u˘c katl integraller...

Uc Katlı Integraller


Tıpkı tek degiskenli fonksiyonlar icin tek katlı, iki degiskenli fonksiyonlaricin cift katlı integrali tanımladıgımız gibi uc degiskenli fonksiyonlar icinde uc katlı integrali tanımlayabiliriz. Once, f fonksiyonunun

B = {(x, y, z)|a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d, r ≤ z ≤ s}

dikdortgenler prizması uzerinde tanımlandıgı basit durumu ele alalım.


Triple Integrals � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

Just as we defined single integrals for functions of one variable and double integralsfor functions of two variables, so we can define triple integrals for functions of threevariables. Let’s first deal with the simplest case where is defined on a rectangular box:

The first step is to divide B into sub-boxes. We do this by dividing the interval into l subintervals of equal width , dividing into m subintervals ofwidth , and dividing into n subintervals of width . The planes through theendpoints of these subintervals parallel to the coordinate planes divide the box into

sub-boxes

which are shown in Figure 1. Each sub-box has volume .Then we form the triple Riemann sum

where the sample point is in . By analogy with the definition of adouble integral (12.1.5), we define the triple integral as the limit of the triple Riemannsums in (2).

Definition The triple integral of over the box is

if this limit exists.

Again, the triple integral always exists if is continuous. We can choose the samplepoint to be any point in the sub-box, but if we choose it to be the point weget a simpler-looking expression for the triple integral:

Just as for double integrals, the practical method for evaluating triple integrals is toexpress them as iterated integrals as follows.

Fubini’s Theorem for Triple Integrals If is continuous on the rectangular box, then

yyyB

f �x, y, z� dV � ys

r y

d

c y

b

a f �x, y, z� dx dy dz

B � �a, b� � �c, d � � �r, s�f4

yyyB

f �x, y, z� dV � lim l, m, n l �

�l

i�1 �

m

j�1 �

n

k�1 f �xi, yj, zk � �V

�xi, yj, zk �f

yyyB

f �x, y, z� dV � lim l, m, n l �

�l

i�1 �

m

j�1 �

n

k�1 f �xi jk* , yi jk* , zi jk* � �V

Bf3

Bi jk�xi jk* , yi jk* , zi jk* �

�l

i�1 �

m

j�1 �

n

k�1 f �xijk* , yijk* , zijk* � �V2

�V � �x �y �z

Bi jk � �xi�1, xi� � �yj�1, yj� � �zk�1, zk�

lmnB

�z�r, s��y�c, d ��x�xi�1, xi �

�a, b�

B � ��x, y, z� a � x � b, c � y � d, r � z � s1

f

12.7

SECTION 12.7 TRIPLE INTEGRALS � 883

FIGURE 1

z

yx

B

z

yx

Bijk

ÎxÎy

Îz

Ilk adım, B yi daha kucuk kutularaayırmaktır. Bunu, [a, b] aralıgını l tane esit∆x uzunlugunda [xi−1, xi], [c, d] aralıgınım tane esit ∆y uzunlugunda, [r, s] aralıgının tane esit ∆z uzunlugunda altaralıgabolerek yaparız. Bu aralıkların uc nokta-larından gecen, koordinat duzlemlerine par-alelolan duzlemler B kutusunu daha kucuklmn tane

Bijk = [xi−1, xi]× [yi−1, yi]× [zi−1, zi]

alt kutularına boler. Her bir kucuk kutununhacmi ∆V = ∆x∆y∆z olur.


Daha sonra, (x∗ijk, y∗ijk, z

∗ijk) ornek noktaları Bijk nın icinde alınmak

uzere,l∑

i=1

m∑j=1

n∑k=1

f(x∗ijk, y∗ijk, z

∗ijk)∆V

uclu Riemann toplamını olustururuz. Cift katlı integral tanımına benzerbir bicimde, uc katlı integrali de yukarıdaki uclu Riemann toplamlarınınlimiti olarak tanımlarız.

Tanım 1f nin B dikdortgenler prizması uzerindeki uc katlı integrali, eger varsa∫∫∫

Bf(x, y, z)dV = lim

l,m,n→∞

l∑i=1

m∑j=1

n∑k=1

f(x∗ijk, y∗ijk, z

∗ijk)∆V

limitidir.


Cift katlı integrallerde oldugu gibi, uc katlı integrallerin degerini bulmanınkolay yolu onları asagıdaki gibi ardısık integraller olarak ifade etmektir:

Teorem 2 (Uc Katlı Integraller icin Fubini Teoremi)

B = [a, b]× [c, d]× [r, s] dikdortgenler prizması uzerinde sureki olan bir ffonksiyonu icin∫∫∫

Bf(x, y, z)dV =

∫ b

a

∫ d

c

∫ s

rf(x, y, z)dxdydz

dir.


Fubini Teoremi’nin sag yanındaki ardısık integral once (y ve z yi sabittutarak) x e, sonra (z yi sabit tutarak) y ye, en sonunda da z ye goreintegral almamız anlamına gelir. Integrali almak icin secebilecegimiz digerbes sıralama da aynı sonucu verir. Ornegin, once y, sonra z ve ensonunda x e gore integral alırsak∫∫∫

Bf(x, y, z)dV =

∫ d

c

∫ s

r

∫ b

af(x, y, z)dydzdx

elde ederiz.


Ornek 3B = {(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 0,−1 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3} dikdortgenler prizması

olmak uzere,

∫∫∫Bxyz2dV uc katlı integralini hesaplayınız.

Cozum.

Altı integral sıralamasından herhangi birini secebiliriz. Once x, sonra y,en sonunda da z ye gore integral almayı secersek,∫∫∫

Bxyz2dV =

∫ 3

0

∫ 2

−1

∫ 1

0xyz2dxdydz =

∫ 3

0

∫ 2

−1

[x2yz2

2

]x=1

x=0

dydz

=

∫ 3

0

∫ 2

−1

[yz2

2

]dydz =

∫ 3

0

[y2z2

4

]y=2

y=−1dz

=

∫ 3

0

[3z2

4

]dz =

[z3

4

]=

27

4elde ederiz.


Simdi, cift katlı integraller icin kullandıgımız yonteme cok benzer birsekilde, uc boyutlu uzayda genel, sınırlı bir E bolgesi (bir cisim)uzerinde alınan uc katlı integrali tanımlıyoruz. E bolgesini icine alantipte bir B dikdortgenler prizması belirliyoruz. Daha sonra, E uzerinde file aynı degerleri, B nin E dısında kalan noktalarında 0 degerini alan birF fonksiyonu tanımlıyoruz. f nin E uzerinde alınan uc katlı integrali∫∫∫

Ef(x, y, z)dV =

∫∫∫Bf(x, y, z)dV

olarak tanımlanır.


Simdi f nin surekli ve bolgenin basit tipte oldugu durumu ele alacagız.Bir cismin olusturdugu E bolgesine, x ve y nin iki surekli fonksiyonuarasında kalıyorsa, 1. Tipte bolge denir. Bunu, Sekilde gosterildigi gibiD bolgesi E nin xy-duzlemi uzerine izdusumu olmak uzere,

E = {(x, y, z)|(x, y) ∈ D,u1(x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2(x, y)}

olarak ifade edebiliriz. E cisminin ust sınırının denklemi z = u2(x, y), altsınırının denklemi ise z = u1(x, y) olan yuzeylerden olustuguna dikkatediniz.

