sxvadasxva dagri yofila

ganviTarebuli, jer 1925-1930 wlebSi daaxloebiT TxuTmetamde samWedlo iyo,

romelic jer kerZo pirebis sakuTrebad iTvleboda, samWedloebs Soris

gansakuTrebiT cnobili iyo martiaSvilebis, balaxaSvilebisa da

narimaniSvilebis mier damzadebuli iaraRebi. mWedlebi amzadebdnen sasoflo

sameurneo iaraRebs: Toxebs, barebs, weraqvebs, uroebs, culebs, waldebs,

xeleCoebs, fexeCoebs da sxva.

udeSi Zvelad muSaobda “yvinCad” (oqromWedeli) rabaTeli anton girgiZe,

romelic Rramd moxucebuli iyo da mainc Cveuli energiiT igi oqros,

vercxlisa da TiTberisagan amzadebda beWdebs, qamrebs, JiR-JiRebs (yelsabami),

samajurebs, jvrebs da sxva.

xeze momuSave xelosnebi amzadebdnen xis guTnebs, jilRebs, kavebs,

kevrebs, uRelebs, urmis Tvlebs, karadebs, magidebs; aSenebdnen saxlebs da sxva…

sofel xuroSi dasaxlebulni unda yofiliyvnen xuroebi.

udeSi 1930 wlamde SemorCa sxvadasxva saxis qsovilebis damzadebis wesi.

Zvelad am dargis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda adgilobrivi nedleulis arseboba.

kerZod mecxvareoba, ris gamoc mosaxleobis nawili sakuTari nawarmiT

ikmayofilebda moTxovnilebas.

sofelSi nawil mosaxleobisas Salis saqsovi dazgebi hqondaT, romlebic

mosaxleobasac uqsovdnen Salis qsovilebs, aseve qalebi qsovdnen Salis

Tavsaxuravebs, beWebze mosasxmel did Salebs, windebs, paiWebs, winsafrebs,

xelTaTmnebs.

Txis balnisagan qsovdnen tomrebs, grexdnen urmis dasakoW Tokebs,

apevrebs (mamasaxlisaSvili ako da misi Svili).

narTis damzadebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo matylis garecxva. garecxili

matyli, rom sufTa yofiliyo gobidan dambal matyls amoiRebdnen brtyel qvaze,

dadebdnen da satyepeliT gatyepavdnen, amas imeorebdnen manam, sanam matyli

mTlianad ar gairecxeboda. Semdeg matyls gaaSrobdnen, gamSral matyls

38

gawewavdnen, gapetavdnen da Semdeg saCeCelze gaCeCavdnen, gaCeCil matyls

xeltarze daarTavdnen, Semdeg orwver narTs grexdnen Waxrakze, romelsac

qselad iyenebdnen.

sxvadasxva qsovilebis damzadebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo sxvadasxva

xarisxis narTis darTva, radgan Sals wminda narTi esaWiroeboda, rom qsovili

uxeSi ar gamosuliyo, windebisaTvis rogorc msxvili, ise wminda narTi iyo

saWiro, xolo Salis qsovilisaTvis qselis garda saWiro iyo ufro xarisxovani

wminda sadedao narTi.

Salis qsovilis xarisxi damokidebuli iyo narTis xarisxze,

romlisaganac keravdnen: Coxebs, axaluxebs, Sarvlebs, yabalaxebs.

SemodgomiT mosaxleobas mohqonda mTidan Waobis mcenare – Wili, xolo

simindis taros TeTr fuCeCs inaxavdnen. zamTarSi, roca qalebs saqme

gamoeleodaT, gansakuTrebiT did marxvaSi rogorc Wilisagan, ise Calis

fuCeCisagan grexdnen imdens, ramdenis qsovisTvis iyo saWiro. Semdeg specialur

dazgaze daqselavdnen, daqselvis Semdeg qalebi iwyebdnen Wilobis qsovas,

rogorc Wilisgan, ise simindis fuCeCisagan.

1897 wels Jurnal “kvalSi” iv. merabiSvili werda: “aq bevri xelobaa

gavrcelebuli, arian xazarebi, kalatozebi, mWedlebi, nalbandebi, xarebisa da

cxenebis mWedlebi, romelTa xeloba qebulia, ara marto qvablianSi da

focxovSi, aramed TviT q. axalcixis aRmosavleT mxaresac”.

es ki migvaniSnebs imaze, rom qvablianis xeobaSi ude iTvleboda

xelosanTa da vaWarTa centrad, sadac maxlobeli soflebidan da focxovidan

modiodnen da yidulobdnen sas. sam. iaraRebs, aqve TerZebTan ikeravdnen

tansacmels, “barbar xanaSi” iparsavdnen wvers da “adolaT hasanas yavanaSi”

atarebdnen dros.

focxovisa da qvablianis soflebidan mohyavdaT pirutyvi mohqondaT erbo-

yveli, karaqi, qaTami, kvercxi da sxva.

zamTrobiT RorZidan, wyisidan, zazalodan da maxlobel soflebidan

marxilebiT Semodioda udeSi SeSa, Tiva da sxva gasayidad.

39

udeSi aRmoCenili ganZeulis Sesaxeb

1959 wlis Jurnal “sabWoTa xelovnebis” 4 Si xelovnebaT mcodneobis

kandidati aleqsandre javaxiSvili da tariel CubinaSvili udis ganZis Sesaxeb

werdnen Semdegs: “erT-erTi aseTi uaxloesi aRmoCena moxda sofel udeSi, sadac

napovni iqna brinjaosa da rkinis nivTebis didi ganZi, romelis 100-ze meti

erTeulisagan Sedgeboda da Seicavda brinjaos culebs, xelSubebs, brinjaos

rgolebs, pincetebs, farTo furclian sartyelebs da bolos sartyelebis

Sesakrav abzindebs, CamoTvlili nivTebis didi nawili Semkulia sxvadasxva

mxatvruli xerxebiTa da TviTac warmoadgens mxatvrul samkauls, amitom udis

ganZi did interess iwvevs ara marto istoriul – arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT,

aramed xelovnebis TvalsazrisiTac, ude istoriuli da arqeologiuri

TvalsazrisiT metad sainterso adgilia, igi mdebareobda uZveles savaWro

gzaze, romelic akavSirebda saqarTvelos aRmosavleT da dasavleT mxareebs”.

udis ganZi aRmoCenili iqna SemTxveviT 1956 wlis gazafxulze levan

maqandaraSvilis saxlTan 1-2 metris siRrmeze. brinjaosa da rkinis

mravalricxovani nivTebi gaxveuli iyo brinjaos furclovan sartyelebSi.

mkvlevarebi udeSi napovn nivTebs sam jgufad yofen:

1. sabrZolo iaraRebi brinjaos 4 kolxuri culi, 12 brinjaos Subisa da

xelSubis piri, amdenive brinjaos yunwiani isris piri, brinjaos 4 laxtis

Tavi: rkinis satevris piri, laxtis Tavi da 2 Subis piri.

