˙u≤˚x ÿrxÙm bi” r™r...yœl ˙lw[aw— lpÆj’˚\ uÙ®xd lpÆvÙwÙnf£ utflm t´t£...
TRANSCRIPT
Yœl◊
˙LW[ AW—
LpÆj’˚\
UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m (SCERT), LW[m
2015
˙U≤˚X ÿRXÙm Bi”
R™r
HIGHER SECONDARY COURSE
SECOND LANGUAGE - TAMIL
First Year
XI
˙RNıV LˆRm
_] LQ U] ARıSÙVL _V ˙a
TÙWR TÙdV YıRÙRÙ
TgNÙT £k’ œ_WÙR UWÙhPÙ
RıWÙYıP EjLX TeLÙ
YıkRıV aıUÙNX Vÿ]Ù LeLÙ
EfNX _XRı RWeLÙ
RY —T SÙ˙U _Ù˙L
RY —T BNı^ UÙ˙L
LÙ˙L RY _V LÙRÙ
_] LQ UeL[ RÙVL _V ˙a
TÙWR TÙdV YıRÙRÙ
_V ˙a! _V ˙a! _V ˙a!
_V _V _V _V ˙a!
˛ ULÙLÆ CW≈kßWSÙj RÙ·o
EflRı˘UÙZı
CkRıVÙ G]’ SÙ”. CkRıVo A˚]Y⁄m G]’ EPuTı\k˙RÙo.
G]’ SÙh˚P SÙu E´¨‡m ˙UXÙL Ußd°˙\u. ARu Y[m YÙnkRTpY˚Ll TWmT˚Wl ◊LØp SÙu ˘T⁄˚U˘LÙs°˙\u. ARtœjRL SÙuGuflm SPk’˘LÙs˙Yu.
Gu ˘Tt˙\Ùo, BNıÙıVo, Íj˙RÙo CYoL˚[ SÙu Suœ Ußl˙Tu.
GpXÙ⁄P‡m SÙu Ti◊Pu TZœ˙Yu. G]’ SÙh•≤Pÿm SÙh”UdL∞Pÿm TdߟPu C⁄l˙Tu G] Eflß ·fl°˙\u. AYoL∞uSXjߤm Y[jߤmRÙu G]’ CuTÿm APe°´⁄d°\’.
Prepared by State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012, Kerala.
Website www.scert.kerala.gov.in e-mail [email protected]
Typeset and design by SCERT Computer Lab
To be printed in quality paper - 80gsm map litho (snow-white)
© Government of Kerala • Department of Education • 2014
UÙQYf ˘NpYeL˙[!
˘UÙØ GuT’ U≤R˚] Ju±˚QdLf ˘NnŸm
L⁄ÆVÙL Uh”Uu±, U≤R EQo‹L˚[ Y∞lT”j’mL⁄ÆVÙL‹m ßLr°\’. ˘UÙØ´u C≤˚UŸmBt\¤m AR˚]l TVuT”j’˙YÙ¨u Ru˚U˚Vl˘TÙflj˙R A˚UŸm G]XÙm. UÙØ YÙ´XÙLl TiTÙ”, L˚X, CXd°Vm B°VYt˚\d Ltfl, LÙXLhPjßtœHtT AYt˚\j ß\mTPl TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.LÙXf„Z¤dœ HtT UÙØ´p UÙt\eLs ®LrY’i”.AYt˚\ A±k’ ˘UÙØ A˚Ul©˚] Suœ ◊¨k’,AR˚]d ˚LVÙfim ß\˚] UÙQYoLs ˘T\˙Yi”m. Aj’Pu YÙrÆVp Ußl¿”L˚[Ÿm◊¨k’˘LÙi” AYt˚\j ReLs YÙrd˚L´p©uTt\ ÿVX ˙Yi”m. Ck˙SÙd°p Lt\pA˚P‹Lfidœ HtTl TÙPlTœßLfim ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Y•Y˚UdLlTh ”s[]. CYt˚\ Suœ LtflUÙQYoLs TV]˚PV YÙrj’°˙\u.
YÙrj’Ls,
ÿ˚]-Yo. Gv. CW-≈k-ß-Wu SÙVo
CVdœSoUÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m
ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm
Textbook Development Team
Std XI - TAMIL - GENERAL
Members
Emile, A., HSST, GHSS, Vagamon, Idukki.
Dr. Jeeva Latha, S., Govt. Model Boys HSS, Thiruvananthapuram.
Dr. Kumar, S., HSST, Govt. CPMHSS, Peermedu, Idukki.
Leema Metilda, A., HSST, GHSS, Kanjikode, Palakkad.
Dr. Nisha Raffi, Asst. Prof., University College, Thiruvananthapuram.
Vijayan, A., Asst. Prof., Govt. College, Chittur, Palakkad.
Experts
Dr. Doctor Nazeemdeen, Prof.,(Rtd.), Kerala University, Thiruvananthapuram.
Dr. Gomathy nayagam, E., Guest Lecturer. University of Madras, Chennai.
Dr. Kanchana, Prof. & Head, (Rtd.), University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.
Dr. Nainar. M., Reader., (Rtd.), University College, Thiruvananthapuram.
Dr. Parasuraman, T., Prof., PILC, Pondicherry.
Dr. Rajaram, S., Prof.,(Rtd.), Tamil University, Thanjavur.
Dr. Ratnasabapathy, P., Prof.(Rtd.), Chennai.
Dr. Sethupandian Prof., M.K. University Madurai.
Dr. Veerappan, P., Prof., (Rtd.), NCERT, Mysore.
Artists
SHAHRAJ., Artist, Velanthavalam, Palakkad.
Subin, M.S., Artist, Kollam.
Academic Co-ordinator
Dr. Sahaya Dhas, D, Research Officer, SCERT.
State Council of Educational Research and Training(SCERT)
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012.
AXœ 1 L˚XŸm TiTÙ”m 7˛29
l R™Zo TiTÙ”m CXd°Vÿm ..................................... 8
l CkßWÆZÙ ........................................................................................... 13
l VÙWPÙ ˘YiU¶ Á¶˙X SW£mUÙ... ............. 16
l T˚PV¶............................................................................................. 24
AXœ 2 —˚YL∞u LX˚Y 30˛53
l CXd°Vf —˚YLs ................................................................... 31
l U⁄UdLs YØ UÙu™Vm................................................ 40
l ˚YœiP ˚YjßVo ............................................................. 42
AXœ 3 ◊’˘Ys[m 54˛71
l S≈]j’Ym ...................................................................................... 55
l ˘Ti‘Xœ......................................................................................58
l Ui˘UÙØ .......................................................................................... 63
AXœ 4 YÙr‹ SXUÙL... 72˛95
l R™ØXd°Vm LÙh”m CVt˚L .............................. 73
l ◊]¤m UQ¤m......................................................................... 80
l Íu\Ùm EXLl ˙TÙo ......................................................... 84
l øX°¨ ®XfN¨‹ VÙo LÙWQm? ............................... 88
AXœ 5 ThP±‹l ˘ThPLm 95˛108
l £mXÙÆp Íufl SÙs ..........................................................96
l YÙrd˚L YWXÙfl..................................................................... 100
l J⁄ °WÙUj’ Sß ...................................................................... 105
ALWÿR≠ 109
E s [ P d L m
7
AXœ 1
TiT”R˙X TiTÙ” G] A˚PVÙ[lT”jRlT”°\’. C’ UW◊
NÙokR’. TiTÙh•u T•®˚X Y[of£˙V J⁄ U≤R˚] ˛ ©\
U≤Ru, NÍLm, SÙ”, EXLm GuT]YtflPu RÙPo◊T”j’°\’
L˚XLs TiThP NÍLjßu ˘Y∞¬”Ls. C˚Y ˘NqÆVp
L˚XLs, SÙhPÙo L˚XLs G] Y˚LlT”jRlT”°u\]. U]
CfldLj˚Rd L˚[k’ U≤R‡dœ CuT EQo˚Y A∞dœm
L˚XLs ˘UÙjRm AflTj’ SÙuœ G]lT”°u\]. CjR˚LV
L˚XL˚[ Y∞lT”j’m YÙ´pL[Ù] ÆZÙdLs UdL[Ùp TX
Y˚LL∞p £\l©dLlT”°u\]. UdL∞u TiTÙ”, L˚X,
ÆZÙdLs GuT]Yt˚\ ˘Y∞dLÙh”m LÙXdLiQÙ•VÙL
AYoRm CXd°VeLs A˚URp CVp◊. Ck˙SÙd°p R™Zo
TiTÙ”, AYoRm LÆuL˚XLs, AYt˚\f £\l©dœm ÆZÙdLs
GuT]Yt˚\ CqYXœ ÿRu˚UlT”j’°u\’.