The iterated integral on the right side of Fubini’s Theorem means that we integratefirst with respect to (keeping and fixed), then we integrate with respect to (keep-ing fixed), and finally we integrate with respect to . There are five other possibleorders in which we can integrate, all of which give the same value. For instance, if weintegrate with respect to , then , and then , we have

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate the triple integral , where is the rectangular boxgiven by

SOLUTION We could use any of the six possible orders of integration. If we choose tointegrate with respect to , then , and then , we obtain

Now we define the triple integral over a general bounded region E in three-dimensional space (a solid) by much the same procedure that we used for double integrals (12.3.2). We enclose in a box of the type given by Equation 1. Then wedefine a function so that it agrees with on but is 0 for points in that are out-side . By definition,

This integral exists if is continuous and the boundary of is “reasonably smooth.”The triple integral has essentially the same properties as the double integral (Proper-ties 6–9 in Section 12.3).

We restrict our attention to continuous functions and to certain simple types ofregions. A solid region is said to be of type 1 if it lies between the graphs of twocontinuous functions of and , that is,

where is the projection of onto the -plane as shown in Figure 2. Notice that theupper boundary of the solid is the surface with equation , while thelower boundary is the surface .

By the same sort of argument that led to (12.3.3), it can be shown that if is a type 1 region given by Equation 5, then

yyyE

f �x, y, z� dV � yyD

yu2�x, y�

u1�x, y� f �x, y, z� dz� dA6

Ez � u1�x, y�

z � u2�x, y�ExyED

E � ��x, y, z� �x, y� � D, u1�x, y� � z � u2�x, y�5

yxE

f

Ef

yyyE

f �x, y, z� dV � yyyB

F�x, y, z� dV

EBEfF

BE

� y3

0 3z2

4 dz �

z3

4 �0

3

�27

4

� y3

0 y

2

�1 yz2

2 dy dz � y

3

0

y 2z2

4 �y��1

y�2

dz

yyyB

xyz2 dV � y3

0 y

2

�1 y

1

0 xyz2 dx dy dz � y

3

0

y2

�1

x 2yz2

2 �x�0

x�1

dy dz

zyx

B � ��x, y, z� 0 � x � 1, �1 � y � 2, 0 � z � 3

BxxxB xyz2 dV

yyyB

f �x, y, z� dV � yb

a y

s

r y

d

c f �x, y, z� dy dz dx

xzy

zzyzyx

884 � CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

FIGURE 2A type 1 solid region

z

0

xyD

E

z=u™ (x, y)

z=u¡ (x, y)


1. Tipte bir E bolgesi icin∫∫∫Ef(x, y, z)dV =

∫∫D

[∫ u2(x,y)

u1(x,y)f(x, y, z)dz

]dA

oldugu gosterilebilir.

Denklemin sag yanında icteki integralin anlamı, x ve y nin sabittutuldugu, dolayısıyla u1(x, y) ve u2(x, y) nin sabit olarak algılandıgı,f(x, y, z) nin integralinin z ye gore alındıgıdır.


The meaning of the inner integral on the right side of Equation 6 is that and areheld fixed, and therefore and are regarded as constants, while is integrated with respect to .

In particular, if the projection of onto the -plane is a type I plane region (asin Figure 3), then

and Equation 6 becomes

If, on the other hand, is a type II plane region (as in Figure 4), then


EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate , where is the solid tetrahedron bounded by the fourplanes , , , and .

SOLUTION When we set up a triple integral it’s wise to draw two diagrams: one of the solid region (see Figure 5) and one of its projection on the -plane (see Figure 6). The lower boundary of the tetrahedron is the plane and the upper boundary is the plane (or ), so we use and in Formula 7. Notice that the planes and

intersect in the line (or ) in the -plane. So the projec-tion of is the triangular region shown in Figure 6, and we have

This description of as a type 1 region enables us to evaluate the integral as follows:

� 16 y

1

0 �1 � x�3 dx �

1

6 �

�1 � x�4

4 �0

1

�1

24

� 12 y

1

0

��1 � x � y�3

3 �y�0

y�1�x

dx

� 12 y

1

0 y

1�x

0 �1 � x � y�2 dy dx

� y1

0

y1�x

0

z2

2 �z�0

z�1�x�y

dy dx yyyE

z dV � y1

0 y

1�x

0 y

1�x�y

0 z dz dy dx

E

E � ��x, y, z� 0 � x � 1, 0 � y � 1 � x, 0 � z � 1 � x � y9

Exyy � 1 � xx � y � 1z � 0

x � y � z � 1u2�x, y� � 1 � x � yu1�x, y� � 0z � 1 � x � yx � y � z � 1

z � 0xyDE

x � y � z � 1z � 0y � 0x � 0Exxx

E z dV

yyyE

f �x, y, z� dV � yd

c y

h2� y�

h1� y� y

u2�x, y�

u1�x, y� f �x, y, z� dz dx dy8

E � ��x, y, z� c � y � d, h1�y� � x � h2�y�, u1�x, y� � z � u2�x, y�

D

yyyE


a y

t2�x�

t1�x� y

u2�x, y�

u1�x, y� f �x, y, z� dz dy dx7

E � ��x, y, z� a � x � b, t1�x� � y � t2�x�, u1�x, y� � z � u2�x, y�

xyEDz

f �x, y, z�u2�x, y�u1�x, y�yx



z=u¡(x, y)

z=u™(x, y)

y=g™(x)y=g¡(x)

z

0

yx

a

D

E

b

FIGURE 4Another type 1 solid region

x

0

z

y

c d

z=u™(x, y)

x=h™(y)

x=h¡(y)

z=u¡(x, y)E

D

FIGURE 5

x

0

z

y(1, 0, 0)

(0, 1, 0)

(0, 0, 1)

E

z=1-x-y

z=0

0

y

1

x1y=0

y=1-x

D

FIGURE 6

Ozel olarak, E bolgesinin xy-duzlemi uzerine izdusumu olan D bolgesi I.Tipte ise

E = {(x, y, z)|a ≤ x ≤ b, g1(x) ≤ y ≤ g2(x), u1(x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2(x, y)}∫∫∫Ef(x, y, z)dV =

∫ b

a

∫ g2(x)

g1(x)

∫ u2(x,y)

u1(x,y)f(x, y, z)dzdydx

bicimini alır.


Ornek 4E bolgesi, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 ve x+ y + z = 1 olarak verilen dort

duzlem tarafından sınırlanan duzgun dortyuzlu olmak uzere

∫∫∫EzdV

integralini hesaplayınız.

Cozum.










� 16 y

1

0 �1 � x�3 dx �

1

6 �

�1 � x�4

4 �0

1

�1

24

� 12 y

1

0

��1 � x � y�3

3 �y�0

y�1�x

dx

� 12 y

1

0 y

1�x

0 �1 � x � y�2 dy dx

� y1

0

y1�x

0

z2

2 �z�0

z�1�x�y

dy dx yyyE

z dV � y1

0 y

1�x

0 y

1�x�y

0 z dz dy dx

E

E � ��x, y, z� 0 � x � 1, 0 � y � 1 � x, 0 � z � 1 � x � y9

Exyy � 1 � xx � y � 1z � 0


z � 0xyDE

x � y � z � 1z � 0y � 0x � 0Exxx

E z dV

yyyE


c y

h2� y�

h1� y� y

u2�x, y�



D

yyyE


a y

t2�x�

t1�x� y

u2�x, y�



xyEDz




z=u¡(x, y)

z=u™(x, y)

y=g™(x)y=g¡(x)

z

0

yx

a

D

E

b


x

0

z

y

c d

z=u™(x, y)

x=h™(y)

x=h¡(y)

z=u¡(x, y)E

D

FIGURE 5

x

0

z

y(1, 0, 0)

(0, 1, 0)

(0, 0, 1)

E

z=1-x-y

z=0

0

y

1

x1y=0

y=1-x

D

FIGURE 6

Uc katlı bir integrali olustururken, biri Ecismi, digeri E nin xy-duzlemi uzerine Dizdusumu olan iki sekil cizmek yararlıdır.Duzgun dortyuzlunun alt sınır z = 0duzlemi, ust sınırı x + y + z = 1 duzlemioldugundan, u1(x, y) = 0 ve u2(x, y) =1− x− y alırız.