2. samkaulebi da maTi msgavsi nivTebi: brinjaos erTi rgolaki, 2 pinceti, 12

msxvili rgoli da brinjaosa da rkinis nivTebis calkeuli naxatebi.

3. tansacmelTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi: brinjaos 3 sakinZi, brinjaos

sxvadasxva sagnis furclovani 4 sartyelis fragmenti da brinjaos

sartyelis Sesakravi e.w. yubanuri tipis 8 abzinda.

a. javaxiSvili da t. CubiniSvili udis ganZs miakuTvneben Zveli

welTaRricxvis XI-X saukuneebs.

udis ganZis brinjaos nivTebis erTi nawili uxvad aris Semkuli sxvadasxva

ornamentebiT.

40

udis cixesTan 1939 wels saxlebis mSeneblobis drosac miwis siRrmeSi

napovnia Wurebi, monetebi, krinisa da oqros zodebi. yvela es aRmocenili

nivTebi kidev erTxel miuTiTebs imaze, rom ude erT-erTi vaWar-xelosanTa

uZvelesi da udidesi dasaxlebuli punqti unda yofiliyo.

dRes ude samcxis erT-erTi yvelaze didi da mWidrod dasaxlebuli,

Ronieri sofelia, misi Zeglebi, arqeologiuri nivTebi, SemorCenili uZvelesi

xalxuri sanaxaobani da Tqmulebebis, ara marto am soflis aramed saerTod

Cveni xalxis gmiruli brZolisa da Sromis naTeli furcelia.

41

mosaxleobis gamahmadianeba da kaTolikeobis miReba

samcxeSi

1628 wels “sulTanTan mipatiJebuli da saaTabagos sanaTesaoze

gajavrebuli beqa stambulSi muslimanad inaTleboda da aia sofias

samlocveloze muxlebze idga, locvilobda, xolo roca mesxeTSi

dabrundeboda manuCars moswamlavda da aTabagobas Tu ar eRirsa, gaerTianebul

vilaieTis faSad dajdeboda. afsus, odesRac berZnul taZarSi, romlis

saxelwodebac iyo wminda sofia, amJamad Turqebis mier warmoTqmul muslimanur

“aia sofiad” gadakeTebul samlocveloSi aTabagobas danatrulma faSobis

wodebaze gahyida erovneba da sarwmunoeba, suli da namusi aRuTqva sulTans,

rom dReidan ibrZolebda aWara-mesxeTis gamahmadianebisaTvis, ase gaSavebuli

piriT gamoemgzavra iqidan da arTvinTan axlos sofel svetSi dasaxlda

manuCaris winaaRmdeg axali politikuri manevrebisaTvis” (jemal jayelis

“finqsi sibrZnisa” gv. 107, baTumi 1971 w.).

beqa estumra biZas – manuCars, mowamla da manuCaris sikvdilis Semdeg

sulTanma daniSna axalcixis faSad da monaTles safar faSad. romelmac

samxreT saqarTvelosa da maT Soris udis mosaxleobis nawils iZulebiT

miaRebines mahmadianuri sarwmunoeba – abulaZeebis, kiknaZeebis, CilaSvilebisa da

petaSvilebis nawils, xolo baqraZeebis, baraTaSvilebis, beriZeebisa da

kanWaZeebis gvaris yvela wevri gamahmadianda. ufro gvian mahmadianoba miiRe

petaSvilebis erTma Stom, romlebsac “iSiR oRlebi” Searqves.

rogorc Zveli gadmocemebi adasturebs, ojaxis ufross Semohkvdomia

Turqi moxele, amis gamo daiWires mkvleli da TurqTa sasamarTlos ganaCeniT

mkvlel – petaSvils miusajes gaxurerbuli rkinis Tasis Tavze daxureba da ase

tanjviT sikvdili.

Turq moxeleTa brZanebiT sofelSi centralur moedanze Tavi mouyares

sxvadasxva soflebidan mosul xalxs imis gamo, rom ayurebinon qarTveli kacis

wamebiT sikvdili, meodnis TvalsaCino adgilas jami xurdeboda, danTebul

koconze da iqve axlos boZze mikruli huoliaT TavianTi msxverpli, Turqi

42

moxeleebi gaxurebul jams, roca TavTan miitandnen, maSin damnaSave petaSvils

eubnebodnen: Tu miiReb mahmadianobas yvela danaSauli gepatieba, Tu ara aseT

tanjvaSi amogxdeba sulio.. aseT tanjvas rasakvirvelia arCia mieRo

mahmadianuri sarwmunoeba, roca Tanxmoba ganucxada Turq moxeleebs, maSin

monaTlul iqna mahmadianurad, ris gamoc saxeli da gvari gamoucvales Turqma

xojebma – “dasvinaTebis” e.i. Turqul wesze monaTvlis dros uwodes “maxmudi”

da uTqvamT – “exla Sen “iSiRSi” Sexvalo, rac sinaTles niSnavs.

XVII saukuneSi Turq dampyroblebma jer samcxeSi da Semdeg aWaraSi,

mosaxleobis masiurad gamuslimanebis saqmeSi farTod gamoiyenes cecxli da

maxvili.

mcxeTaSi SemorCenil qarTvelobas am mdros mfarvelobas safrangeTi

uwevda.

jer kidev 1535 wels safrangeTsa da osmaleTs Soris daido pirveli

xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliTac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo safrangeTis

mfarvelobis gaweva, jer sakuTar qveSermdomebze. romlebic osmaleTSi

imyofebodnen da Semdeg ki safrangeTma calmxrivad ganaxorciela mfarvelobis

gaweva osmaleTSi yvela sxva kaTolikur qristianobis maRiareblebze.

jer kidev XV saukuneSi aTabagebi kavSirs amyarebdnen safrangeTis

saxelmwifosTan, raTa maT kaTolikobis gavrcelebiT daecvaT islamis

moZalebisagan Tavi.

romis papTan da safrangeTTan aTabagebis damokidebulebaze dawvrilebiT

cnobebs gvawvdis mixeil TumaniSvili. igi 1902 wlis 3 oqtombers romidan

gamogzavnil werilSi wers: “yvaryvare meore da giorgi mefe 1459 wels

safrangeTSi burboo dukas weren, rom dasavleTSi aRmosavleTelebs

daxmarebodnen, raTa osmaleTi daamarcxon. amis gamo elCebs ugzavnian, elCebi

jer papTan misulan, TavianTi mTavrebis erTguleba da morCileba gamoucxades,

Semdgom safrangeTSi wavidnen:.