LûXÙm TiTôÓmLûXÙm TiTôÓmLûXÙm TiTôÓmLûXÙm TiTôÓmLûXÙm TiTôÓm
l CXd°Vjßtœm NÍLjßtœÿs[ RÙPo©˚] CXd°VeL˚[
YÙ£lTRu YØVÙL‹m, LXk’˚WVÙPpLs ÆYÙReLs YÙ´XÙL
‹m A±k’˘LÙsfiRp.
l ˘Y∞¬h” EjßL˚[l Tp˙Yfl T˚Pl◊L∞u YÙ´XÙL A±k’,
AYt˚\j ReLs T˚Pl◊L∞p ˘Y∞lT”j’Rp.
l FPL ®Lrf£L˚[l TÙo˚Y´h” FPLlT˚Pl◊Ls œ±j’
A±k’, FPLeLs YÙ´XÙLl T˚Pl◊L˚[ ˘Y∞´”Rp.
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
8
R™-Zo Ti-TÙ-”m CXd-°-V-ÿmR™-Zo Ti-TÙ-”m CXd-°-V-ÿmR™-Zo Ti-TÙ-”m CXd-°-V-ÿmR™-Zo Ti-TÙ-”m CXd-°-V-ÿmR™-Zo Ti-TÙ-”m CXd-°-V-ÿm
Ti-TÙh-•t-œm Ti◊ Gu-T-Rt-œm S⁄e-°V RÙPo◊
C⁄l-T-’ TÙp TXod-œm RÙu-flm. Ti-T-”-Rp Gu-T-’ ß⁄k-
’-Rp, Nm- Ul-T-”-Rp, Rœ-ß-VÙ-Rp Gu-fl TÙ⁄s-T-”m. Cq
Æ˚]f-˘NÙp-RÙu Ti-TÙ-” G] øi-” ˘TV-WÙL A˚Uk-ß-
⁄d-°-\-’. "R™-Zo Ti-TÙ-”' Gu-\Ùp R™r Ud-L-fid˙L E-¨V
ß⁄k-ßV U]l-TÙu˚U Gu-fl ˘TÙ⁄s-T-P-˙Yi-”m. R™r
˘UÙØ-´-˙X-Ÿm R™r CXd-°-Ve-L-∞-˙X-Ÿm Cj-R-≤l-ThP
ß⁄k-ßV U]l-TÙu˚U R∞-YÙ-L-‹m £\l-TÙL‹m Æ[e-œ-
Y-RÙ-œm.
TiTÙ” œ±j’ UÙjÎ Bo-]Ùp-” ˘LÙiP ˘LÙs-
˚L- V˙V SÙÿm Jj-’d- LÙs- YÙm. CYo L⁄j-ßp, ‘Lpf-No’
G]l-T-”-Y-’ J⁄-Yu Ru œQ-S-Xu-L˚[ ®Wl-◊-Y-ß-¤m Ru-
˚]f „rk-ß-⁄d-œm Nÿ-RÙ-Vj-ßu SXu-
L-˚[l ˙T‘-Y-ß-¤m ˙TW-YÙd ˘LÙi-
•-⁄d-œm Td-œY ®˚X˙V Bœm. œQ-
S-Xm Gu-T-ßp A±-‹-S-Xm ÿR-≠-V-‹m
APe-°-]-YÙL CYo LÙi-P-]o. G]˙Y
A±-‹, œQm ÿR-≠-V˚Y ˙Uu-˙U-¤m
®Wm©f Nÿ-RÙV SXj˚R ˙Uu-˙U-¤m
˙T‘-°\ U]-®˚X Lpf-No G]l-T-”m.
˙Uu-˙U-¤m H\ CPe-˘LÙ -”j -’d
˘LÙi˙P Np-Y-’-RÙu CRu CVt-˚L.
˙Uu- U-¤m T´t-£- -]Ùp ß⁄k-ßl Ti-
Th-”d ˘LÙi˙P Y⁄m U]l-TÙu-˚U-
RÙu ‘Lpf-No’ Gu-flm Ti-TÙ-” Gu-flm ·\l-T-”-Y-Ru
CVp-◊.
Ti-TÙh-•u Ru˚U Gq-YÙ-fl A±-Vl-T-”-°u-\-’? "Ud-
Ls A±k-R-Yt-fls˙[ £\k-R-Yt-\Ù-¤m, £k-ßj-R-Yt-fls˙[
£\k-R-Yt-\Ù-¤m' Gu-fl-RÙu Tßp ˘NÙp-X-˙Yi-”m Gu-TÙo
UÙjÎ Bo-]Ùp-”. BL-˙Y, C˚Y´Wi-”m £\k-’ LÙQl-
T-”-°u\ CXd-°-Ve-L-[Ùp Ti-TÙ-” SUd-œl ◊Xl-T-”m Gu-
T-’ ˘R∞-YÙ-°u-\-’. ARÙ-Y-’ Ko B£-¨-V-]-’ Ti-TÙ-”
AYu CVt-±V CXd-°-Vj-RÙp ◊X-]Ù-œ˘UuT˙R L⁄j-’.
9
J⁄ Nÿ-RÙV Ud-L-∞-Pj-ßp Ap-X-’ J⁄ ˙RNj-’ Ud-L-∞-
Pj-ßp Es[ Æ˙N-`-UÙ] TX CVp-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm EQo-Y-Rt-
œd L⁄Æ VÙ’? CYo-L-fi-˚PV ˘TÙ’l Ti-TÙ-” CXd-°-Vj-
RÙp Æ[e-œ-UÙ? J⁄-YÙ-fl Æ[e-œm Gu˙\ SÙm ’¶k-’ ·\-
XÙm. "®Xj-ß-‡-˚PV CVp˚T Aß˙X
ÿ˚[jR ÿ˚[ LÙh-”m; C’-˙TÙ-X, œXj-
ßu CVp˚T Aß˙X ©\k-R-Y-⁄-˚PV
˘NÙp LÙh-”m' Gu-fl ß⁄-Ys-fi-Yo ·±-]Ùo.
®Xj-ßt °Pk-R˚U LÙp-LÙh-”m; LÙh-”m
œXj-ßt ©\k-RÙo-YÙnf ˘NÙp (œ-\s ˛ 959)
Gu-T-’ AYo ß⁄-YÙd-œ.
C’ Ti-TÙh-•u Æ`-Vj-ß-¤m Ei-
˚U-˙V-VÙm. J⁄ Nÿ-RÙ-Vj˚R Ap-X-’ J⁄
˙RNj-’ Ud-L-∞u ˘TÙ’-˚U˚V ®Xj-ßt-œ
Jl-TÙ-Lf ˘NÙp-X-XÙm. S˚P-Ÿ-˚P-TÙ-Y-˚],
˘UÙØ, C˚N, £t-Tm ÿR-≠V L˚X-Ls, AYo-
Ls ˙Ut-˘LÙi-”s[ Xh-£-Ve-Ls, NU-Vd
˘LÙs- L-Ls, ©\-U-Rm TÙflj’d˘LÙsfim
CVp-◊, AW-£-Vp ˘LÙs˚-L-Ls, AW-£-Vp
YW-XÙ-fl-Ls, Nÿ-RÙV ®˚X-˚U, ˘Ti-L-∞u
®˚X-˚U, A±-Æ-Vp £\l-◊, LpÆ ®˚X-Ve-
Ls, Ëp ®X-Ve-Ls, Æg-OÙ] ®˚X-Ve-Ls
ÿR-≠-V˚Y £\l-TÙ-Ld ·\j-Rd-L-]. CYt-fls
"R™r- UÙ-Ø-Ÿm CXd-°-V-ÿm' Gq-Y- L-VÙ]
Ti-TÙ-”-L˚[ EQoj-’-°u-\] Gu-fl
˙SÙd-œ- YÙm.