Cozum.

x+ y + z = 1 ve z = 0 duzlemlerinin xy-duzlemindeki x+ y = 1dogrusunda kesistiklerine dikkat ediniz. Dolayısıyla E nin izdusumuSekilde gosterilen ucgensel bolge olur ve

E = {(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1− x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1− x− y}

elde edilir.










� 16 y

1

0 �1 � x�3 dx �

1

6 �

�1 � x�4

4 �0

1

�1

24

� 12 y

1

0

��1 � x � y�3

3 �y�0

y�1�x

dx

� 12 y

1

0 y

1�x

0 �1 � x � y�2 dy dx

� y1

0

y1�x

0

z2

2 �z�0

z�1�x�y

dy dx yyyE

z dV � y1

0 y

1�x

0 y

1�x�y

0 z dz dy dx

E

E � ��x, y, z� 0 � x � 1, 0 � y � 1 � x, 0 � z � 1 � x � y9

Exyy � 1 � xx � y � 1z � 0


z � 0xyDE

x � y � z � 1z � 0y � 0x � 0Exxx

E z dV

yyyE


c y

h2� y�

h1� y� y

u2�x, y�



D

yyyE


a y

t2�x�

t1�x� y

u2�x, y�



xyEDz




z=u¡(x, y)

z=u™(x, y)

y=g™(x)y=g¡(x)

z

0

yx

a

D

E

b


x

0

z

y

c d

z=u™(x, y)

x=h™(y)

x=h¡(y)

z=u¡(x, y)E

D

FIGURE 5

x

0

z

y(1, 0, 0)

(0, 1, 0)

(0, 0, 1)

E

z=1-x-y

z=0

0

y

1

x1y=0

y=1-x

D

FIGURE 6

E nin 1. Tipte bir bolge olarak gosterimi, integrali∫∫∫Ef(x, y, z)dV =

∫ 1

0

∫ 1−x

0

∫ 1−x−y

0zdzdydx

=1

2

∫ 1

0

∫ 1−x

0(1− x− y)2dydx

=1

6

∫ 1

0(1− x)3dx =

1

24

seklinde bulmamızı saglar.


E = {(x, y, z)|(y, z) ∈ D,u1(y, z) ≤ x ≤ u2(y, z)}seklindeki E bolgesine 2. Tipte bolge denir. Bu kez, D bolgesi, E ninyz-duzlemi uzerine izdusumudur. Arka yuzey x = u1(y, z), on yuzeyx = u2(y, z) oldugundan,∫∫∫

Ef(x, y, z)dV =

∫∫D

[∫ u2(y,z)

u1(y,z)f(x, y, z)dx

]dA

elde ederiz.A solid region is of type 2 if it is of the form

where, this time, is the projection of onto the -plane (see Figure 7). The backsurface is , the front surface is , and we have

Finally, a type 3 region is of the form

where is the projection of onto the -plane, is the left surface, andis the right surface (see Figure 8). For this type of region we have

In each of Equations 10 and 11 there may be two possible expressions for the inte-gral depending on whether is a type I or type II plane region (and corresponding toEquations 7 and 8).

EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate , where is the region bounded by the parab-oloid and the plane .

SOLUTION The solid is shown in Figure 9. If we regard it as a type 1 region, then weneed to consider its projection onto the -plane, which is the parabolic region inFigure 10. (The trace of in the plane is the parabola .)

From we obtain , so the lower boundary surface of is and the upper surface is . Therefore, the descriptionof as a type 1 region is

and so we obtain

yyyE

sx 2 � z 2 dV � y2

�2 y

4

x2 y

sy�x 2

�sy�x2 sx 2 � z 2 dz dy dx

E � {�x, y, z� �2 � x � 2, x 2 � y � 4, �sy � x 2 � z � sy � x 2}

Ez � sy � x 2z � �sy � x 2

Ez � �sy � x 2y � x 2 � z2

x0

y

y=4

y=≈

D¡

FIGURE 10Projection on xy-plane

FIGURE 9Region of integration

x

0

z

y4

y=≈+z@

E

y � x 2z � 0y � x 2 � z2xyD1

E

y � 4y � x 2 � z2Exxx

E sx 2 � z 2 dV

D

yyyE


yu2�x, z�

u1�x, z� f �x, y, z� dy� dA11

y � u2�x, z�y � u1�x, z�xzED

E � ��x, y, z� �x, z� � D, u1�x, z� � y � u2�x, z�

yyyE


yu2� y, z�

u1� y, z� f �x, y, z� dx� dA10

x � u2�y, z�x � u1�y, z�yzED

E � ��x, y, z� �y, z� � D, u1�y, z� � x � u2�y, z�

E


0

z

yx E

D

x=u¡(y, z)

x=u™(y, z)

FIGURE 7A type 2 region


x

0

z

yy=u¡(x, z)

DE

y=u™(x, z)


E = {(x, y, z)|(x, z) ∈ D,u1(x, z) ≤ y ≤ u2(x, z)}seklinde verilen bir E bolgesine 3. Tipte bolge denir. Burada, D bolgesiE nin xz-duzlemi uzerine izdusumu, y = u1(x, z) sol, y = u2(x, z) sagyuzeydir. Bu tipteki bir bolge icin∫∫∫

Ef(x, y, z)dV =

∫∫D

[∫ u2(x,z)

u1(x,z)f(x, y, z)dy

]dA

elde edilir.

A solid region is of type 2 if it is of the form








and so we obtain

yyyE

sx 2 � z 2 dV � y2

�2 y

4

x2 y

sy�x 2


E � {�x, y, z� �2 � x � 2, x 2 � y � 4, �sy � x 2 � z � sy � x 2}

Ez � sy � x 2z � �sy � x 2

Ez � �sy � x 2y � x 2 � z2

x0

y

y=4

y=≈

D¡



x

0

z

y4

y=≈+z@

E

y � x 2z � 0y � x 2 � z2xyD1

E

y � 4y � x 2 � z2Exxx

E sx 2 � z 2 dV

D

yyyE


yu2�x, z�

u1�x, z� f �x, y, z� dy� dA11


E � ��x, y, z� �x, z� � D, u1�x, z� � y � u2�x, z�

yyyE


yu2� y, z�

u1� y, z� f �x, y, z� dx� dA10


E � ��x, y, z� �y, z� � D, u1�y, z� � x � u2�y, z�

E


0

z

yx E

D

x=u¡(y, z)

x=u™(y, z)



x

0

z

yy=u¡(x, z)

DE

y=u™(x, z)


Ornek 5E bolgesi, y = x2 + z2 paraboloidi ve y = 4 duzlemi tarafından sınırlanan

bolge olmak uzere,

∫∫∫E

√x2 + z2dV integralini hesaplayınız.