1546 wels romis papi Tavis werilSi wers, rom sxva mTavrebTan erTad

yvaryvare (meoTxe) romis eklesiis erTguli yofila da papTan SesaerTeblad

momzadebuli. es utyuari faqtebi metyvelebs imaze, rom samcxeSi erTeulma

43

soflebma da q. axalcixis mosaxleobam kaTolikeoba miiRo da amiT TuqTa

ganadgulebisagan Tavi daicves.

samcxis adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleoba rom ganesxvavebinaT

mahmadianebisagan, axalcixis faSas ubrZanebia, rom “qarTvel mamakacebs Tavze

cisferi mosaxvevi da welze amave feris sartyeli etarebinaT, xolo

mahmadianebs – TeTri Tavsaxvevi (Calma) da TeTri sartyeli”.

aseTi gansxvavebuli Cacmuloba SemorCa mesxeTSi 1930 wlamde, romlsac

Rrmad moxucebuli qarTveli mamakacebi atarebdnen.

230 wlis tyveobis Semdeg 1828 wlis 15 agvistos mefis nacval general

paskeviCis xelmZRvanelobiT rusma da qarTvel jarma samxreT saqarTvelodan

gandevna Turqi dampyroblebi. mravalgziT aoxrebuli da ganawamebi mesxeT-

javaxeTis mosaxleoba aRar dabrunebia Tavis gapartaxebul mSobliur keras,

ris gamoc mefis nacvalma paskeviCma arTvinidan somexi mosaxleoba Camoasaxla

mesxeT javaxeTis dacarielebul soflebsa da qalaqebSi.

carizmis batonobis periodSi qarTuli ena qvablianis xeobaSi da

mTlianad mesxeT javaxeTSi dakninda. qarTuli enis daqveiTebas xeli Seuwyo

rusuli da Turquli enebis gabatonebam am mxareSi. rusi moxeleebi cdilobdnen

qarTveli mosaxleobis garusebas, amitom skolebSi rusuli enaze iswavleboda

yvela sagani. im dros dabadebis mowmobaSi qarTuli gvarebi somxurad

gadakeTebuli iqna – abulaZeebs abulovebad, merabiSvilebs – merabovebad,

balaxaSvilebis – balaxovebad da sxva, rac gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom mesxeTis

umravels eklesiaSi somexi mRvdlebi batonobdnen da naTlobisas somxur

gvarebs atarebdnen wignSi.

44

ude menSevikebis batonobis periodSi da gaqceva

mesxeTis ganTavisuflebis 90 wlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi menSevikebis

batonobis periodSi erTxel kidev swveviaT didi ubedureba am tanjul

mosaxleobas. qarTveloba kidev mtris garemocvaSi moeqca. qarTveli mosaxleoba

ganicdida TurqTa velur urdoebisa da adgilobrivi bandebis ganuwyvetel

Tavdasxmebs, xolo meore mxriv siRatake, SimSili da sicive stanjavdaT.

TurqeTis mTavrobis davalebiT axalcixis gavlenian pirebma sarvel begma

(jayelTa gvaris ukanasknelma warmomadgenelma), samcxis adgilobrivi mahmadiani

mosaxleobisagan, TiToeul sofelSi Seqmna moxaliseTa bandebi, romlTa mizani

iyo mesxeTSi qarTvelobis mospoba, amis gamo 1918 wlis ianvridan mesxeTis

nawili samcxe xelaxla moswyvites saqarTvelos, ris gamoc samxreT dasavleTiT

saqarTvelo aRmoCnda mtris garemocvaSi. am periodSi qemal-faSam Tavis

regularul armias SeuerTa begis mier samcxis soflebSi Seqmnili

adgilobrivi bandebi, ramac didad gazarda mtris Zalebi.

samcxis qarTveloba kargad iyo darwmunebuli, rom mas ganadgureba da

gadagvareba moeloda, amitom raime unda eRona. im dros soflebs udesa da

arals bevri Wkviani da mefis armiaSi kargad gawvrTnili axalgazrdoba hyavda:

udeSi – petre merabiSvilis, aralSi – Salva vardiZisa da sxvaTa saxiT.

soflis Tavkacebis xelmZRvanelobiT sofel udeSi da aralSi Seiqmna 800

kacisagan Semdgari armia, raTa daecva mosaxleoba moZalade bandebis

Tavdasxmisagan.

imJamad, dRevandel adigenis raionis teritoriaze sul 72 sofeli iyo,

aqedan mxolod ori qarTuli sofeli iyo – ude da arali.

udisa da arils mosaxleoba medgar winaaRmdegobs uwevda Tavdamsxmelebs,

magram Zalze uTanasworo iyo da mosaxleobis nawili iZulebuli iyo

gaxiznuliyo q. axalcixeSi.

moTareSe bandebis sawinaaRmdegod sofelSi Sesasvleli yvela gza da xev-

Rele Caketili iyo. soflis samxreTiT da dasavleTiT mowyobili iyo

45

saTvalTvalo punqtebi, rac xel-fexs uborkavda mters, soflebSi udesa da

aralSi SeRwevas.

im dros TurqeTSi xmebi dadioda, TiTqos udisa da arils soflebis

sazRvrebi ise iyo gamagrebuli, rom soflis samxreTiT da dasavleTiT

aRmarTuli kldeebsa da gorebze qvemexebi da tyviamfrqvevebi idga. sinamdvileSi

udis cixesTan erTi qvemexi iyo, xolo samxreT gorebze qvemexis msgavsad

mowyobili iyo Rumelis milebi, romlebic Soridan marTlac qvemexebs waagavda.

amda sxva gonivrulma RonisZiebebma mters droebiT aaRebina xeli veragul

zraxvebis ganxorcielebaze, magram rogorRa icavdnen udeli da arleli

meomrebi am saidumloebas? es ki ase xdeboda: rodesac mezobel soflebidan an

TurqeTidan delegatebi sayaraulo punqtebs miuaxlovdebodnen, razmelebi

Tvalebs auxvevdnen, rom ar SeeniSnaT moxerxebulad SeniRbuli Rumelis

milebi, an razmis siZliere ar gaegoT, roca delegatebs StabSi Seiyvandnen

auxsnidnen Tvalebs, xolo molaparakebis Semdeg isev auxvevdnen Tvalebs da

imave wesiT gaacilebdnen sayaraulo punqtamde da gauSvebdnen.

mamakacebi mindorSi samuSaoze iaraRasxmuli midiodnen, sayaraulo da

saTvalTvalo punqtebze morigeobdnen dRe da Rame. ai aseT wvalebaSi erTi

weliwadi gaatares.

qarTuli andazaa: “cixe Signidan gatydebao”, marTlac Cveni soflis

siZliere gacemul iqna qarTveli mahmadianebis mier, romlebic udeSi

cxovrobdnen, kerZod aRniSnuli saidumloeba gasces amirxan da maxsun

baraTaSvilebma (ukanaskneli RatifSa baraTaSvilis mamaa).

