uc(ipm:( - food systems · integrated)pestmanagement •...

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Integrated Pest Management UC IPM: Integrated pest management (IPM) is an ecosystem based strategy that focuses on longterm preven6on of pests or their damage through a combina6on of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipula6on, modifica6on of cultural prac6ces, and use of resistant varie6es. Pes6cides are used only amer monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism . Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment.

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Page 1: UC(IPM:( - Food Systems · Integrated)PestManagement • UC(IPM:(Integrated)pestmanagement(IPM))is)an) ecosystem based)strategy)thatfocuses)on)longfterm)preven6on)of)pests) or)their)damage

Integrated  Pest  Management  

•  UC  IPM:  Integrated  pest  management  (IPM)  is  an  ecosystem-­‐based  strategy  that  focuses  on  long-­‐term  preven6on  of  pests  or  their  damage  through  a  combina6on  of  techniques  such  as  biological  control,  habitat  manipula6on,  modifica6on  of  cultural  prac6ces,  and  use  of  resistant  varie6es.  Pes6cides  are  used  only  amer  monitoring  indicates  they  are  needed  according  to  established  guidelines,  and  treatments  are  made  with  the  goal  of  removing  only  the  target  organism.  Pest  control  materials  are  selected  and  applied  in  a  manner  that  minimizes  risks  to  human  health,  beneficial  and  nontarget  organisms,  and  the  environment.    

Page 2: UC(IPM:( - Food Systems · Integrated)PestManagement • UC(IPM:(Integrated)pestmanagement(IPM))is)an) ecosystem based)strategy)thatfocuses)on)longfterm)preven6on)of)pests) or)their)damage

Preven6on  

•  Site  selec6on  •  Plan6ng  date  •  Crop  rota6on  •  Host  resistance    •  Field  sanita6on  •  Landscape  diversity  

•  Alternate  host  management  

•  Fer6liza6on/Irriga6on  •  Row  covers    •  Cul6va6on  •  Cover  cropping  •  Farmscaping  

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Pest  Avoidance  (Temporal)  

umn.edu

oisat.org

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Pest  Avoidance  (Spa6al)  

•  Crop  rota6on  prevents  pest  popula6on  build  up  during  consecu6ve  growing  seasons  

•  Especially  relevant  for  soil-­‐dwelling  or  largely  sessile  insects  

eatlikenoone.com ucanr.edu

ucanr.edu

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A  physical  barrier  to  pest  infesta6on  

Pest  Avoidance  (Physical)  

Row covers Flea beetles

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Field  Sanita6on  

•  Remove  pest  habitat  and  reduce  reproduc6ve  opportuni6es  

gardenandplants.co.uk

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Excess  nitrogen  on  broccoli  tends  to  increase  cabbage  aphid  

Fertilization

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Pest  Suppression  

•  Pheromones    •  Habitat  Management    

•  Biological  Control    •  Mechanical  Control    

•  Soil  Solariza6on    •  Insec6cides    

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Pheromones  

•  Emibed  chemical  that  elicits  a  response  from  other  members  of  a  popula6on  – Sex  pheromones  most  omen  used  in  agriculture  

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76

Most  sex  pheromones  are  produced  by  the  female  and  used  by  the  male  for  mate  loca6on.  

wind  

Taken from Andrew Lawson, CSUF

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usu.edu

gardenofeden.blogspot.com

Ma6ng  Disrup6on:    codling  moth  in  apples  

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Ma6ng  Disrup6on  Using  Pheromone  Twist-­‐Ties  

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Pest  problems  happen  when  condi6ons  required  for  survival  by  the  pests  are  favorable.  

Habitat  modifica6on  inten6onally  limits  or  alters  one  or  more  of  these  requirements  

sweet alyssum beneficial insectary alfalfa trap crop

Habitat  Modifica6on  

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Biological  Diversity  

•  Func6onal  diversity  is  most  valuable  to  a  grower  

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There  are  three  approaches  or  types  of  biological  control:      Classical        Augmenta6on      Conserva6on    

Biological  Control  

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Classical  BC  

•  Introduced  species  cons6tute  98%  of  the  U.S.  food  system  (Pimentel  et  al.  2005)  

•  Creates  trophic  imbalances  in  agroecosystems  

•  Classical  BC  is  a  chemical-­‐free  approach  to  restoring  top-­‐down  control  of  pests  using  only  the  most  selec6ve  organisms  

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Classical  BC  for  Asian  Citrus  Psyllid  (ACP)    

•  CA  oranges  worth  $716  million  annually  

•  ACP  first  detected  in  Los  Angeles  in  2008  •  CDFA  started  spraying  pes6cides  in  LA  to  eradicate  ACP  and  

prevent  them  from  spreading  

•  CDFA  sprayed  46,941  proper6es  at  a  cost  of  $4.7  million    •  As  40%  of  houses  in  LA  have  at  least  one  citrus  tree  (i.e.  1.2  

million  proper6es),  many  more  homes  would  need  to  be  sprayed  

•  Once  the  state  suspended  its  pes6cide  campaign  in  LA,  more  sustainable  and  cost  effec6ve  strategies  (i.e.  biological  control)  were  u6lized  

Scientific American 2013

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Tamarixia  radiata    (Hymenoptera:  Eulophidae)  

Scientific American 2013

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ACP nymphs   parasi6zed  ACP  nymphs  

Classical  BC  for  Asian  Citrus  Psyllid  (ACP)    

Scientific American 2013

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Augmenta6ve  BC  

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Mechanical  controls  include  prac6ces  that  mechanically  destroy  pests  or  present  a  physical  barrier  to  their  infesta6on  

Tractor-mounted vacuum Tanglefoot  band  to  exclude  ants  

sanluisobispo.com

Mechanical  Control  

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Organic  Insec6cides  

•  Not  cheap!  •  Not  always  effec6ve  •  Not  always  selec6ve  •  Not  always  on  the  OMRI  (Organic  Materials  Review  Ins6tute)  list  

•  Similar  to  conven6onal  crops,  should  be  used  as  a  last  resort  

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Organic  Insec6cides  

•  Botanicals:  derived  from  plants    

–  Pyrethrum  (from  Chrysanthemum)  or  Azadirach6ns  (from  the  neem  tree)      

•  Soaps:  K  faby  acids  used  for  som-­‐bodied  insects  –  M-­‐pede®  •  Microbials:  bacteria  harmful  to  certain  insects  –  Bt  or  Entrust® (from Saccharopolyspora  spinosa)  

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Are  there  any  ques6ons?  

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References  Cited  •  California  Department  of  PesLcide  RegulaLon  (CDPR).  2011.  Pes6cide  

Use  in  California  Increases  amer  Four-­‐Year  Decline.  hbp://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pressrls/2011/111228.htm                                                  Accessed  27  May  2013.    

•  Crowder  DW,  Northfield  TD,  Strand  MR  &  WE  Snyder.  2010.  Organic  agriculture  promotes  evenness  and  natural  pest  control.  Nature  466:  109-­‐113.  

•  Kuchment  A.  2013.  The  end  of  orange  juice.  Scien6fic  American.    March,  2013.    

•  Pimentel  D,  Zuniga  R  &  D  Morrison.  2005.  Update  on  the  environmental  and  economic  costs  associated  with  alien-­‐invasive  species  in  the  United  States.  Ecological  Economics  52:  273–288.  

•  Pimentel  D.  2009.  Environmental  and  Economic  Costs  of  the  Applica6on  of  Pes6cides  Primarily  in  the  United  States.  In:  Integrated  Pest  Management:  Innova6on-­‐Development  Process,  pp  89-­‐111.