Cozum.

Eger E yi 1. Tipte bir bolge olarak dusunursek, onun, Sekilde gosterilen,xy-duzlemi uzerindeki izdusumu olan parabolik D1 bolgesini ele almamızgerekir.









and so we obtain

yyyE

sx 2 � z 2 dV � y2

�2 y

4

x2 y

sy�x 2


E � {�x, y, z� �2 � x � 2, x 2 � y � 4, �sy � x 2 � z � sy � x 2}

Ez � sy � x 2z � �sy � x 2

Ez � �sy � x 2y � x 2 � z2

x0

y

y=4

y=≈

D¡



x

0

z

y4

y=≈+z@

E

y � x 2z � 0y � x 2 � z2xyD1

E

y � 4y � x 2 � z2ExxxE sx 2 � z 2 dV

D

yyyE


yu2�x, z�

u1�x, z� f �x, y, z� dy� dA11


E � ��x, y, z� �x, z� � D, u1�x, z� � y � u2�x, z�

yyyE


yu2� y, z�

u1� y, z� f �x, y, z� dx� dA10


E � ��x, y, z� �y, z� � D, u1�y, z� � x � u2�y, z�

E


0

z

yx E

D

x=u¡(y, z)

x=u™(y, z)



x

0

z

yy=u¡(x, z)

DE

y=u™(x, z)









and so we obtain

yyyE

sx 2 � z 2 dV � y2

�2 y

4

x2 y

sy�x 2


E � {�x, y, z� �2 � x � 2, x 2 � y � 4, �sy � x 2 � z � sy � x 2}

Ez � sy � x 2z � �sy � x 2

Ez � �sy � x 2y � x 2 � z2

x0

y

y=4

y=≈

D¡



x

0

z

y4

y=≈+z@

E

y � x 2z � 0y � x 2 � z2xyD1

E

y � 4y � x 2 � z2ExxxE sx 2 � z 2 dV

D

yyyE


yu2�x, z�

u1�x, z� f �x, y, z� dy� dA11


E � ��x, y, z� �x, z� � D, u1�x, z� � y � u2�x, z�

yyyE


yu2� y, z�

u1� y, z� f �x, y, z� dx� dA10


E � ��x, y, z� �y, z� � D, u1�y, z� � x � u2�y, z�

E


0

z

yx E

D

x=u¡(y, z)

x=u™(y, z)



x

0

z

yy=u¡(x, z)

DE

y=u™(x, z)


Cozum (devamı).

y = x2 + z2 den z = ∓√y − x2 elde edildiginden E nin alt sınırı

z = −√y − x2 yuzeyi, ust sınırı z =

√y − x2 yuzeyidir. Dolayısıyla, E

nin 1. Tipte bir bolge olarak ifadesi

E ={

(x, y, z)| − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2, x2 ≤ y ≤ 4,−√y − x2 ≤ z ≤

√y − x2

}olur ve ∫∫∫

E

√x2 + z2dV =

∫ 2

−2

∫ 4

x2

∫ √y−x2−√y−x2

√x2 + z2dzdydx

elde ederiz. Bu, dogru olmakla birlikte hesaplanması son derece zor birifadedir.


Cozum (devamı).Although this expression is correct, it is extremely difficult to evaluate. So let’s

instead consider as a type 3 region. As such, its projection onto the -plane isthe disk shown in Figure 11.

Then the left boundary of is the paraboloid and the right boundaryis the plane , so taking and in Equation 11, wehave

Although this integral could be written as

it’s easier to convert to polar coordinates in the -plane: , .This gives

Applications of Triple Integrals

Recall that if , then the single integral represents the area under thecurve from to , and if , then the double integral represents the volume under the surface and above . The correspondinginterpretation of a triple integral , where , is not veryuseful because it would be the “hypervolume” of a four-dimensional object and, ofcourse, that is very difficult to visualize. (Remember that is just the domain of thefunction ; the graph of lies in four-dimensional space.) Nonetheless, the triple inte-gral can be interpreted in different ways in different physical situa-tions, depending on the physical interpretations of , , and .

Let’s begin with the special case where for all points in . Then thetriple integral does represent the volume of :

For example, you can see this in the case of a type 1 region by putting in Formula 6:

yyyE

1 dV � yyD

yu2�x, y�

u1�x, y� dz� dA � yy

D

�u2�x, y� � u1�x, y�� dA

f �x, y, z� � 1

V�E � � yyyE

dV12

EEf �x, y, z� � 1

f �x, y, z�zyxxxxE f �x, y, z� dV

ffE

f �x, y, z� � 0xxxE f �x, y, z� dVDz � f �x, y�

xxD f �x, y� dAf �x, y� � 0bay � f �x�x

ba f �x� dxf �x� � 0

� 2� 4r 3

3�

r 5

5 �0

2

�128�

15

� y2�

0 y

2

0 �4 � r 2 �r r dr d� � y

2�

0 d� y

2

0 �4r 2 � r 4 � dr

yyyE

sx 2 � z 2 dV � yyD3

�4 � x 2 � z 2 �sx 2 � z 2 dA

z � r sin �x � r cos �xz

y2

�2 y

s4�x2

�s4�x2 �4 � x 2 � z2 �sx 2 � z 2 dz dx

� yyD3

�4 � x 2 � z 2 �sx 2 � z 2 dA

yyyE

sx 2 � z 2 dV � yyD3

y4

x2�z2 sx 2 � z 2 dy� dA

u2�x, z� � 4u1�x, z� � x 2 � z2y � 4y � x 2 � z2E

x 2 � z2 � 4xzD3E


FIGURE 11Projection on xz-plane

x0

z

≈+z@=4

_2 2

D£

| The most difficult step in evaluating atriple integral is setting up an expressionfor the region of integration (such asEquation 9 in Example 2). Rememberthat the limits of integration in the innerintegral contain at most two variables,the limits of integration in the middle integral contain at most one variable,and the limits of integration in the outerintegral must be constants.

E yi 3. Tipte bir bolge olarak dusunelim. Bu du-rumda xz-duzlemi uzerindeki D3 izdusumu Sekildegosterilen x2 + z2 ≤ 4 dairesi olur. E nin sol sınırıy = x2 + z2 paraboloidi, sag sınırı y = 4 duzlemioldugundan, u1(x, z) = x2 + z2 ve u2(x, z) = 4alarak∫∫∫

E

√x2 + z2dV =

∫∫D3

[∫ 4

x2+z2

√x2 + z2dy

]dA

=

∫∫D3

(4− x2 − z2)√x2 + z2dA

elde ederiz. Bu integral∫ 2

−2

∫ 4−x2

−√4−x2

(4− x2 − z2)√x2 + z2dzdx


Cozum (devamı).

seklinde yazılabilirse de, integrali kutupsal koordinatlara cevirmek dahakolaydır. xz-duzleminde x = r cos θ, z = r sin θ alalım. Bu bize∫∫∫

E

√x2 + z2dV =

∫∫D3

(4− x2 − z2)√x2 + z2dA

=

∫ 2π

0

∫ 2

0(4− r2)rrdrdθ

=

∫ 2π

0

∫ 2

0(4r2 − r4)drdθ

=128π

15

verir.