1919 wlis ianvarSi samxreTidan Savi RrubeliviT wamovida TurqTa

bandebis uricxvi jari – zogi irmis Walidan saZalos cixes Camohyva, zogi

xonasa da marelze gadmovida, zogic mdinare focxovis xeobiT Semovida,

romlebic udisa da arils soflebis samxreTis sazRvrebs moefinnen da jguf-

jgufebad ganaxorcieles Semoteva.

udisa da arils qarTveli mosaxleoba TavganwirviT icavda soflebis

samxreTisa da dasavleTis sazRvrebs, magram ras gaawyobdnen uricxv qemal

46

faSas jaris winaaRmdeg, roca maT mxardamxar mohyvebodnen sarval begis mier

Seqmnili adgilobrivi bandebi.

udelma da arlelma meomrebma mters gza gadauRobes da moZalebul

mters lomebiviT ekveTnen. am uTanasworo brZolaSi bevri axalgazrda daiRupa,

magram mters soflebSi Sesvlas ar aZlevdnen.

1919 wlis ianvarSi sofel arils mosaxleobam Tavi Seafara sofel valesa

da axalcixes. xolo ude darCa qemal faSas armisaa da sarvel begis bandebis

pirispir, ude kunZuliviT rkalSi aRmoCnda. rogorc grigol abaSiZe wers:

arc galavani hqonia zRuded,

arc iyo ude wyliT mozRuduli,

TaTris soflebis tyves gavda ude,

gza miwyvetili rogorc kunZuli.

marTlac gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda sofel udis mosaxleoba, amis

gamo udis Tavkacobam saswrafod mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis q. axalcixis qalqis

Tavs general maRlakeliZes da genereal makaevs – mayaSvils raTa iaraRiT da

cocxali ZaliT daxmareba gaewiaT, maTi gankargulebiT udis sazRvrebze

general gelovanisa da polkovnik kereseliZis meTaurobiT, axalcixis samxedro

nawilidan gamogzavne jari.

samxedro nawilis mosvlam gaamxneva udeli momrebi, romlebmac

jariskacebTan erTad ganaxorcieles mterze axali Seteva da mters piri

adrekines. brZolis xazze moxucebi da bavSvebi Rebulobdnen monawileobas,

mihqondaT saWmeli da brZolis xazidan daWrilebi gamohyavdaT.

Turqma askiarebma soflebs wyiseebsa da marelis midamoebSi moaxerxes

sabrZolo xazis gamagreba, aseT viTarebaSi dRiTi dRe maSveli ZalebiT ivsebda

TurqTa bandebi.

am brZolebSi bevri udeli vaJkacis gverdiT daiRupa sofel wyisis

midamoebSi 19 wlis jariskaci poeti grigol megreliSvili (mTis niavi),

romelic Tavis amxanagebTan erTad dasaflavebulia udis patare eklesiis ezoSi

(wamebulTa sasaflaoze).

47

general gelovanma da polkovnik kereseliZem gadawyvites, rom aseT

uTanasworo brZolaSi udisa da maTi jaris mcire nawilebi TurqTa jaris

nawilebTan verafers gaxdebodnen, amitom maT miatoves brZolis veli da

TavianTi jaris nawilebi abasTumanze gavliT zekaris gadasasvleliT

quTaisisaken gaemarTnen. brZolaSi bedis anabarad darCenili udeli meomrebi

ieriSze gadmosul moZalade mters win wasvlis saSualebas ar aZlevdnen.

miuxedavad udelTa vaJkacobisa, saswori TurqTa mxareze gadaixara. TurqTa

uricxv armiasTan brZolis gagrZeleba uazroba iyo. am momentSi soflis

Tavkacebis yvelaze didi sazrunavi iyo soflis mosaxleobis gadarCena.

udes yovel mxridan mteri uaxlovdeboda. umweo mdgomareobaSi

Cavardnili mosaxleoba gasaqcev gzebs eZebda. udis Tavkacobam gadawyvita imave

Rames sofeli daetovebina da gaxiznuliyvnen axalcixeSi. gadawyvetileba

swrafad iqna sisruleSi moyvanili. sanam sofeli daicleboda, manam meomrebs

brZoliT mozRvavebuli mteri unda SeeCerebina. daRamda da sibneleSi brZolis

xazze Tofis srolis xma aRar ismoda.

RamiT sofeli dacarielda, xolo brZolis veli sabolood datoves

udelma meomrebma da axalcixisken mimaval soflis mosaxleobas sofel farexis

midamoebSi wamoewivnen.

sofelSi samasamde adamiani darCa, romlebsac susxian zamTarSi fexiT

axalcixemde Casvla ar SeeZloT, ris gamoc sofelSi bedis anabara darCnen

moxucebi, avadmyofebi, usinaTloebi da nawili axalgazrdoba, romlebmac

TavianTi qoneba ver miatoves.

gaqceuli mosaxleoba gzaSi vin vis aswrebda ar icodnen, am arevdarevaSi

zogi Svils daeZebda gzaSi, zogi cols da zogi ki dedas. gaTenebisas daRlil-

daqanculebma Zlivs CaaRwies axalcixeSi.

soflidan gaxiznuli mosaxleoba jer kidev soflis mijnas ar iyvnen

gacilebulni, rom sofels cecxli waukides da sofelSi darCenil qonebas

daepatronnen adgilobrivi qarTveli mahmadianebi, aseTive bedi ewvia kurort

abasTumans da erTi TviT adre sofel arals.

48

sofelSi darCenil 300-mde sicocxles mowyurebuli adamiani SiSiT

saxlidan gareT wylis asaRebadac ver gamodiodnen.

raki umweo mosaxleoba naxes sofelSi RatifSa baraTaSvilis deidas

qmarma, romelic focxovidan iyo gadmosuli Tavisi bandisa da Zmebi amirxana da

maxsuda baraTaSvilebis daxmarebiT daiwyes upatrono saxlebis Zarcva,

pirutyvis garekva, binebis dawva da umweod darCenili mosaxleobis wameba da

xocva.

axalcixis samcxe javaxeTis isotiuli muzeumis xelnawerTa fondis #

3428 gv. 65-73 eqim ivane gabrielis Ze asaTians naCenebi aqvs, rom 1918-19 wlebSi

TurqeTis Semosevebis dro sofel udeSi adgilobrivma mahamdianebma udeSi

awames da mokles 240 adamiani, xolo aralSi – 30, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT

mkvlelobaSi mTavar moqmed pirebad iTvlebodnen Zmebi amirxana da maxsuda

baraTaSvilebi da maxsudas qvisli laCina – TurqeTdan gadmosuli.

zogierT daxocilTa sia:

1. merabiSvili giorgi

2. merabiSvili ana (col-qmari awames)