CXd-°V YW-XÙt˚\ SÙm ˙SÙd-°-]Ùp,
R™-Zo-L-[-’ Ti-TÙ-” Gl-T-• Y[of-£-Ÿt-fl Yk-
ß-⁄d-°-\-’ Gu-T-’ J⁄-YÙ-fl Æ[e-œm. Bß-
´p AYo-Ls EX-Ll-Tt-fl E˚P-V-Y-WÙn, EXL —Le-L-∞p D”-
Th-•-⁄k-R-]o. G≤-‡m, LÆ-Oo-Ls £Xo Re-Ls LÆjY ß⁄x-
•-VÙp EVokR Xh-£-Ve-L-˚[d Li-”, AYt-˚\j R™r-Ud-L-
fid-œ G”j-’d-LÙh-•-]o.
Ti˘T]lT”Y’
UÙ UXo ÿi-P-Lm ßp-˚X-˙VÙ-” J⁄e-œ EPu
LÙ]p A¶kR EVo UQp Gd-Lo-˙Up
∫o-™-œ £\l-©-˙]Ùu UW-ÿ-Rp ˚L˙NojR
øo-U≠ LW-Lm-˙TÙp TZmÁeœ ÿPj-RÙ-˚Zl
ÈU-Xok-R˚Y ˙TÙX,-◊s Ap-œm ’˚\Y! ˙Ls!
"Bt-fl-Rp' Gu-T-’ Ju-fl AXok-R-Yod-œ ER-‹-Rp;
"˙TÙt-fl-Rp' Gu-T-’ ◊Qok-RÙ-˚Wl ©¨-VÙ˚U;
"Ti◊' G]l-T-”-Y-’ TÙ” A±k-’ J›-œ-Rp;
"Au◊' G]l-T-”-Y-’ Ru-°˚[ ˘N\Ù-A˚U;
"A±‹' G]l-T-”-Y-’ ˙T˚R-VÙo ˘NÙp ˙SÙu-\p;
"˘N±‹' G]l-T-”-Y-’ ·±-V-’ U\Ù-A˚U;
"®˚\' G]l-T-”-Y-’ U˚\ ©\o A±-VÙ˚U;
"ÿ˚\' G]l-T-”-Y-’ Li-˙QÙ-PÙ-’ E´o ˘Y¸Yp;
"˘TÙ˚\' G]l-T-”-Y-’ ˙TÙt-\Ù-˚Wl ˘TÙflj-Rp;
Be-œ A˚R A±k-R-≤o B´u, Gu ˙RÙØ
Sp-÷-Rp SXu-Ei-” ’\j-Rp ˛ ˘LÙiL! ˛
æm-TÙp Ei-T-Yo ˘LÙs-L-Xm Y˚W-Rp;
˛ L≠j˘RÙ˚L: 133
10
Ei-PÙp AmU Cq-‹-X-Lm; Ck-ß-WoA™r-Rm C˚VY RÙ´-‡m C≤-˘R-]jR™-Vo Ei-P-¤ ™X˙W; ÿ≤-Æ-Xo;’g-N-¤ ™Xo ©\o Ag-—Y Rg£;◊L-˘Z-≤u E´-⁄e ˘LÙ”d-œ-Yo; TØ-˘V-≤uEX-œ-Pu ˘T±-‡m ˘LÙs-[-Xo; AVo-Æ-Xo;Au] UÙh£ A˚]V WÙ°jRUd-˘L] ÿVXÙ ˙SÙu-\Ùh
©\od-˘L] ÿV-¤-So Ei-˚U-VÙ˙] (◊-\m. 182)
Gu\ Nn-Ÿs CRt-œf NÙu-fl. Yfl-£Xo
OÙ≤-Lh-œ-¨V NU-®-˚X-˚Vj Re-Ls A±-
‹j ß\j-RÙp EQok-’ ARu-Li ®u-fl
Rm J›d-Lf£-\l-˚Tl ◊Xl-T-”j-ß-]o.
VÙ’m F˙W; VÙY-⁄m ˙L∞o;
æ’m Su-flm ©\o-RW YÙWÙ;
˙SÙR-¤m R¶-R-¤m AYt˙\Ù Wu];
NÙR-¤m ◊’Y Ru˙\; YÙr-Rp
C≤-˘R] U°rk-Ru-fl ™X˙U; ÿ≤-Æu
Cu]Ù ˘Ru-\-¤ ™X˙U; ™u-˘]Ù-”
YÙ]m Ri-”∞ R˚XC B]Ù-’
Lp-˘TÙ-⁄ ßWe-œ Up-Xt ˙To-VÙt-fl
øo-Y-Øl TÂ-Em ◊˚Q-˙TÙp B⁄-´o
ÿ˚\-Y-Øl TÂ-Em Gu-T-’ ß\-˙YÙo
LÙh-£- t \∞k-R-]m BL-≠u, UÙh-£- t
˘T¨-˙VÙ˚W ÆVj-R-¤ ™X˙U;
£±-˙VÙ˚W CLr-Rp AR-≤-‡ ™X˙U
(◊-\SÙÚfl: 192)
Gu\ ˘Nn-Ÿ-[Ùp C’ Æ[e-œm.
©u-]o, YP-SÙh-•-≠-⁄k-’ ˘Rt-°p
YkR ˚YßL BNÙ-We-L-fim °¨-˚V-L-fim,
˚Yß-Lj ˘Rn-Ye-L-fim R™-Zo-L-[-’ Es-
[j-ßp CPe-˘LÙi-P-]. R™r Ud-Ls
˚Yß-L-U-Rf NÙo-©-]-WÙ-°, ARu ˘LÙs-˚L-
´˙X D”-Th”, Cm-˚Ul TV-˚]l ˘Tfl-Y-
˙RÙ-” A˚U-VÙ’, Ufl-˚Ul TV-˚]-Ÿm
A˚P-Y-ßp L⁄j-’d ˘LÙi-P-]o. CRu ©u-]o, NU-Vl-Tt-fl ÿßok-’
œt±V¤LWm
J⁄ ˘NÙp≠u Cflß´p Y⁄m Yp≠] ˘UnL∞u(d, f, h, j, l, t) ˙Up "E'LWm H± Y⁄m˙TÙ’ (œ, —, ”, ’,◊, fl) Aq‹LWUÙ]’ ÿ›˚UVÙL J≠dLÙUp œ˚\k’J≠dœm. CqYÙfl œfl° J≠lT˚Rd œt±V¤LWmGuTo.
(G.”.) TÙdœ, Íf—, ≈”, LÙ’, El◊, Bfl
B]Ùp R≤dœ±˘X›j˚R A”j’ Y⁄m Yp≠]"E'LWeLs CqYÙfl œfl° J≠lTßp˚X.