Uc Katlı Integraller Uc Katıl integrallerin Uygulamaları

Uc Katıl integrallerin Uygulamaları

f(x) ≥ 0 oldugunda tek katlı∫ ba f(x)dx integralinin a dan b ye kadar

y = f(x) egrisinin altında kalan alanı, f(x, y) ≥ 0 oldugunda cift katlı∫∫D f(x, y)dA integralinin z = f(x, y) yuzeyinin altında ve D nin

ustunde kalan hacmi verdigini anımsayalım.

f(x, y, z) ≥ 0 oldugunda∫∫∫

E f(x, y, z)dV integralinin benzer sekildeyorumlanması bize, gozumuzde canlandırması cok zor olan, dort-boyutlubir cismin “hiper-hacmi” ni vereceginden pek yararlı degildir. (E ninyalnızca f fonksiyonunun tanım kumesi oldugunu ve f grafiginindort-boyutlu uzayda oldugunu anımsayınız.)


E deki her nokta icin f(x, y, z) = 1 olan ozel durumla baslayalım. Budurumda uc katlı integral gercekten de E nin hacmini verir:∫∫∫

EdV.

Bunu, ornegin, 1. Tipte bir bolge icin uc katlı integralde f(x, y, z) = 1alarak gorebilirsiniz:∫∫∫

E1dV =

∫∫D

[∫ u2(x,y)

u1(x,y)dz

]dA =

∫∫D

[u2(x, y)− u1(x, y)]dA.

Bu ifadenin z = u1(x, y) ve z = u2(x, y) yuzeyleri arasında kalanbolgenin hacmini verdigini biliyoruz.


Ornek 6x+ 2y + z = 2, x = 2y, x = 0 ve z = 0 duzlemleri tarafından sınırlananT duzgun dortyuzlusunun hacmini bir uc katlı integral kullanarak bulunuz.

Cozum.

and from Section 12.3 we know this represents the volume that lies between the sur-faces and .

EXAMPLE 4 Use a triple integral to find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded bythe planes , , , and .

SOLUTION The tetrahedron and its projection on the -plane are shown in Figures 12 and 13. The lower boundary of is the plane and the upper boundary is the plane , that is, . Therefore, we have

by the same calculation as in Example 4 in Section 12.3.

(Notice that it is not necessary to use triple integrals to compute volumes. Theysimply give an alternative method for setting up the calculation.)

All the applications of double integrals in Section 12.5 can be immediately ex-tended to triple integrals. For example, if the density function of a solid object thatoccupies the region is , in units of mass per unit volume, at any given point

, then its mass is

and its moments about the three coordinate planes are

Mxy � yyyE

z��x, y, z� dV

Mxz � yyyE

y��x, y, z� dVMyz � yyyE

x��x, y, z� dV14

m � yyyE

��x, y, z� dV13

�x, y, z��x, y, z�E

FIGURE 12 FIGURE 13

y= x2

”1, ’12

x+2y=2 ”or y=1- ’x2

D

y

0

1

x1

(0, 1, 0)

(0, 0, 2)

y

x

0

z

x+2y+z=2x=2y

”1, , 0’12

T

� y1

0 y

1�x�2

x�2 �2 � x � 2y� dy dx � 1

3

V�T� � yyyT

dV � y1

0 y

1�x�2

x�2 y

2�x�2y

0 dz dy dx

z � 2 � x � 2yx � 2y � z � 2z � 0T

xyDT

z � 0x � 0x � 2yx � 2y � z � 2T

z � u2�x, y�z � u1�x, y�


and from Section 12.3 we know this represents the volume that lies between the sur-faces and .

EXAMPLE 4 Use a triple integral to find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded bythe planes , , , and .

SOLUTION The tetrahedron and its projection on the -plane are shown in Figures 12 and 13. The lower boundary of is the plane and the upper boundary is the plane , that is, . Therefore, we have

by the same calculation as in Example 4 in Section 12.3.

(Notice that it is not necessary to use triple integrals to compute volumes. Theysimply give an alternative method for setting up the calculation.)

All the applications of double integrals in Section 12.5 can be immediately ex-tended to triple integrals. For example, if the density function of a solid object thatoccupies the region is , in units of mass per unit volume, at any given point

, then its mass is

and its moments about the three coordinate planes are

Mxy � yyyE

z��x, y, z� dV

Mxz � yyyE

y��x, y, z� dVMyz � yyyE

x��x, y, z� dV14

m � yyyE

��x, y, z� dV13

�x, y, z��x, y, z�E

FIGURE 12 FIGURE 13

y= x2

”1, ’12

x+2y=2 ”or y=1- ’x2

D

y

0

1

x1

(0, 1, 0)

(0, 0, 2)

y

x

0

z

x+2y+z=2x=2y

”1, , 0’12

T

� y1

0 y

1�x�2

x�2 �2 � x � 2y� dy dx � 1

3

V�T� � yyyT

dV � y1

0 y

1�x�2

x�2 y

2�x�2y

0 dz dy dx

z � 2 � x � 2yx � 2y � z � 2z � 0T

xyDT

z � 0x � 0x � 2yx � 2y � z � 2T

z � u2�x, y�z � u1�x, y�



Cozum (devamı).

T nin alt sınırı z = 0 duzlemi ve ust sınırı x+ 2y + z = 2 ya daz = 2− x− 2y duzlemi oldugundan, yapılan hesaplamayla

V (T ) =

∫∫∫TdV =

∫ 1

0

∫ 1−x/2

x/2

∫ 2−x−2y

0dzdydx

=

∫ 1

0

∫ 1−x/2

x/2(2− x− 2y)dydx =

1

3

bulunur.

Hacim hesabı icin uc katlı integralleri kullanmanın mutlaka gerekliolmadıgına bunun yalnızca farklı bir hesaplama olanagı sagladıgına dikkatediniz.

Silindirik ve Kuresel Koordinatlarda Uc Katlı integraller Silindirik Koordinatlar

Silindirik ve Kuresel Koordinatlarda Uc Katlı integrallerSilindirik Koordinatlar

Silindirik koordinat sisteminde, uc boyutlu uzaydaki bir P noktası sıralı(r, θ, z) uclusunu temsil eder. Burada r ve θ degiskenleri P ninxy-duzlemine izdusumunun kutupsal koordinatları, z ise P ninxy-duzlemine olan yonlu uzaklıgıdır.

Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates � � � �

We saw in Section 12.4 that some double integrals are easier to evaluate using polarcoordinates. In this section we see that some triple integrals are easier to evaluateusing cylindrical or spherical coordinates.

Cylindrical Coordinates

Recall from Section 9.7 that the cylindrical coordinates of a point are , where, , and are shown in Figure 1. Suppose that is a type 1 region whose projection

on the -plane is conveniently described in polar coordinates (see Figure 2). In par-ticular, suppose that is continuous and

where is given in polar coordinates by

FIGURE 2

0

z

x

yD

r=h¡(¨)

r=h™(¨)

z=u™(x, y)

z=u¡(x, y)

D � ��r, �� , h1�� r � h2��

D

E � ��x, y, z� �x, y� � D, u1�x, y� � z � u2�x, y�

fxyD

Ez�r�r, �, z�P

12.8

SECTION 12.8 TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL COORDINATES � 893

Volumes of Hyperspheres

In this project we find formulas for the volume enclosed by a hypersphere in -dimensionalspace.

1. Use a double integral and the trigonometric substitution , together with Formula 64 in the Table of Integrals, to find the area of a circle with radius .