3. petriaSvili pavle

4. petriaSvili sabedo (col-qmari)

5. petriaSvili qristine (Svili)

6. petriaSvili ana (Svili)

7. giqoSvili ivane

8. giqoSvili besarion

9. giqoSvili petre

10. yuljaniSvili pavle

11. yuljaniSvili Terezina (col-qmari, cecxlSi dawves)

12. balaxaSvili SuSana

13. balaxaSvili aleqsi

14. obolasvili stefane

15. aToSvili iosebi

16. martiaSvili stefane

49

17. petaSvili pavle

18. petaSvili mixeil (Zmebi)

da sxvebi.

gaxiznuli mosaxleoba 1919 wlis 2 Tebervlidan 25 aprilamde Tavs

afarebda axalcixes, axalcixeSi orTve naxevars udisa da samTveze met xans

arils mosaxleoba ganicdida SimSils, ramac gamoiwvia mosaxleobis maisuri

daavadeba, aseT viTarebaSi myof mosaxleobas lukmapuris Sovnis saSualeba ar

hqonda, SimSilis niadagze gavrcelebulma epidemiam (tifi) bevri adamianis

sicocxle Siewira.

1919 wlis aprilis pirvel naxevarSi qarTveli jaris nawilebi Semovidnen

axalcixeSi , romelTa meSeveobiT gaTavisuflebul iqna qvablianis teritoria

da Cvens mosaxleobas saSualeba mieca 15-dan 25 aprilamde dabruneboda TavianT

gaparataxebul keras.

daaxloebiT aprilis dasawyisSi qarTveli jaris Semosvlis dros

qvablianis qarTveli mahmadianebi ojaxebiT garbodnen, zogi aWaraSi da zogic

TurqeTSi, sarval begis mama feizula begi (aTabag qoblianski) Tavis sofel

benaraSi qarTvel jars purmariliT Seegeba da amiT sisxlisRvra Sewyda.

gaqceuli mahmadiani mosaxleoba gzida daabrunes.

50

sasoflo sabWo da maTi xelmZRvaneloba

jer kidev 1828 wels, roca iqna TurqTa batonobisagan gaTavisuflda

samcxe, maSin dRevandel adigenis teritoria axalcixis mazraSi Sevida. am

teritoriaze sami samamasaxliso yofila – adigenis, varxnisa da udis. ude maSin

axalcixis mazraSi yvelaze didi samamasaxliso yofila, xolo sabWoTa

xelisuflebis wlebSi ki jer revkomebi iyo, xolo Semdeg TemsabWo, romlebSic

Sedioda arali, orWoSani, warbasTumani, mareli, xona, qvemo da zemo wyise,

zazalo, xuro, RorZe, amxeri, samyre, kaxareTi da lelovani. aRniSnul soflebs

ganagebda kargazans udis revkomi, xolo Semdeg TemsabWo.

udis sasoflo kooperativi aRniSnul soflebs uwevda momsaxurebas.

droTa msvlelobaSi revkomebi gadakeTda TemsabWoebad da bolos TemsabWoebi

Seicvala sasoflo sabWoebad.

1929-1930 wlebSi axalcixis mazras adigeni gamoeyo calke raionad da

sasoflo sabWoebis ricxvi gaizarda raionSi. Tu udis TemsabWos

SemadgenlobaSi Zvelad Sedioda 14 sofeli, sasoflo sabWoebis gardaqmnis

dros, udis sasoflo sabWos SemadgenlobaSi darCa – ude, arali da xuro,

xolo 1945 wlidan ki - ude, arali da warbastumani.

udis TemsabWoSi Semavali 14 sofeli, Semdeg 4 sasoflo sabWod

ganawilda: udis, marelis, zazalosa da lelovanis sasoflo sabWoebad, raTa

xelmZRvaneloba da marTva advili yofiliyo. aseTive bedi ewviaT adigenisa da

varxanis TemsabWoebs.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis dapyrobis dRidan udeSi revkomis Tavjdomared

muSaobda merabiSvili petre grigolis Ze, Semdeg niSnaven mamulaSvili giorgi

petres Zes, xolo TemsabWos Tavjdomared Toma grigolis Ze merabiSvils,

romelsac Semdeg cvlis zazaSvili simon stefanes Ze, saraSvili eduard

iosebis Ze, CilaSvili mixa antonis Ze, maisuraZe gigla iordanes Ze, zazaSvili

simon stefanes Ze, gigolaSvili petre avetisis Ze, yuljaniSvili levan

aruTenis Ze, saraSvili eduard iosebis Ze, saaniSvili giorgi (Jora) pavles Ze,

maisuraZe simon iosebis Ze, gigolaSvili amiran stefanes Ze, TaTenaSvili osiko

aleqsandres Ze, abulaZe giorgi ivanes Ze, TumaniSvili levan stefanes Ze,

51

merabiSvili avTandil giglas Ze, balaxaSvili SoTa moses Ze da 1991 wlis 31

marts Catarda sof udis sakrebulos arCevnebi. 17 aprils airCies sakrebulos

mdivani pavle mixeilis Ze mRebriSvili.

1991 wlis 24 aprils airCies sofel udis sakrebulos gamgebeli anton

pavles Ze parunaSvili xolo Semdeg guram stefanes Ze boCikaSvili.

udis sasoflo sabWo raionSi yvelaze did sasoflo sabWod iTvleboda, romlis

SemadgenlobaSic Sedioda arali da warbasTumani.

mimdinare 1983 wlis 19 ianvars mTavrobis dadgenilebiT soflebi arali da

warbasTumani udes gamoeyvnen da aralSi sabWo Seiqmna.

udeSi aris sami saSualo skolaa – udis #1, #2 da udis axalgazrdobis

saSualo skola.

udeSi 5 biblioTekaa, xolo sSualo skolebs aqvT TavianTi biblioTekebi.

aris musikaluri skola, romelsac aqvs Tavisi biblioTeka.

soflis axalgazrdobas momsaxurebas uwevs kulturis saxli, romelsac

aqvs farTo ekraniani kino danadgari.

udeSi aris ori baga baRi, fosta, telegrafi, ateesi, Semnaxveli salaro,

sasursaTo da samrewvelo, tansacmlis, fexsacmlis, trikotaJisa da sxva

seqciebi.

sofelSi garda univermaRisa aris sami Sereuli, avejis, wignebis maRazia,

sasadilo da sayofacxovrebo momsaxureobis obieqtebi.

Tu winaT soflis mosaxleoba moklebuli iyo samedicino momsaxurebas,

dRes udis sasoflo sabWos momsaxurebas uwevs ambolatoria, saavadmyofo 35

sawolze, samSobiaro saxli, afTiaqi da vet samkurnalo dawesebuleba.

1977 wels daiwyo soflis centraluri gzis gafarToeba – moasfalteba.