(G.”.) T—, U’, Y”
œt±V¤LW Y˚LLs
œt±V¤LW G›jßu ÿu]Ùp G›jßu A•lT˚P´p œt±V¤LWj˚R Bfl Y˚LVÙLl ©¨lTo.A˚YVÙY],
1) ˘S•p˘RÙPodœt±V¤LWm : R≤ S•˘X›j˚Rj˘RÙPok’ Y⁄Y’ (G.”.) Bfl, LÙ—
2) E´oj˘RÙPodœt±V¤LWm : E´˘W›j˚Rj˘RÙPok’ Y⁄Y’. (G.”.) YWœ, Y´fl
3. Yu˘RÙPodœt±V¤LWm : Yp≠] G›j˚Rj˘RÙPok’ Y⁄Y’. (G.”.) Th”, ÿj’
4. ˘Uu˘RÙPodœt±V¤LWm : Up≠] G›j˚Rj˘RÙPok’ Y⁄Y’. (G.”.) Neœ, Tk’
5. C˚Pj˘RÙPodœt±V¤LWm : C˚P´]G›j˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ Y⁄Y’. (G.”.) UÙo◊, NÙp◊
6. BnRj˘RÙPodœt±V¤LWm : BnR G›j˚Rj˘RÙPok’ Y⁄Y’. (G.”.) L@—, G@œ
11
R™r Ud-Ls Tdß TW-Y-N-WÙn J›° Yk-
R-]o. Tdß J›d-Lj-˙RÙ-” A˚U-VÙ-’,
ARt-œ Cu-±-V-˚UVÙ A•l-T-˚P-VÙL
C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m. Sp-˘XÙ-›d-Lj-ß-˙X-
Ÿm CYo-Ls U]m Suœ Fu-±
-®-˚Xj-R-’. CRu- ©u-]o Td-Ro-L-fi-
˚PV At-◊-Rd L˚R-L-∞p Æ⁄l-Te-
˘LÙi-”, Ud-L-[-’ CVt-˚Ldœ ˙Ut-
ThP TX CVp-◊-L˚[ U˙]Ù-TÙ-Y-˚]-
-]Ùp £j-ß- d-Lj RÙPe-°-]o. Cf £j-
ß-We-L-fim T⁄m-TÙ-¤m NU-Vf-NÙo◊ Tt-
±-V-]-YÙ-L˙Y A˚Uk-R-]. NU-Vj Rj-’-
Ye-L-˚[-Ÿm CYo-Ls BWÙnf£ ˘Nn-
R-]o. CR-]Ùp, ˘TÙ’l-TP CYo-L-fi-
˚PV BWÙnf-£-´u- Yu˚U Su-œ
EWm-˘T-fl-Y-RÙ-´t-fl. Cq-YÙ-WÙnf£
Yu˚U CYo-Ls CVt-±V E˚W Ëp-L-
∞-¤m ◊Xl-T-”-°u-\-]. NU-Vm Tt-±V TX
’˚\-L-∞-¤m CYo-L-[-’ A±‹ ˘Nu-fl
˘T⁄- U- Vn-ß-V-’. Bß-Ne-L-WÙf-NÙ- -Vo,
c CWÙ-UÙ-÷-_Ùf-NÙ- -Vo ÿR-≠- VÙo CRt-
œf NÙu-\Ù-Yo. Ce-M-]m A±-Æu
˙T˘Wp-˚X˚V A˚PkR ©t-TÙ-” CYo-
L-fi-˚PV NU-Vl-Tt-flf £±-’ £±-RÙ-Ld
œ˚\-Vj ˘RÙPe-°t-fl. Cq-YÙ-fl œ˚\-
Y-Rt-œl ◊X-Yo-Ls CVt-±V ◊WÙ-Qe-L-
fim J⁄ ÿd-°V LÙW-Qm. CYo-L-fi-
˚PV LÆj-Y-ÿm £\l◊ Cu-±, Ußl-©-
Zk-’ Y⁄-Y-RÙ-´t-fl. I˙WÙl-©-Vo YW-Æ-
]Ù-¤m, Af-— Vk-ß-Wl ©W-fNÙ-Wj-ß-]Ù-¤m,
Be-°-Xf ˘Np-YÙd-°-]Ù-¤m ÈoY N¨j-
ßW EQof£ SUd-œ ™œk-R-’. U]Ùh”
A±‹ £±-’ £±-RÙ-Ll TWÆ J⁄ ËR-]-
Nd-ß˚V SUd-œ A∞j-R-’. ÈoY CXd-
°-Ve-L-∞p SU-’ L⁄j-’f ˘Nu-\-’.
J⁄ ◊’ YÙr‹ ®Lr-Y-Rt-œ YÙnl◊ Ht-
Th-P-’.
UeLX YÙrj’C⁄˘T⁄e œWY⁄ ˘UÙ⁄˘T⁄ SÙ[Ùu
UQY¶ LÙQ U°rkR]o U°rk’Ø
VÙ˚] ˘V⁄jRj R¶´˚ZVÙo ˙U≠√C
UÙSLod ∏kRÙo UQm
AqYØ
ÿW£Vm©] ÿ⁄PßokR] T¶Xm ˘Yiœ˚P
AW˘N›kRÙo T•˘V›kR]
YL¤iUeLX Y¶˘V›kR’
UÙ˚XRÙr ˘Nu≤ Y´WU¶j ÁQLj’
øX ÆRÙ]j’ ®jßXlÈm TkRod∏r
YÙÚo UßVg NLP˚QV YÙ]j’f
NÙ≠ ˘VÙ⁄¡u \˚LVÙ˚[d ˙LÙYXu
UÙÿ’ TÙolTÙu U˚\YØ LÙh•Pj
æYXg ˘NnY’ LÙiTÙoL ˙QÙu˘Tu˚]
Æ˚W´]o UX¨]o Æ[eœ ˙U≤Vo
E˚W´]o TÙh•] ˘WÙ£kR ˙SÙd°]o
NÙkß]o ◊˚L´]o RVeœ ˙LÙ˚RVo
Æ[d°]o LXjß]o ƨkR TÙ≠˚L
ÿ˚[dœP ®˚W´]o ÿ°rjR ÍWXo
˙TÙ˘RÙ” ƨ·kRt ˘TÙX]fle ˘LÙ•Vu]Ùo
LÙRXt ©¨VÙUt LY‹d˚L ˘O°ZÙUp
æRfl ˘L]˙Yjßf £uUXo ˘LÙ”ÁÆ
AeL ‘X° ]⁄kRß Vu]Ù˚[
UeLX SpXU∞ ˙Vt±]o
(£XlTßLÙWm ˛ 1 : 1 : 41 ˛ 64)
12
Ck®˚X˙V ˙R£V‹-Qof£ Sm˚U Bh-˘LÙi-P-’.
TÙW-ß- u TÙPp-Ls Cj R£-V-‹-Qof-£- Vl TÙe-°- VZf
˘Nn-R-]. SU-’ SÙ”m CXd-°-V-ÿm Ei-˚U-´-˙X˙V Ufl
-U-Xof£ A˚Pk-R-]. CkR Ufl-U-Xof-£-´p TÙW-ß, ˙R£-L
-Æ-SÙ-V-Lm ©s˚[ ÿR-≠-˙VÙ-W-’ LÆ-L-fim, £X Æg-OÙ]
Ëp-L-fim Tt-TX YN] Ëp-L-fim ˙RÙu± AZ-œ-˘Nn-°u-
\-]. SÙh-”l Tt-flm Æg-OÙ] Bo-Y-ÿm R™-Zo-Ls Ti-
TÙh-•u ÿd-°V Am-Ne-L-[ÙL Cl-˙TÙ-’ A˚Uk-’s-[-[-].
Ru-≤-Vp◊ ˘LPÙ-’, LÙX-L-ß-˙VÙ-” Jj-’ C≤-’ ˘Np-
Y-’-RÙu Cl Ti-TÙh-•u CVt- L. CkR CVt- Ld-œ UÙ\ÙL
SÙm ÿVu-\Ùp A’ TVu-T-”-UÙ?
CXd-°-Vj-ßu YØ-VÙ-L-‹m, ˘UÙØ-´u YØ-VÙ-L-‹m,
R™r-Ud-L-fi-˚PV Ti-TÙ-” TX-Y-˚L-´-¤m ß⁄kß ˙Um-TÙ-
”t-flf NØj-’ Yk-ß-⁄l-T-’ Ut-·-±-V-Yt-\Ùp Æ[e-œm.
˛ Gv. ˚YVÙ-◊-¨l-©s˚[
Gv. ˚YVÙ◊¨l©s˚[ (1891 ˛ 1956)
ß⁄˘Sp˙Y≠˚Vf NÙokRYo. £\kR BWÙnf£VÙ[WÙ] CYo NeL
CXd°Vm ÿ›˚UŸm Tßl©jRYo, ˘Nu˚]l TpL˚XdLZLjßp
‘R™r ˛ ˘Xd≥Lu’ Gu\ ALWÙßj ˘RÙœl◊L∞u
TßlTÙ£¨VWÙL‹m, TpL˚XdLZLj R™ZÙWÙnf£j ’˚\jR˚XYWÙL‹m
T¶VÙt±j R™›X°tœl T⁄˚U NojRYo, R™rf—PoU¶Ls, R™Zo TiTÙ”,
R™Øu UflUXof£, LÙÆVLÙXm, CXd°Vf £kR˚]Ls ˙TÙu\ TX ËpL˚[
G›ßŸs[Ùo. CdLh”˚W R™Zo TiTÙ” Gu\ Ë≠≠⁄k’ G”dLlTh”s[’.