2. Use a triple integral and trigonometric substitution to find the volume of a sphere with radius .

3. Use a quadruple integral to find the hypervolume enclosed by the hyperspherein . (Use only trigonometric substitution and the reduction

formulas for or .)

4. Use an -tuple integral to find the volume enclosed by a hypersphere of radius in -dimensional space . [Hint: The formulas are different for even and odd.]nn�nn

rn

x cosnx dxx sinnx dx�4x 2 � y 2 � z 2 � w 2 � r 2

r

ry � r sin �

n

DiscoveryProject

FIGURE 1

z

0

x

y

P(r, , z)

r

z¨

Silindirik koordinatlardan Kartezyen koordi-natlara gecmek icin asagıdaki denklemleri kul-lanırız:

x = r cos θ y = r sin θ z = z.

Kartezyen koordinatlardan silindirik koordinat-lara gecmek icin ise

r2 = x2 + y2 tan θ =y

xz = z

denklemlerini kullanabiliriz.


E bolgesi, xy-duzlemi uzerine D izdusumu kutupsal koordinatlarlabetimlenmeye uygun 1. Tipte bir bolge olsun. Ozel olarak, f nin sureklive D bolgesi kutupsal koordinatlarda

D = {(x, y)|α ≤ θ ≤ β, h1(θ) ≤ r ≤ h2(θ)}

olarak verilmek uzere,

E = {(x, y, z)|(x, y) ∈ D,u1(x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2(x, y)}

oldugunu varsayalım.

Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates � � � �

We saw in Section 12.4 that some double integrals are easier to evaluate using polarcoordinates. In this section we see that some triple integrals are easier to evaluateusing cylindrical or spherical coordinates.

Cylindrical Coordinates

Recall from Section 9.7 that the cylindrical coordinates of a point are , where, , and are shown in Figure 1. Suppose that is a type 1 region whose projection

on the -plane is conveniently described in polar coordinates (see Figure 2). In par-ticular, suppose that is continuous and

where is given in polar coordinates by

FIGURE 2

0

z

x

yD

r=h¡(¨)

r=h™(¨)

z=u™(x, y)

z=u¡(x, y)

D � ��r, �� , h1�� r � h2��

D

E � ��x, y, z� �x, y� � D, u1�x, y� � z � u2�x, y�

fxyD

Ez�r�r, �, z�P

12.8


Volumes of Hyperspheres

In this project we find formulas for the volume enclosed by a hypersphere in -dimensionalspace.

1. Use a double integral and the trigonometric substitution , together with Formula 64 in the Table of Integrals, to find the area of a circle with radius .

2. Use a triple integral and trigonometric substitution to find the volume of a sphere with radius .

3. Use a quadruple integral to find the hypervolume enclosed by the hyperspherein . (Use only trigonometric substitution and the reduction

formulas for or .)

4. Use an -tuple integral to find the volume enclosed by a hypersphere of radius in -dimensional space . [Hint: The formulas are different for even and odd.]nn�nn

rn

x cosnx dxx sinnx dx�4x 2 � y 2 � z 2 � w 2 � r 2

r

ry � r sin �

n

DiscoveryProject

FIGURE 1

z

0

x

y

P(r, , z)

r

z¨


Buradan, uc katlı integralin silindirik koordinatlardaki ifadesini,asagıdaki sekilde yazabiliriz:∫∫∫

Ef(x, y, z)dV =

∫ β

α

∫ h2(θ)

h1(θ)

∫ u2(r sin θ)

u1(r cos θ)f(r cos θ, r sin θ, z)rdzdrdθ.

Bu formulu kullanmak, E bolgesi silindirik koordinatlarla kolaycabetimlemeye uygun oldugu ve ozellikle f(x, y, z) de x2 + y2 ifadesigectigi zaman yararlıdır.


Ornek 7E cismi, x2 + y2 = 1 silindirinin icinde, z = 4 duzleminin altında vez = 1− x2 − y2 paraboloidinin ustundedir. Bu bolge uzerinde,∫∫∫

E

√x2 + y2dV integralini hesaplayınız.

Cozum.

We know from Equation 12.7.6 that

But we also know how to evaluate double integrals in polar coordinates. In fact, com-bining Equation 1 with Equation 12.4.3, we obtain

Formula 2 is the formula for triple integration in cylindrical coordinates. It saysthat we convert a triple integral from rectangular to cylindrical coordinates by writing

, , leaving as it is, using the appropriate limits of integrationfor , , and , and replacing by . (Figure 3 shows how to remember this.)It is worthwhile to use this formula when is a solid region easily described in cylin-drical coordinates, and especially when the function involves the expression

.

EXAMPLE 1 A solid lies within the cylinder , below the plane ,and above the paraboloid . (See Figure 4.) The density at any pointis proportional to its distance from the axis of the cylinder. Find the mass of .

SOLUTION In cylindrical coordinates the cylinder is and the paraboloid is, so we can write

Since the density at is proportional to the distance from the -axis, the den-sity function is

where is the proportionality constant. Therefore, from Formula 12.7.13, the massof is

EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate .

SOLUTION This iterated integral is a triple integral over the solid region

E � {�x, y, z� �2 � x � 2, �s4 � x 2 � y � s4 � x 2, sx 2 � y 2 � z � 2}

y2

�2 y

s4�x2

�s4�x2 y

2

sx2�y2 �x 2 � y 2 � dz dy dx

� 2�K r 3 �r 5

5 �0

1

�12�K

5

� y2�

0 y

1

0 Kr 2 �4 � �1 � r 2 �� dr d� � K y

2�

0 d� y

1

0 �3r 2 � r 4 � dr

m � yyyE

Ksx 2 � y 2 dV � y2�

0 y

1

0 y

4

1�r2 �Kr� r dz dr d�

EK

f �x, y, z� � Ksx 2 � y 2 � Kr

z�x, y, z�

E � ��r, �, z� 0 � � � 2�, 0 � r � 1, 1 � r 2 � z � 4

z � 1 � r 2r � 1

Ez � 1 � x 2 � y 2

z � 4x 2 � y 2 � 1E

x 2 � y2f �x, y, z�

Er dz dr d�dV�rz

zy � r sin �x � r cos �

yyyE

f �x, y, z� dV � y

� y

h2��

h1�� y

u2�r cos �, r sin ��

u1�r cos �, r sin �� f �r cos �, r sin �, z� r dz dr d�2

yyyE


yu2�x, y�

u1�x, y� f �x, y, z� dz� dA1


z

dz

drr d¨

d¨

r

z

0

(1, 0, 0)

(0, 0, 1)

(0, 0, 4)

z=4

x

y

z=1-r@

FIGURE 3Volume element in cylindricalcoordinates: dV=r dz dr d¨

FIGURE 4

Silindirik koordinatlarda, silindirin ifadesi r = 1 veparaboloidin ifadesi z = 1− r2 oldugundan

E = {(x, y, z)|0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 1−r2 ≤ z ≤ 4}

yazabiliriz. Dolayısıyla,∫∫∫E

√x2 + y2dV =

∫ 2π

0

∫ 1

0

∫ 4

1−r2rrdzdrdθ

=12π

5olur.


Ornek 8∫ 2

−2

∫ √4−x2−√4−x2

∫ 2

√x2+y2

(x2 + y2)dzdydx integralini hesaplayınız.