1958 wlidan udis yvela mosaxlem gaiSena orsarTuliani oda saxli,

romelic naTurebiT aris gaCiraRdnebuli.

52

kulakoba da kolmeurneobis Camoyalibeba

rogorc saqarTvelos sxvasaxva kuTxeebSi, ise adigenis raionis sofel

udeSic daiwyo kulakobis – am samarcxvino moqmedebis ganxorcieleba,

gaakulakes – CamoarTves pirutyvi, marcvleuli, saxnavi da baRis farTobebi

iseT ojaxebs, romlebic SedarebiT sxvebze maZRarni iyvnen da SeZlebulad

cxovrobdnen, aRniSnulis safuZvelze daiwyo kolmeurneebis Camoyalibeba.

kolmeurneobaSi pirvelad Sevidnen is ojaxebi, romlebic ZiriTadad

SimSilobdnen da mcire saxnav-saTesi miwebi gaaCndaT, maT daiwyes sxva

glexebis maRal mosavliani saxnavi miwebis dapatroneba da kolmeurneobaSi

gaerTianeba, xolo gakulakebulebs ki ukrZalavdnen kolmeurneobaSi Sesvlas,

ZiriTadad aRniSnuli sakiTxebi TviTneburad wyvetdnen komkavSirelebi da maTi

mimdevrebi.

zemo aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sofelSi Seiqmna urTierT dapirispireba,

Suri da mtroba.

1930 wlis gazafxulze kolmeurneobam iwyo daSla, glexobam daiwyo ukan

gamosvla, xolo kolmeurneobaSi darCnen komkavSirelebi da umiwawyalo

glexoba. 1931 wlidan mTavrobis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis (daSineba)

Sedegad daiwyo mosaxleobis masiuri Sesvla kolmeurneobaSi.

kolmeurneobis Camoyalibebis pirvel dReebSi Tavjdomared irCeven vano

serafimis Ze merabiSvils, xolo ori wlis Semdeg sarqis simonies Ze

martiaSvils.

1939 wels kolmeurneobis Tavjdomared irCeven maisuraZe gigla iordanis

Zes da am periodisaTvis sofelSi koleqtivizacia damTavrda. 1942 wlidan

kolmeurneobas saTaveSi simon iakobis Ze petaSvili.

1939-45 wlebSi udidan 505-ze meti axalgazrda iqna gawveuli samxedro

saswavlebelSi, swored am periodSi kolmeurneobis mTliani saqmianoba daawvaT

moxucebs, qalebsa da bavSvebs, romlebic SimSilisa da sicivis miuxedavad

Sromas ar gaurbodnen, maSin roca kolmeurneobaSi yvela saxis sasoflo

sameurneo samuSao xeliT sruldeboda.

53

1944 wlis 14-15 noembers mTavrobis dadgenilebiT sazRvris zonaSi

mcxovrebi mahmadianebi, qurTebi da Turqebi gaasaxles Sua aziis respublikaSi,

maT Soris sofel udidan 133 ojaxi.

maTi gasaxlebis ZiriTadi mizezi Cveni azriT iyo TurqeTis

saxelmwifosTan (dazvervis) saidumlo kavSiri, mesxeTis qarTvel mosaxleobaze

omis periodSi TiTis qneva, rom male dadgeba Cveni dro da mogivliTo, rom

borjomis zemodan qarTulad “gamarjveba” aRar unda iyoso.

1942 wels adigenis raionis sofel xonaSi 22 axalwveulma (mahmadianma)

miiRo gasawvevi furclebi da amave ricxvmi SuadRisas SearCa SemTxveva da

mavTulxlarTebze miadges ficrebi da gadavidnen TurqeTSi.

1942 wlis SemodgomiT adigenis raionis sof. moxis tyeSi 300-ze metma

mahmadianma TurqeTis mTavrobis xelSewyobiT SeiaraRebulni dabanakdnen tyeSi

im mizniT, rom gaexsna viTomda meore fronti da im tyidan imuqrebodnen sofel

udisa da arils mosaxleobaze, rom male TurqeTic Caebmeboda omSi da am or

soflis mosaxleobas amowyvitavdnen.

1945 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis raionSi darCa 884 ojaxi 3888 suliT da kerZo

mesakuTre 10 ojaxi 42 suliT. sul 894 ojaxi 3930 suliT (1945 wlis aRweraSi

Sedis udis, arils, kikibos, kurort abastumanis. bolajurisa da benaris

mosaxleoba). am dros iwyeba saqarvelos sxvadasxva raionebidan qarTveli

mosaxleobis Camosaxleba.

1948 wels udis S. rusTavelis sax. kolmeurneoba zemdgomi organoebis

dadgenilebiT gaiyo orad – rusTavelisa da CxubianaSvilebis saxelobis.

CxubianaSvilebis sax. kolmeurneobis gamgeobis Tavjdomared airCies

(daniSnes) pavle parunaSvili, xolo rusTavelis sax. kolmeurneobaSi gaagrZela

muSaoba simon petaSvilma. kolmeurneobis gayofa maSin da dResac ar migvaCnia

gamarTlebulad, magram ras izam, xalxs vin ekiTxeboda. xolo 1950 wels ki isev

gaerTianda kolmeurneoba.

1951 wlidan kolmeurneobas saTaveSi udgeba merab petres Ze merabiSvili,

Semdgom periodSi kolmeurneobas xelmZRvanelobdnen: gigolaSvili petre

avetisis Ze, merabiSvili vaxtang serafimes Ze, petaSvili petre iosebis Ze,

54

merabiSvili pavle antonis Ze, obolaSvili anton grigolis Ze, abulaZe giorgi

ivanes Ze, inasariZe aleqsandre konstantines Ze, merabiSvili pavle antonis Ze

(meored), xolo 1987 wlidan kolmeurneobis gauqmebamde 1990 wlamde

Tavjdomared SoTa moses Ze balaxaSvilia.

1973-79 wlebSi udis kolmeurneobasTan SeerTebulni iyvnen lelovnis,

kaxareTis, samyurisa da RorZis soflebi, romelTa bankis saxelmwifo valebi

dafara udis kolmeurneobam da Semdeg isev gayves da Camoayalibes lelovnis

kolmeurneobad.

1980 wlisaTvis udis kolmeurneobas ericxeboda 5280 heqtari savarguli,

maT Soris saxnavi 510, xexilis baRi 80, saTibi 390, saZovari 2800, sxva danarCeni

1506 heqtari, xolo kolmeurneTa sakarmidamo gansazRvruli iyo 0.15 heqtaridan

0.30 heqtaramde, rac Seadgenda 192 heqtars.

imis gamo, rom sof. udisa da arils savargulebis didi nawili ZiriTadi

nawili iyo urwyavi, mosavlianobis gadidebis mizniT gayvanil iqna gorgul

aralis sarwyavi arxi, romelic 14 km manZilze mets moicavs.

xolo 1977-78 wlebSi mowyobil iqna udis Tavze xelovnuri wyalsacavi,

romlis adgilas patara moculobis tba iyo. misi zedapiris sarke 14 heqtaramdea

da 2,5 milioni kuburi metris tevadobisaa, Sig gaSvebulia samrewvelo xasiaTis

Tevzi, aRniSnuli tbidan irwyveba sezonze udisa da arils ZiriTadi sasoflo

sameurneo savargulebi.