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
s ‘R™Zo SÙL¨Lm Auflm Cuflm’ G‡m R˚Xl©p œ›ÆYÙRm SPjßd
œ±l◊j RVÙo ˘NnL.
s L≠j˘RÙ˚L œ±l©”m TiTÙh”d ·flL˚[d LXk’˚WVÙ•j ˘RÙœj’
G›’L.
s ◊’U˚] ◊œÆZÙ, œZk˚Rdœl TVo „h” ÆZÙ, ß⁄UQÆZÙ C’ TÙu\
UeLXÆZÙdL∞p LÙQXÙœm TiTÙh”d ·flL˚[j ˘RÙœdL.
13
CkßW ÆZÙCkßW ÆZÙCkßW ÆZÙCkßW ÆZÙCkßW ÆZÙ
EXLk ߨVÙ ˙YÙeœVo Æ›f∫ol
TXo◊Lr ÍÁol Ti◊˙Um TºCV
KeœVo UXVj R⁄kRY ‡˚WlTj
Áe˘L´ ˘X±kR ˘RÙ•j˙RÙh ˘Nm©Vu
ÆiQYo R˚XY˚] YQe°ÿu ≤ufl
UiQLj ˘Ru\u YÙuTß Ru‡s
˙U˙XÙo Æ˚ZV ÆZÙd˙LÙ ˘[”jR
SÙ˙Xr SÙ∞‡ Su°≤ ’˚\˘L]
AUWo R˚XY ]ÙeL’ ˙SokR’
LYWÙd ˙LsÆ˙VÙo LPYÙ WÙL≠u
˘Unjß\m YZdœ Su˘TÙ⁄s ≈˘P‡m
Cjß\k RjR ™Vp©≤t LÙh”m
NUVd LQdL⁄k Rk’˚\ ˙TÙ°V
AUVd LQdL⁄ ULXÙ WÙ°d
LWk’⁄ ˘YnßV LP‹ [Ù[⁄m
TWk˘RÙ⁄e ∏i•V TÙ˚P UÙdLfim
Im˘T⁄e œ›‹ ˘Ui˙T WÙVÿm
Yk˘RÙ⁄eœ œ∆C YÙuTß Ru‡h
˘LÙ•j˙Roj RÙ˚]d ˘LÙt\Yu flVWm
Æ”jR ÈRm ÆZÙd˙LÙi U\l©u
U•jR ˘NqYÙn Yp˘X´ ±XeL
C•dœWu ÿZdLj ß”m˚T ˘Nnß”m
˘RÙ”jR TÙNj’j ˘RÙpTß SWL˚Wl
◊˚Pj’‘m ÈRÿm TÙ⁄kRÙ RÙ´”m
UÙ´⁄ OÙXj RW—R˚X ¬i”m
B´We Li˙QÙu ÆZÙdLÙp ˘LÙs˘L]
Yf£Wd ˙LÙhPj’ UQe˘L› ÿWNm
Lf˚N VÙ˚]l ©PojR˚X ˙Vt±
R™Z⁄m AYoRmLÆu L˚XLfim
L˚XL∞p £XYt˚\d LÆuL˚XLs G]
YZeœY’ UW◊.
Be°Xjßp ‘Fine Arts’ Gufl CYt˚\
YZeœYRÙp £Xo CYt˚\ ÷iL˚XLs
G] G›ß Ykß⁄d°u\]o. ‘Fine’
G]lT”m Be°Xf ˘NÙp Ck®˚X´p
÷hTj˚Rd œ±VÙ’ AZ˚LŸm
Án˚U˚VŸ˙U ÿR≠p œ±d°u\’.
©˘Wg— ˘UÙØ´p ‘less beaux arts’ Guflm,
CjRÙ≠V ˘UÙØ´p ‘Parti belle’ Guflm
·\l˘Tflm Cl˘TÙ⁄˚[j R™r ˘UÙØ´p
LÆu L˚XLs Gufl YZeœY’ NÙX‹m
˘TÙ⁄k’m. TÙh•¤m C˚N´¤m,
£tTjߤm JÆVjߤm ·jߤm H˚]V
’˚\L∞¤m G∞ßp AZœ ˙RÙuflRtœj
’˚Qd LÙWQeLs ’˚QVÙ°u\].
TœjR±Ÿm CuTj’Pu CYt±uLi
÷Lof£´u ÁV A‡TYjßt˙LÙ
Gp˚X´p˚X. G]˙Y, CYt˚\f
£\lTÙLd LÆu L˚XLs G]l ˘TV¨h”l
˙TÙt±l TV˘]nß Y⁄°u˙\Ùm.
˛ R≤SÙVL A•Ls
14
Htfl¨ ˙TÙojR Æ•Ÿfl ÿZd°t
·tfldLi Æ∞dœe œ⁄ß ˙Yh˚L
ÿW—L•l ©·E ÿ’dœ•l ©\k˙RÙu
ß⁄Æ˚Z ÍÁo YÙr˘Lu ˙\jß
YÙ]ÿm UÙ¨ TÙØL Uu]Yu
˙LÙ¶˚X ߨVÙd ˙LÙ˙XÙ ]ÙœL
æYLf NÙkß ˘NnR⁄ Su]Ùs
B´We Li˙QÙu \u˙]Ù PÙeœ[
SÙp˙Yfl ˙RY⁄ SXjRœ £\l©t
TÙp˙Yfl ˙RY⁄ ™lTßl TPok’
Uu]u L¨LÙp Y[Y…e °VSÙs
CkSLo ˙TÙpY˙RÙ ¨Vp©] RÙ°l
˘TÙu]Lo Y±RÙl ˙TÙ’Y ˘WuT’
˘RÙu≤˚X ŸQok˙RÙo ’¶˘TÙ⁄ [ÙR≠t
˙\ÙWQ ≈ߟk ˙RÙUfl ˙LÙh•Ÿm
ÈWQ œmTÿm TÙXmTÙ ≠˚LLfim
TÙ˚Y Æ[dœm TX‹Pu TWl◊™u
LÙndœ˚Xd Lÿœm YÙ˚ZŸm Yg£Ÿm
Èd˘LÙ• Yp≠Ÿe L⁄m◊m S”™u
Tjß ˙Yß˚Ll T—m˘TÙt ÒQj’
ÿj’j RÙU ÿ˚\˘VÙ” SÙtfl™u
ÆZ‹U≠ ÍÁo ≈ߟ Uu\ÿm
TZUQu UÙtfl™u ◊’UQt TWl◊™u
LR≠˚Ld ˘LÙ•Ÿe LÙÔufl Æ˙XÙRÿm
UR˚X UÙPÿm YÙ´¤g ˙Noj’™u
÷RpÆØ SÙhPj ß˚\˙VÙu ÿRXÙl
R≤SÙVL A•Ls (1913 ˛ 1980)
CYo VÙrlTÙQjßpYÙrkR R™r A±Oo.EXLj R™ZÙWÙnf£d
LZLm ˙RÙuflYRtœdLÙWQUÙL C⁄kRYo.
U˙X£VÙÆpÿRuÿRXÙL EXLj
R™rUÙSÙh˚P SPjßjR™Zdœl ˘T⁄˚U ˙NojRYo. R™rl
TiTÙ”, R™r˘UÙØ, CXd°VmEXL˘Ueœm BWÙnYRtœj
’˚QVÙœm Y˚L´p Be°Xjßp“Tamil Culture” (R™rlTiTÙ”) Gu\
ÿjßeLs CR˚Z SPjßVYo. ClTœßR™rj Á’ ˛ Lh”˚Wd ˘LÙj’ Gu\
Ë≠≠⁄k’ G”dLlTh”s[’.