Cozum.Bu integral

E ={

(x, y, z)| − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2,−√

4− x2 ≤ y ≤√

4− x2,√x2 + y2 ≤ z ≤ 2

}bolgesi uzerinde bir integraldir ve E nin xy-duzlemi uzerine izdusumux2 + y2 ≤ 4 dairesidir. E nin alt yuzeyi z =

√x2 + y2 konisi, ust yuzeyi

de z = 2 duzlemidir.


Cozum (devamı).

Bu bolgenin silindirik koordinatlardaki ifadesi cok daha basittir:

E = {(r, θ, z)|0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2, r ≤ z ≤ 2} .

and the projection of onto the -plane is the disk . The lower sur-face of is the cone and its upper surface is the plane . (SeeFigure 5.) This region has a much simpler description in cylindrical coordinates:

Therefore, we have

Spherical Coordinates

In Section 9.7 we defined the spherical coordinates of a point (see Figure 6)and we demonstrated the following relationships between rectangular coordinates andspherical coordinates:

In this coordinate system the counterpart of a rectangular box is a spherical wedge

where , , and . Although we defined triple integrals bydividing solids into small boxes, it can be shown that dividing a solid into small spher-ical wedges always gives the same result. So we divide into smaller spherical wedges

by means of equally spaced spheres , half-planes , and half-cones. Figure 7 shows that is approximately a rectangular box with dimensions

, (arc of a circle with radius angle ), and (arc of a circlewith radius angle ). So an approximation to the volume of is given by

FIGURE 7

z

0

x

yri=∏i sin ˙k

ri Î¨=∏i sin ˙k Î¨

∏i Î˙

∏i sin ˙k Î¨ Î∏

Î˙˙k

Î¨

�� i �� i sin �k �� i2 sin �k ��

Eijk�� i sin �k,� i sin �k �� i,� i ��

Eijk� � �k

� � � j� � � iEijk

E

d � c � � � � � 2�a � 0

E � ��, �, �� a � � � b, � � � � , c � � � d

z � � cos �y � � sin � sin �x � � sin � cos �3

��, �, ��

� 2� [ 12 r 4 �

15 r 5 ]0

2�

16�

5

� y2�

0 d� y

2

0 r 3�2 � r� dr

� y2�

0 y

2

0 y

2

r r 2 r dz dr d�

y2

�2 y

s4�x2

�s4�x2 y

2

sx2�y2 �x 2 � y 2 � dz dy dx � yyy

E

�x 2 � y 2 � dV

E � ��r, �, z� 0 � � � 2�, 0 � r � 2, r � z � 2

z � 2z � sx 2 � y 2Ex 2 � y 2 � 4xyE


FIGURE 5

z=œ„„„„„≈+¥

z

x 2 y2

z=2

2

z

0

x

y

P(∏, , )∏

˙

¨

FIGURE 6Spherical coordinates of P

Dolayısıyla∫ 2

−2

∫ √4−x2−√4−x2

∫ 2

√x2+y2

(x2 + y2)dzdydx

=

∫ 2π

0

∫ 2

0

∫ 2

rr2rdzdrdθ

=16π

5

elde edilir.

Silindirik ve Kuresel Koordinatlarda Uc Katlı integraller Kuresel Koordinatlar

Kuresel Koordinatlar

Uzaydaki bir P noktasının (ρ, θ, φ) kuresel koordinatları Sekildegosterilmistir. Burada, ρ = |OP |, P den baslangıc noktasına olanuzaklıgı, θ silindirik koordinatlardaki aynı acıyı, φ ise pozitif z-ekseni ileOP arasındaki acıyı gostermektedir. ρ ≥ 0 ve 0 ≤ φ ≤ π olduguna dikkatediniz.

Spherical Coordinates

The spherical coordinates of a point in space are shown in Figure 5,where is the distance from the origin to , is the same angle as in cylin-drical coordinates, and is the angle between the positive -axis and the line segment

. Note that

The spherical coordinate system is especially useful in problems where there is sym-metry about a point, and the origin is placed at this point. For example, the sphere withcenter the origin and radius has the simple equation (see Figure 6); this is thereason for the name “spherical” coordinates. The graph of the equation is a ver-tical half-plane (see Figure 7), and the equation represents a half-cone with the-axis as its axis (see Figure 8).

The relationship between rectangular and spherical coordinates can be seen fromFigure 9. From triangles and we have

But and , so to convert from spherical to rectangular coordi-nates, we use the equations

Also, the distance formula shows that

We use this equation in converting from rectangular to spherical coordinates.

�2 � x 2 � y 2 � z24

z � � cos �y � � sin � sin x � � sin � cos 3

y � r sin x � r cos

r � � sin �z � � cos �

OPP�OPQ

z� � c

� c� � cc

0 � � � �� 0

OPz�

P� � � OP �P��, , ��

696 � CHAPTER 9 VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE

0

z

x

y

FIGURE 6 ∏=c, a sphere FIGURE 8 ˙=c, a half-cone

0

z

c

π/2<c<π

y

x

0

z

c

0<c<π/2

y

x

0

z

c

FIGURE 7 ¨=c, a half-plane

x

y

FIGURE 9

P(x, y, z)P(∏, ¨, ˙)

P ª(x, y, 0)

O

x

y¨

z

y

x

z

˙ ˙

r

∏

Q

FIGURE 5The spherical coordinates of a point

P(∏, ¨, ˙)

O

z

∏

¨

˙

x y

Sekil, Kartezyen koordinatlarla kuresel koordi-natlar arasındaki iliskiyi gostermektedir. OPQve OPP ′ ucgenlerinden

z = ρ cosφ r = ρ sinφ.

elde edilir. x = r cos θ ve y = r sin θ oldugunubiliyoruz.


Buna gore, kuresel koordinatlardan Kartezyen koordinatlara gecis

x = ρ sinφ cos θ y = ρ sinφ sin θ z = ρ cosφ.

denklemleri ile verilir. Uzaklık formulunden,

ρ2 = x2 + y2 + z2

dir. Bu denklemi Kartezyen koordinatlardan kuresel koordinatlaragecerken kullanırız.


Bu koordinat sisteminde bir dikdortgenler prizmasına,

E = {(ρ, θ, φ)|a ≤ ρ ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, c ≤ φ ≤ d}

kuresel yarıgı karsı gelir. Burada a ≥ 0, β − α ≤ 2π ve d− c ≤ π dir.

Buradan asagıdaki uc katlı integralin kuresel koordinatlardakiifadesini elde ederiz:∫∫∫

Ef(x, y, z)dV

=

∫ d

c

∫ β

α

∫ b

af(ρ sinφ cos θ, ρ sinφ sin θ, ρ cosφ)ρ2 sinφdρdθdφ.


Ornek 9B bolgesi B = {(x, y, z)|x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ 1} olmak uzere∫∫∫

Be(x

2+y2+z2)3/2dV integralini hesaplayınız.

Cozum.

B nin sınırı bir kure oldugu icin, kuresel koordinatları kullanırız:

B = {(ρ, θ, φ)|0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π}.

Ayrıca x2 + y2 + z2 = ρ2 oldugundan, kuresel koordinatları kullanmakuygun olur. Buradan∫∫∫

Be(x

2+y2+z2)3/2dV =

∫ π

0

∫ 2π

0

∫ 1

0e(ρ

2)3/2ρ2 sinφdρdθdφ

=4π

3(e− 1) bulunur.


NotOnceki Ornekteki integrali kuresel koordinatları kullanmadan hesaplamakson derece sıkıntılı olurdu. Mesela Kartezyen koordinatlarda ardısıkintegral ∫ 1

−1

∫ √1−x2−√1−x2

∫ √1−x2−y2

−√

1−x2−y2e(x

2+y2+z2)3/2dzdydx

olurdu.