1937 weli rogorc mTliani saqarTvelosaTvis, ise Cveni soflisTvisac did

tragediad iTvleba, am droisaTvis sofelSi Seiqmna e.w. sameuli (troika),

romelnic TavianT survilisamebr qmnidnen yalb masalebs ama Tu im pirovnebebze

da apatirebdnen. ZiriTadad siaSi iyvnen im ojaxebis ufrosebi, romlebic kargad

cxovrobdnen.

am didi tragediss msxverplni arian:

1. obolaSvili ivane

2. afriamaSvili mirza

3. kiknaze simon

4. maisuraZe iordane

55

5. balaxaSvili stefane

6. merabiSvili petre

7. merabiSvili Toma

8. merabiSvili aleqsandre

9. petaSvili iosebi

10. aziraSvili Tedore

11. gelaZe stefane

12. boCikaSvili mose

13. giqosvili iordane

14. boCikaSvili franci

da sxva

am periodisaTvis udeSi dapatimrebulni iyvnen 30 pirze meti, romelTa

umravlesoba mSobliur keras veRar daubrunda. am adamianTa wamebasa da

sikvdilSi xeli aqvT gasvrili zemoT naxseneb sameulis wevrebs, romelTa

gvarebs Segnebulad ar vasaxelebT, radgan ar gvinda wyena mivayenoT maT

STamomavlobas.

56

kolmeurneobis warmoebis ZiriTadi dargebis

ganviTareba

memindvreoba

1968 wlidan ministrTa sabWos dadgenilebiT kolmeurneobas Seumcirda

marcvleuli kulturebis warmoeba da mis xarjze gaizarda kartofilis,

bostneulis, sakvebi Warxalis, Svriis (erTwliani balaxis) naTesebi,

mesaqonleobis sakvebi bazis ganmtkicebis mizniT.

Zvelad sofel udeSi marcvlovan kulturebs Soris wamyvani adgili ekava:

TeTr da wiTeli dolis purs, javaxeTis dikas (sagazafxulo). Savfexas, Wvavs,

maxobela xorbals, Semodgomisa da gazafxulis qers, fetvs, siminds da sxva.

rac Seexeba parkosani mcenareebidan ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli iyo lobios

mindvris da saris saxeobebi da selis kultura.

bostneul-baRCeul kulturebidan ZiriTadad iTeseboda da irgveboda:

kitri – lanta da gilanis jiSis, sazamTro, nesvi, xaxvi, niori, kombosto,

pomidori, boloki da sxva.

mexileoba

mexileoba rogorc mesxeTisaTvis, ise udis mosaxleobisTvisac uZvelesi

erT-erTi sisxlorceuli da saamayo dargia, romelzedac miuTiTebs Tundac is

faqti, rom dRes udeSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebTan SedarebiT yvelaze

meti xilis aborigenuli (adgilbrivi) jisebia gavrcelebuli. saxeldobr,

vaSli: abilauri, mefis vaSli, bostnis vaSli, msuqana, qona, rZe vaSli, mixakis,

maxara, mamulo, rkina vaSili da sxva. msxali: nazaziri, gogra, kacis tava,

kviristava, mixriki, Tavrejuli, sesela, nene msxali, boqSua, grZeli msxali da

sxva. aRniSnuli jiSebi gamoirCevian sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT, yinvisa da

daavadebebis meti amtanobiT, maRalimsxmoiarobiT, nayofis didi aromatulobiTa

da gamZleobiT, aseve sakmaodaa gavrcelebuli WanWuris, qliavis, tyemlis,

57

kaklis, Sindis, komSis sxvadasxva jiSebi, am ukanasknel periodSi mosaxleobam

farTod daiwyo venaxis sxvadasxva jiSis gaSeneba da Rvinis dayeneba sakuTari

moxmarebisTvis.

mesaqonleoba

udis kolmeurneobas hqonda msxvilfexarqiani pirutyvis mZlavri ferma,

1585 suliT, aqedan mewvelia 520 suli, Rori 450 suli, qaTami 7400 frTa, aqvs

inkubatori, yovelive zemoT dasaxelebuli did Semosavals aZlevs udis

kolmeurneobas.

kolmeurneobas aqvs saxerxi qarxana, eleqtro wisqvili, abano, sakvebis

Semamzadebeli saamqro da sxva nagebobani.

58

udeli axalgazrdoba did samamulo omSi

samaradiso dideba Cvens Tanasoflelebs, romlebic

gmirulad Seewirnen did samamulo oms

1941-1945 wlebSi

43 wlis win, 1941 wlis 22 ivniss dilis 4 saaTze Cvens qveyanas veragulad

Tavs daesxa faSisturi germania.

samSoblos dasacavad aRsdga mTeli sabWoTa xalxi veragi mtris

winaaRmdeg. Cveni respublikidan 700 aTasamde kacma miiRo aqtiuri monawileoba

samkvdro –sasicocxlo brZolebSi, maT Soris 16 aTasze meti qali, 23 aTasi

oficeri, 48 aTasi generali da admirali Rebulobda monawileobas. maTgan

mTavrobis maRali jildo daimsaxura 244760 kacma, sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris

wodeba mieniWa 155 kacs, romlebmac gviCvenes gmirobisa da mamacobis arnaxuli

magaliTebi.

bevrma axalgazrdam Tavisi lamazi sicocxle Seswira Cvens Zvirfas

samSoblos. isini Sin ver dabrundnen, romlebsac Sinmousvlelebs veZaxiT, diax,

marTlac isini ver dabrundnen magram maTma vaJkacurma gmirobam gvamcno

germaniaze gamarjveba, maT TavianTi mkerdiT daicves Cveni samSoblos Rirseba

da damoukidebloba.

saqarTvelos arcerT kuTxeSi araa ojaxi, rom ar ganecados omis mware

xvedri.

samamulo omis qarcecxlian dReebSi mesxeTidan frontze wavida 12 aTasi

kaci, aqedan daiRupa TiTqmis naxevari, 12 aTasian mebrZolTa rigebSi Sedioda

sofel udidan 505 axalgazrda, maT ricxvebSi 40 oficeri. 243 rigiTma da 20

oficerma veRar miaRwia Tavis mSobliur soflamde, isini gmirulad daecnen

mterTan brZolaSi samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis.

sabWoTa armies meomrebTan erTad sofel udis axalgazrdobis naxevarze

metma samamulo omis qariSxlian dReebSi samudamod hpova civi samare, rogorc

sabWoTa miwaze, ise evropisa da aRmosavleT aziis vrcel, Tvaluwvdenel

sxvadasxva qveynis teritoriaze, xolo zogs ki SavdReebSi samarec ki ar

Rirsebia.