15
TßYÙr N’dLj’j ˘RnY¡ \ÙL
˙Yfl˙Yfl £\l©u ˙Yfl˙Yfl ˘NnÆ˚]
B\± UW© ]±k˙RÙo ˘NnŸ™u
RiUQt TkR⁄k RÙrR⁄ TÙß´¤m
◊i¶V Sp¤˚W V±≈o ˘TÙ⁄k’™u
Jh•V NUVj ’fl˘TÙ⁄s YÙßLs
Th• UiPTj’l TÙeL±k ˙Rfl™u
Tt\Ù UÙdL PmÿP ]Ù´‡m
˘Nt\ÿe LXÙÿg ˘NnVÙ RL¤™u
˘YiUQt œu\ÿm ƨÈg ˙NÙ˚XŸm
RiUQt fl⁄jߟk RÙrÈk ’˚\Lfim
˙RY⁄ UdLfi ˘UÙj’Pu ±¨R⁄m
SÙ˙Xr SÙ∞‡ SuL±k æ˘W]
J∞flYÙi U\Y⁄k ˙R⁄ UÙ‹m
L∞flg „rRWd LiÿW £Vm©l
T£Ÿm ©¶Ÿm T˚LŸ øe°
Y£Ÿm Y[‡g —Wd˘L] YÙrjß
A¶ÆZÙ Y˚\kR] ]LSLo U⁄e˘Lu.
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
s CkßWÆZÙ ˙TÙufl øÆo Li”L∞jR H˙R‡m ÆZÙ œ±j’ Æ[dLd œ±l◊
G›’L.
s CkßWÆZÙÆu ˙TÙ’ LÙƨlÈmTh•]m AXeL¨dLlTh•⁄kR ÆRj˚R
A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” Y⁄Q˚]d œ±l◊ G›’L.
EY˚UV¶Ju˚\ ARu Ru˚U ˘LÙiPUt˘\Ùu˙\Ù” Jl©h”d ·flY’EY˚U G]lT”m. EY˚U´pEYUÙ]m, EY˙UVm G] C⁄TœßLs A˚UŸm. G’EY™dLlT”°\˙RÙ A’ EY˙UVm;GR‡Pu EY™dLlT”°\˙RÙ A’EYUÙ]m. EY˙UVj˚RŸmEYUÙ]j˚RŸm C˚QdLAYt±u C˚P˙V J⁄ C˚Ql◊f˘NÙp CPm˘Tflm. C’ EY˚UE⁄◊ G]lT”m. ˙TÙX, Au],JlT, ◊˚WV, UÙ] ˙TÙu\˚Y £XEYU E⁄◊Ls."TÙp ˙TÙu\ ®XÙ' GuTßpTÙp ˛ EYUÙ]m; ®XÙ ˛ EY˙UVm;˙TÙu\ ˛ EY˚U E⁄◊.EY˚UŸm Ko CXd°V A¶VÙœm.
˛ U¶˙UL˚X ˛ ÆZÙY˚\d LÙ˚R
16
VÙWPÙ ˘Yi-U¶VÙWPÙ ˘Yi-U¶VÙWPÙ ˘Yi-U¶VÙWPÙ ˘Yi-U¶VÙWPÙ ˘Yi-U¶Á¶˙X SW-£mUÙ...Á¶˙X SW-£mUÙ...Á¶˙X SW-£mUÙ...Á¶˙X SW-£mUÙ...Á¶˙X SW-£mUÙ...
ÿkß ÿR-XÙL...
R™r ®Lrj-’-L-˚X-L-∞u UÙ˘T-⁄m A˚P-VÙ-[m
˘R⁄d-·j-’. B]Ùp Cd-L˚X Cu-fl AØ-Æu Æ∞m-©p
Es-[’. ˘R⁄d-·j-’d-L˚X Y[of-£˚V ˙SÙd-°j-RÙu
˙TÙnd-˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°-\-’. Íu-fl _UÙj-’-Ls Es[ CPe
-L-∞p Cufl Im-T-ßt-œm ˙Ut-ThP _UÙj-’-Ls Es-[-].
""˘R⁄d-·j-’'' Gu\ ˘NÙp ˘LÙf-˚N-VÙL Es-[-’. CR-˚]d
""Lh-˚Pd-·j-’'' Gu˙\ A˚Zd-L-XÙm. ˘R⁄d-·j-’ YÙj-ß-
VÙo-Ls Hd-Lo LQd-°p ÆY-NÙV ®Xe-L˚[ ˚Yj-’s-[Ùo-
Ls. S•-Lo-L-[ÙL Es[ SÙe-Ls RÙu S≠k-ß-⁄d-°- \Ùm. S≠k-
˙RÙ-⁄d-LÙ] ˘Tu-`u-·P Ge-L-fid-œd °˚Pl-T-ßp˚X.
...C≤ U˚\kR R⁄d-·j-’d L˚X-Oo ◊¨˚N Li-Ql-
Tj Rm-©-WÙ-≤u ULu Nm-Tk-R-≤u YÙoj-˚R-Ls. . .
Gj-R-˚] R˚X-ÿ-˚\-VÙ-Lj ˘R⁄d-·j˚R ®Lrj-
’-°-»o-Ls?
BWm-Tj-ßp RÙjRÙ ≈WÙ-NÙ™ Rm-©-WÙu, CWÙ-LY Rm-©-
WÙu, S˙P-Nj-Rm-©-WÙu A”j-’ AlTÙ Li-Ql-Tj
-Rm-©-WÙu. Cl-˘TÙ-›-’ SÙu (Nm-Tk-Rj Rm-©-WÙu)
Gu-fl Ik-’ R˚X-ÿ-˚\-L-[Ù-Lj ˘RÙPok-’ ˘R⁄d-
·j˚R SPj-ßd ˘LÙi-” Y⁄-°-˙\Ùm. œ”mTj˚Rl
˘TÙfljR Y˚W-´p G]d-L-”j-’ ˙Yfl VÙ⁄˙U °˚P-
VÙ-’. LÙW-Qm G]d-œl ˘Ti ©s-˚[-Ls RÙu.
Bi ©s˚[ °˚P-VÙ-’. GRt-LÙL C˚Rf ˘NÙp-°-
˙\u Gu-\Ùp ""˘R⁄d-·j-’ Gu-T-’ Bi-L-[Ùp
Uh-”˙U ®Lrj-Rl-T-”-Y-RÙ-œm'' . ˘R⁄d-·j-ßp
˘Ti-Ls S•l-T-ßp˚X Gu-T-’ A±kR ˘Nn-ß.
Bi-L˙[ ˘Ti ˙YPe-L˚[ Ht-fl S•l-TÙo-Ls.
˘R⁄d-·j˚R ÿ›- S-Wj RÙØ-XÙ-Ld LÙs-
Y-Rt-œ ÿu Gk-Rj RÙØ-≠p D”-Th-•-⁄k-RÙo-Ls?
RÙjRÙ ≈WÙ-NÙ™ Rm-©-WÙu ˘R⁄d-·j-ßt-œ ÿu
ÆY-NÙ-Vj-ßp C⁄k-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùo. Al-◊-\m TÙ˚Yd-·j-’
◊¨˚N NmTkR Rm©WÙu
17
SPj-ß-Ÿs-[Ùo. ARt-œl ©u-RÙu ˘R⁄d-·j-ßt-œ Yk-ß-⁄d-°-
\Ùo. ≈WÙ-NÙ™ RÙj-RÙ-‹d-œl ©u-]Ùp Yk-R-Yo-Ls R⁄d-·j˚R
Uh-”˙U G”j-’d- LÙi-PÙo-Ls.
øe-Ls ®Lrj-’m R⁄d-·j-ßu Y•-Ym Ee-Ls ÿu-
˙]Ùo ®Lrj-ßV Y•-Ym ˙TÙX˙Y C⁄d-°-\RÙ Ap-X-’
UÙt-\e-Ls ®Lrk-’s-[-RÙ?
Y•-Y- Up-XÙm Ju-\Ù-Lj-RÙu C⁄d-°-\-’. Cßp GkR UÙt-
\ÿm Cp- X. B]Ùp E˚P AXe-LÙ-We-L-∞p
˘LÙg-Nm Æj-ß-VÙ-Ne-Ls Ht-Th-•-⁄d-°u-\-].
Cl˙TÙ LXo ’¶-´X TÙYÙ-Pu-‡ Ju-fl
˙TÙ”˙\Ùm. ÿu-]o NÙVm ˙RÙnj-’ ˙TÙ”-
YÙe-L. CRÙu Æj-ß-VÙ-Nm. A˙R TÙX UÙo◊l
TRd-Lj˚R Cl˙TÙ ’¶-VÙ-X˙V Rf-£d-°- \Ùm.