Ornek 10z =

√x2 + y2 konisinin ustunde ve x2 + y2 + z2 = z kuresinin altında

kalan cismin hacmini kuresel koordinatları kullanarak bulunuz.

Cozum.

SOLUTION Since the boundary of is a sphere, we use spherical coordinates:

In addition, spherical coordinates are appropriate because

Thus, (4) gives

NOTE � It would have been extremely awkward to evaluate the integral in Example 3without spherical coordinates. In rectangular coordinates the iterated integral wouldhave been

EXAMPLE 4 Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of the solid that lies abovethe cone and below the sphere . (See Figure 9.)

SOLUTION Notice that the sphere passes through the origin and has center . Wewrite the equation of the sphere in spherical coordinates as

The equation of the cone can be written as

This gives , or . Therefore, the description of the solid inspherical coordinates is

E � ��, �, �� 0 � � � 2�, 0 � � � ��4, 0 � � � cos �

E� � ��4sin � � cos �

� cos � � s�2 sin2� cos2� � �2 sin 2� sin2� � � sin �

� � cos �or�2 � � cos �

(0, 0, 12 )

yx

z(0, 0, 1)

≈+¥+z@=z

z=œ„„„„„≈+¥π4

FIGURE 9

x 2 � y 2 � z2 � zz � sx 2 � y 2

y1

�1 y

s1�x2

�s1�x2 y

s1�x2�y2

�s1�x2�y2 e �x2�y2�z2�3�2

dz dy dx

� [�cos �]0� �2�� [ 1

3e�3 ]0

1�

4�

3 �e � 1�

� y�

0 sin � d� y

2�

0 d� y

1

0 �2e �3 d�

yyyB

e �x2�y2�z2�3�2

dV � y�

0 y

2�

0 y

1

0 e��2�3�2

�2 sin � d� d� d�

x 2 � y 2 � z2 � �2

B � ��, �, �� 0 � � � 1, 0 � � � 2�, 0 � � � �

B


FIGURE 10

� Figure 10 gives another look (this time drawn by Maple) at the solid ofExample 4.

Kurenin baslangıc noktasından gectigine vemerkezinin (0, 0, 12) noktası olduguna dikkatediniz. Kure denklemini kuresel koordinat-larda

ρ2 = ρ cosφ ya da ρ = cosφ.

biciminde yazarız. Koninin denklemi de

ρ cosφ =

√ρ2 sin2 φ cos2 θ + ρ2 sin2 φ sin2 θ = ρ sinφ

olur.


Cozum (devamı).

Buradan, sinφ = cosφ, φ = π/4 Dolayısıyla, E cisminin kureselkoordinatlardaki ifadesi

E = {(ρ, θ, φ)|0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π/4, 0 ≤ ρ ≤ cosφ}

olur.

6.

� � � � � � � � � � � � �

7–14 � Use cylindrical coordinates.

7. Evaluate , where is the region that liesinside the cylinder and between the planes

and .

8. Evaluate , where is the solid in the firstoctant that lies beneath the paraboloid .

9. Evaluate , where is the solid that lies between the cylinders and , above the

-plane, and below the plane .z � x � 2xyx 2 � y 2 � 4x 2 � y 2 � 1

ExxxE y dV

z � 1 � x 2 � y 2ExxxE �x 3 � xy 2 � dV

z � 4z � �5x 2 � y 2 � 16

ExxxE sx 2 � y 2 dV

z

x y21

1–4 � Sketch the solid whose volume is given by the integraland evaluate the integral.

1. 2.

3.

4.

� � � � � � � � � � � � �

5–6 � Set up the triple integral of an arbitrary continuous func-tion in cylindrical or spherical coordinates over thesolid shown.

5. z

xy

3

2

f �x, y, z�

y2�

0 y

�

��2 y

2

1 �2 sin � d� d� d�

y��6

0 y

��2

0 y

3

0 �2 sin � d� d� d�

y��2

0 y

2

0 y

9�r 2

0 r dz dr d�y

4

0 y

2�

0 y

4

r r dz d� dr


Exercises � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �12.8

Figure 11 shows how E is swept out if we integrate first with respect to , then ,and then . The volume of E is

FIGURE 11¨ varies from 0 to 2π.∏ varies from 0 to cos ˙ while

˙ and ¨ are constant.˙ varies from 0 to π/4 while¨ is constant.

z

yx

z

yx

z

yx

�2�

3 y

��4

0 sin � cos3� d� �

2�

3 �

cos4�

4 �0

��4

��

8

� y2�

0 d� y

��4

0 sin � �3

3 ��0

��cos �

d�

V�E� � yyyE

dV � y2�

0 y

��4

0 y

cos �

0 �2 sin � d� d� d�

��

6.

� � � � � � � � � � � � �



and .




ExxxE y dV

z � 1 � x 2 � y 2ExxxE �x 3 � xy 2 � dV

z � 4z � �5x 2 � y 2 � 16


z

x y21


1. 2.

3.

4.

� � � � � � � � � � � � �


5. z

xy

3

2

f �x, y, z�

y2�

0 y

�

��2 y

2

1 �2 sin � d� d� d�

y��6

0 y

��2

0 y

3

0 �2 sin � d� d� d�

y��2

0 y

2

0 y

9�r 2

0 r dz dr d�y

4

0 y

2�

0 y

4

r r dz d� dr


Exercises � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �12.8




z

yx

z

yx

z

yx

�2�

3 y

��4

0 sin � cos3� d� �

2�

3 �

cos4�

4 �0

��4

��

8

� y2�

0 d� y

��4

0 sin � �3

3 ��0

��cos �

d�

V�E� � yyyE

dV � y2�

0 y

��4

0 y

cos �

0 �2 sin � d� d� d�

��

6.

� � � � � � � � � � � � �



and .




ExxxE y dV

z � 1 � x 2 � y 2ExxxE �x 3 � xy 2 � dV

z � 4z � �5x 2 � y 2 � 16


z

x y21


1. 2.

3.

4.

� � � � � � � � � � � � �


5. z

xy

3

2

f �x, y, z�

y2�

0 y

�

��2 y

2

1 �2 sin � d� d� d�

y��6

0 y

��2

0 y

3

0 �2 sin � d� d� d�

y��2

0 y

2

0 y

9�r 2

0 r dz dr d�y

4

0 y

2�

0 y

4

r r dz d� dr


Exercises � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �12.8




z

yx

z

yx

z

yx

�2�

3 y

��4

0 sin � cos3� d� �

2�

3 �

cos4�

4 �0

��4

��

8

� y2�

0 d� y

��4

0 sin � �3

3 ��0

��cos �

d�

V�E� � yyyE

dV � y2�

0 y

��4

0 y

cos �

0 �2 sin � d� d� d�

��

ρ, 0 dan cosφ ye degisir φ, 0 dan π/4 e degisir θ, 0 dan 2π ye degisir


Cozum (devamı).

E nin hacmi

V (E) =

∫∫∫EdV =

∫ 2π

0

∫ π/4

0

∫ cosφ

0ρ2 sinφdρdφdθ

=

∫ 2π

0dθ

∫ π/4

0sinφ

[ρ3

3

]ρ=cosφ

ρ=0

dφ

=2π

3

∫ π/4

0sinφ cos3 φdφ

=π

8olur.

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