Sin mousvleli axalgazrda poeti g. nafetvariZe mSoblebisadmi miweril

werilSi wers:

Tu moadgeba mteri tramalebs,

gmirebis gverdiT unda meZeboT

visac frontebze ergos samara

imisi iyos es sadRegrZelo!

g. nafetvariZem rogorc poetma da samSoblos erTgulma jariskacma,

Tavisi sityva saqmed aqcia, iseve rogorc 263 udelma Sinomusvlelma, maTac

gmirebis gverdiT hpoves samudamo samara, romelTa saxelebs arasodes

daiviwyebs momavali Taoba.

59

udidan omSi monawileTa Soris 40 oficeri iyo, aqedan samwyobro dargSi maiori

1, kapitani 2, uforsi leitenanti 3, leitenanti 18, umcrosi leintenanti 6,

medicines samsaxuris maiori 4, kapitani 2, xolo veterinari 4.

omSi darupul meomarTa ukvdavsayofelad kulturis saxlSi, gakeTebulia

stendi, isini stendidan cocxlad iyurebian, ris gamoc maT Sinmousvlelebs

veZaxiT, maTgan umetesobas ar hyavda Svili da coli da arc STamomavloba

dauteovebiaT, amitom isini Cvens mexsierebaSi darCnen rogorc axalgazrdebi,

xolo daRupulTa nawils darCaT Svilebi, romlebic tkbilad igoneben mamebs.

60

meTaurTa Semadgenloba romlebic Sin dabrundenen

# gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli dabadebis

weli

samxedro wodeba SeniSvna

1 giqoSvili ioseb giorgis Ze 1912 ufr. leitenanti gardaicvala 1979

2 balaxaSvili anton iosebis Ze 1915 ufr. leitenanti gardaicvala 1984

3 merabiSvili SoTa petres Ze 1922 kapitani gardaicvala

4 maisuraZe simon iosebis Ze 1921 amJamad maiori

5 gigolaSvili petre avetis Ze 1907 leitenanti gardaicvala 1993

6 gigolaSvili aleqsandre avetis Ze 1909 leitenant veterinari

7 CilaSvili stefane ivanes Ze 1913 medicinis kapitani gardaicvala 1980

8 petaSvili artem ivanes Ze 1917 leitenanti gardaicvala 1979

9 petaSvili ioseb ivanes Ze 1915 medicinis maiori

10 petaSvili simon iosebis Ze 1902 medicinis samsaxuri gardaicvala 1993

11 zazaSvili simon stefanes Ze 1902 leitenanti gardaicvala 1991

12 merabiSvili mixeil aleqsanres Ze 1920 medicinis samsaxuri gardaicvala 1992

13 merabiSvili mirian petres Ze 1914 medicinis maiori

14 TumaniSvili stefane simonies Ze 1910 leitenant veterinari

15 mamasaxlisaSvili ivane stefanes Ze 1914 leitenant veterinari

16 suxmani lazare simonies Ze 1919 umcr. leitenanti

17 parunaSvili SoTa francis Ze 1916 umcr. leitenanti

18 TaTenaSvili ioseb aruTenis Ze 1914 umcr. leitenanti

19 aRlemaSvili efrem mixeilis Ze 1922 amJamad maiori

20 yuljaniSvili petre iokimis Ze 1922 kapitani

61

omSi daRupul meTaurTa Semadgenloba

# gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli dabadebis

weli

samxedro wodeba SeniSvna

1 mamulaSvili artem petres Ze 1914 maiori

2 merabiSvili pavle petres Ze 1920 medicinis kapitani

3 merabiSvili anton petres Ze 1918 leitenanti

4 narimanaSvili anton stefanes Ze 1916 kapitani

5 aRoSaSvili vaniko artemis Ze 1919 leitenanti

6 abulaZe giorgi stefanes Ze 1907 leitenanti

7 boCikaSvili petre moses Ze 1904 leitenant veterinari

8 boCikaSvili anton stefanes Ze 1915 leitenanti

9 gigolaSvili giorgi stefanes Ze 1914 ufr. leitenanti

10 gigolaSvili simon melqonis Ze 1915 leitenanti

11 giqoSvili lazare petres Ze 1916 leitenanti

12 giqoSvili iordane mixas Ze 1920 leitenanti

13 TaToSvili simon ambrosis Ze 1910 leitenanti

14 merabiSvili vaso ivanes Ze 1919 leitenanti

15 merabiSvili alioz antonis Ze 1914 leitenanti

16 merabiSvili ivane aruTenis Ze 1917 leitenanti

17 WaRiaSvili pavle antonis Ze 1908 leitenanti

18 azirasvili sandre stefanes Ze 1910 umcr. leitenanti

19 barbliSvili ivane pavles Ze 1910 umcr. leitenanti

20 giqoSvili iordane petres Ze 1920 umcr. leitenanti

62

omSi daRupul jariskacTa sia

# gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli dabadebis

weli

daRupvis weli SeniSvna

1 abulaZe ioseb Tomas Ze 1908 1942

2 abulaZe pavle Tomas Ze 1913 1942

3 abulaZe simon Tomas Ze 1921 1942

4 abulaZe anton fanCos Ze 1918 1944

5 abulaZe vasil ivanes Ze 1923 1942

6 abulaZe ioseb petres Ze 1924 1942

7 abulaZe petre Tomas Ze 1914 1944

8 abulaZe anton levanis Ze 1903 1941

9 abulaZe petre stefanes Ze 1914 1942

10 abulaZe ivane stefanes Ze 1906 1943

11 abulaZe aleqsi fanCos Ze 1923 1941

12 abulaZe stefane pavles Ze 1906 1942

13 abulaZe anton Tomas Ze 1923 1945

14 abulaZe giorig stefanes Ze 1908 1942

15 aziraSvili simon Tedores Ze 1922 1943

16 aziraSvili anton iosebis Ze 1918 1942

17 aziraSvili simon stefanes Ze 1914 1943

18 aziraSvili anton stefanes Ze 1922 1942

19 aziraSvili petre stefanes Ze 1907 1942

20 aziraSvili sandre stefanes Ze 1910 1942

21 aziraSvili simon iakobis Ze 1912 1944

22 afriamaSvili pavle ivanes Ze 1919 1943

23 afriamaSvili levan iordanes Ze 1907 1941

24 afriamaSvili petre iordanes Ze 1910 1944

P.S. danarCeni aklia