B]Ù, ÿu-]-˘Vp-XÙm UWj-RÙ-XÙ] Lh-˚P-´-
X-RÙu UÙo◊l TRd-Lm C⁄d-œm. A˙R-˙TÙp
◊_m, ÿ• C˘Rp-XÙm ’¶-´p U¶-L˚[
˚Yj-’j ˘Rf£ B¶-´p A•j-ß-⁄l-TÙo-Ls.
A”j-’ J⁄ LÙX Lh-Pj-ßp Li-QÙ-•-VÙL C⁄k-
R-’. Al-◊-\m ¥°]Ù TÙPl-Th-•-⁄k-R-’. B]Ùp,
Cl-˙TÙ-’m SÙe-Ls Li-QÙ-•-´-˙X-˙V-RÙu
˙TÙh-•-⁄d-°-˙\Ùm. Cm-UÙ-ß-¨-VÙ] UÙt-\e-Ls
Ht-Th-•-⁄d-°u-\-].
˘R⁄d-·j-ßt-œ Ee-L-∞u Te-L-∞l-TÙL
˛ ˙Nod-˚L-VÙL G˚Rf ˘NÙp-X-XÙm?
SÙe-Ls ◊’-NÙL G˚R-Ÿm ˙Nod-L-Æp-˚X.
E˚P AXe-LÙ-Wm Uh-”m-RÙu. Al-◊-\m L˚R˚V
˙Yi-”-UÙ-]Ùp UÙt-±-´-⁄l-˙TÙm. ARÙ-Y-’
Ge-Ls TWm-T-˚W-´p ULÙ-TÙ-W-Rd ·j˚R Uh-
”m-RÙu SPj-ßd-˘LÙi-•-⁄k-RÙo-Ls. SÙe-Ls
CWÙ-UÙ-V-Qd ·j-˚R-Ÿm SPj-ß-´-⁄d-°-˙\Ùm.
A”j-’ ˘R]Ù-≠-WÙ-Uu L˚R-˚V-Ÿm ·j-RÙL
®Lrj-ß- -⁄d-°- \Ùm. Al-◊-\m _o-Uu SÙh-•-
‡- PV NÙodNo-°p, LÙXm-©VÙ‹˚PV £fl-L- R.
LÙ@-©-≠-TÙod˚N; ˘T¨V C\-œ-˚PV Y˙VÙ-ßL
U≤-Ru Gu-fl R™-Øp ˘Nn-˙RÙm. Aßp TÙh-
˘Pp-XÙm Al-TÙ-‹- P-V-’. CVd-Lm Uh-”m SÙu
Ti-¶- ]u.
J´XÙhPm
J´XÙhPm GuT’ BiLsœ›YÙL C˚Qk’ B”mBhPUÙœm. œ›Æ]o GpXÙ⁄mJ˙W ®\jßp R˚XdLh”m˚Ldœh˚PŸm ˘LÙi” Æ[eœ-Y-RÙLCdL˚X ®LrjRlT”°\’.
CdL˚X Bi˚Uj Ru˚U˘Y∞lT”m AP‹L˚[d ˘LÙiPBhPUÙL Es[’ Gufl˘RÙØpÿ˚\VÙL CdL˚X˚V®Lrj’˙YÙo ·fl°u\]o. J´pGu\ ˘NÙp AXeLÙWm, JnVÙWm,AZœ, NÙVp G]l ˘TÙ⁄s R⁄°\’.G]˙Y J´XÙhPm GuTRu ˘TÙ⁄sAZœs[ BhPm GuTRÙœm.
CdL˚X ˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙÆu˙TÙ’m ˘TÙ’ ®Lrf£L∞¤m®LrjRlT”°\’.
CdL˚X R™rSÙh•p ß⁄˘Sp˙Y≠UÙYhPjßp E˚PVÙoTh•,BXeœ[m YhPjßp CWRÿ˚PVÙoœ[m, ◊∞VmTh•, ˘Sp˚X Nkßl◊˙TÙu\ TœßL∞¤m U’˚WdœYP°Zd˙L AZLo˙LÙ´≠u A⁄˙LY˚XVlTh• °WÙUjߤm, ß⁄f£,˙LÙVm◊jÁo B°V CPeL∞¤m®LrjRlT”°\’. CXe˚L´¤mCdL˚X S˚P˘Tfl°\’.
18
Re-L-∞u ˘R⁄d-·j-’ TÙ¶ œ±j-’?
·j-ßp YPd-Ljßl TÙ¶, Rt-Ljßl TÙ¶
Gu-fl CWi-” Es-[-’. Ge-L-fi- P-V-’ YPd-Ljßl
TÙ¶. YPd-Ljßl TÙ¶-VÙL C⁄k-RÙ-¤m Ge-L-
fi-˚PV œ› Uh-”m R≤-VÙ-L˙Y ˘R¨-Ÿm. LÙW-
Qm Ak-Rd LÙXj-ß-≠-⁄k˙R Ge-Ls œ›-Æt-
˘Lu˙\ J⁄ R≤-VÙ] ®˚X-´˚] LRÙ-£-¨-Vo-
Ls A˚Uj-’d ˘LÙ”j-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls. Cl-T-•f
˘NÙp-X-XÙm: Ut-\d L˚X-Oo-Ls Ge-Ls œ›-
Æp ˙Nok-RÙp AYo-L-[Ùp Ge-Ls A[-‹d-œ
D”-˘LÙ-”dL ÿ•-VÙ-’. ARÙ-Y-’, TÙh-”l TÙ”
-Y-’ ÿRp AP-‹-Ls- TÙh-” B”-Rp Y˚Wd-œm
Æj-ß-VÙ-N-UÙL C⁄d-œm. ARÙu YPd-Ljßl
TÙ¶-´-˙X˙V Ge-L-fi-˚P-V-’ Nt-fl Æj-ß-VÙ-N-
UÙL C⁄d-œm Gu-˙\u.
S≈] SÙP-Lj-ß-]Ùp ·j-ßp Ht-ThP
UÙt-\m Ap-X-’ ·j-ßt-LÙ] TVu Gu-]?
ARÙ-Y-’, AlTÙ NÙp-≠d LÙ”jR T´t£
ÿ˚\d-œm Cl-˘TÙ-›-’ SÙu ˘NÙp-≠d-˘LÙ-”d-
œm T´t£ ÿ˚\d-œm Yfl-TÙ-” C⁄d-°-\-’. Cl-
˘TÙ-›-’ Gl-T-• —X-T-UÙ-Ld Lt-flj RW-XÙm...? Gu-
T˙R S≈] SÙP-Lj-ßu ÍXm G]d-œ Ht-ThP
RÙd-Lm Gu-flm ˘NÙp-X-XÙm. ARÙ-Y-’ ÿu◊
°±d° A•d-L-‘m]Ù Gu-] Ti-‘-YÙe-L. Ge-
Ld œ›-‹X YRÙ-N-Xm-‡ J⁄ YÙj-ß-VÙ-⁄ C⁄k-
RÙ-⁄. AY-⁄ G]d-œ œ⁄ UÙß-¨. AY-⁄ ˙YL-
˙Y-LUÙ °±d° A•f£ A•f£ ˘NÙp-≠d
˘LÙ”l-TÙ-⁄. B]Ù, SÙu ClT NÙp-≠d LÙ”d-
œm TÙ’, Gl-T-•d LÙX Yd-L-‘m Gl-T-• YfNÙ YLUÙ
°±d° A•d-L-XÙm-‡ ˘NÙp-≠j-Ro-˙\u. C’ S≈] SÙP-Lj-
˙RÙP RÙd-Lm-RÙu. A˙R- TÙX S≈] SÙP-Lj-˙RÙP Gp-XÙj-
RÙd-L-ÿm C⁄d-œ Gu-fl ˘NÙpX ÿ•-VÙ-’.
˘R⁄d-·j˚Rd Lh-˚Pd-·j-’ Gu-°-\Ùo-L-˙[?
Cp- X; Lh- Pd-·j-’ Cp- X. R⁄d-·j-’ RÙu. £Xo
Lh- Pd-·j-’ Gu-fl NÙp-°-\Ùo-Ls. B]Ùp Al-T-•f NÙp-
BhPdLÙWoLs Ik˚Rk’ ˙TWÙL C⁄Y¨˚N´p ®ufl ˘UÙjRm Tj’ ˙To
ApX’ Tu≤Wi” ÿRp C⁄T’ ˙ToG] CdL˚X˚V ®Lrj’°u\]o.
CdL˚X´p ˘TiLs Te˙LtTßp˚X.TÙo˚YVÙ[oL[ÙL˙Y Es[]o.
YÙnlTœß ˙RÙXÙp LhPlThP œPm(TÙ˚]jRÙ[m), RÆp, £e°, ˙PÙXd
˙TÙu\ C˚NdL⁄ÆLsTVuT”jRlT”°u\]. L˚XOoLs
LÙ≠p Lh•V LfNm G]lT”mNXe˚LŸm C˚N˚Vj R⁄°\’.
J´XÙhPl TÙPpL˚[l TÙ”TYoLfidœBPj ˘R¨kß⁄dL ˙Yi”m Gu\
AY£Vm Cp˚X. ÿu◊ J´XÙhPjßp"Rl◊' Gu\ C˚NdL⁄ÆŸm
TVuT”jRlThP’. Cl˙TÙ’ ARtœlTßXÙL TÙ˚]jRÙ[m C˚NdLlT”°\’.
CjRÙ[ J≠Lfidœd Lh”lTÙh˚PYZeœY’ £e°VÙœm.
19
¤-T-Yo-L-∞u Al-TÙ, RÙjRÙ Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m ˘R⁄d-
·j-’ Gu-flRÙu NÙp-≠- -⁄l-TÙo-Ls. Bß-LÙ-Xj-
ß-≠-⁄k˙R GeL Al-TÙ, AY-⁄-˚PV AlTÙ
AY-⁄-˚PV AlTÙ. ARÙ-Y-’, TÙh-Pu ÿl-TÙh-
Pu LÙXj-ß-≠-⁄k˙R CRt-œj ˘R⁄d-·j-’ Gu-T-
’-RÙu TVo. Cu- \d-œj R⁄d-·j˚R SÙP-Lm,
•WÙ-UÙ, Lh-˚Pd-·j-’ Gu-fl ˘NÙu-]Ù-¤m Bß-
ÿ-R-≠-⁄k˙R CRt-œj ˘R⁄d-·j-’ Gu-T-’-RÙu
˘TV-WÙL Es-[-’.
Ee-Ls œ›-Æt-LÙ] ·j-’l ©W-ß˚V
VÙo E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-’?
SÙe-Ls TWm-T˚W TWm-T- W-VÙL ULÙ-TÙ-W-Rd ·j˚R SPj-
ßd-˘LÙi-” Y⁄-°-˙\Ùm. Ce˙L ˘Ne-LÙh-•p ß⁄-˙Ye-LP
WU-Qu Gu-fl J⁄ LRÙ-£-¨-Vo C⁄k-RÙo. AY-¨-Pm SÙ‡m
Al-TÙ-‹m Nu-fl Uh-”d-L-˚[f NÙp-¤-˙YÙm. ARÙ-Y-’,
CWÙ-UÙ-V-Qm Gu-fl ˚Yj-’d-˘LÙi-PÙp, Ck-ß-W-¥j L˚R
Gl-T-• BWm-©dL Yi-”m. Gl-T-• ÿ•dL Yi-”m Gu-
T˚R SÙe-L˙[ ˘NÙp-≠-Æ-”-˙YÙm. AY-⁄m SÙe-Ls ˘NÙu-
]˚R Yj-’d- LÙi-” TÙPp-L˚[ G›-ßd- LÙ-”l-TÙo. Cl-
T-•j-RÙu SÙe-Ls ©W-ß-L- [d LÙi-” Y⁄- YÙm. 1985-Cp
CWÙ-UÙ-V-Qd L˚R˚V G›-ß-˙]Ùm. A”j-’ TÙW-ß-VÙ-¨u
TÙg-NÙ≠ NT-Rj˚R G›-ß-˙]Ùm. A˙R-˙TÙp _]Ùoj-R-]u
Gu-fl J⁄ LRÙ-£-¨-Vo CWi-” L˚R-L˚[ G›-ßd ˘LÙ”j-
RÙo. Cl-T-•-VÙ-Ld LRÙ-£-¨-Vo-Ls TÙPp-L˚[ G›-ß-jR-⁄-YÙo-
Ls. ˘Uh-˘Pp-XÙm SÙe-L˙[ ˘NÙp-¤-˙YÙm. Cl-˘TÙ-›-’
Ak-Rl TÙPp-L-∞u ÿ› E¨-˚U-˚V-Ÿm SÙe-L˙[ YÙe-°-
Æh-˙PÙm. Æ˚W-Æp ËXÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-” YWl-˙TÙ-°-˙\Ùm.
·j-ßp TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”m B˚P BT-W-Qe-L-fim
˘TV-⁄m ÿL Jl-T-˚]d-LÙ] Yi-Qe-L-fim Gu-
˘]u]?
°√-Pm, ◊_m, Th-Pm, ÿj-’f-N-Wm, LÙ’d-Lh-˚P,
Lu]l È, ¡˚N, YÙd-œ-UÙ-˚X, Ro-TÙo, UÙo-◊l-T-Rd-Lm,
˚LdLh”, TÙYÙ-˚P, Noh, ˙Tih, LÙp Th-˚P C˚Y
VÙ‹m B˚P BT-W-Qe-Ls. ÿL Jl-T-˚]-´u Yi-Qe-
Ls Gufl TÙod-œm˘TÙ›-’ ÿj-’ ˘Ys-˚[, £Ll-◊, Ug-
Ns, Tf-˚N, øXm, ˘NkÁWm; A”j-’ ˚U. Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu.
Æ˚]ÿtfl
J⁄ Æ˚] ApX’ ˘NV˚X
EQoj’Y’
Æ˚]f˘NÙpXÙœm.
Æ˚]f˘NÙtLs Æ˚]ÿtfl,
Æ˚]˘VfNm, ˘TV˘WfNm G]
Íufl ®˚XL∞p A˚UŸm.
Æ˚]ÿtfl : J⁄ Æ˚]
ApX’ ˘NVp ÿ•‹ ˘Ttfl
Y⁄Y˚Rd œ±dœm ˘NÙp
Æ˚]ÿtfl G]lT”m.
(G.”) TÙ•]Ùs, K•]Ùu,
G›ß]Ùo, Yk˙Ru, B•˙]Ùm,
Lt\ÙoLs.
20
øe-Ls TVu-T-”j-’m Jq- YÙ-⁄ Yi-Qj-ßt-œm R≤j-
R≤ Aoj-Rm Ei-PÙ?
BUÙm Ei-”. Jq-˘YÙu-fld-œm Jq-
˘YÙ-⁄ Aoj-Rm Ei-”. Aof-—-]u Gu-\Ùp
Tf- N; Li-Q-‡d-œ øXm; ¿U-‡d-œd L⁄l◊
Ap-X-’ L⁄m-Tf˚N. Ug-N-fim £Ll-◊m
LXkR ˘Yk-RV Yi-Qm Lo-Q-‘d-œ. Cl-
T-•-VÙL Jq- YÙ-⁄Y⁄d-œm Jq- YÙ-⁄ Yi-
Qm C⁄d-°-\-’. C˙R TÙp Aof-—-]u RT-—
Gu-\Ùp EPp ÿ›-’m ÆÈß ˙TÙh-”d-
˘LÙi-” ˘Ys-˚[-VÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.
˘R⁄d-·j-ßp "˘Ti-˙YP' Jl-T˚]
œ±j-’.
BWm-Tj-ßp Gl-T-• C⁄k-R˙RÙ Al-T-
•j-RÙu Cu-˚\d-œm ˘Ti ˙YPm Jl-
T˚] C⁄d-°-\-’. BWm-Tj-ßp R˚X- p °√-
Pm A¶k-ß-⁄k-RÙo-Ls. Rt-˘TÙ-›˙RÙ Gp-
XÙl ˘Ti-L-˚[l ˙TÙX NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙ-L˙Y
Es-[Ùo-Ls.
·j-ßp Lh-•-Vd-LÙ-W-≤u Ti◊ œ±j-’.
ÿu- Tp-XÙm Lh-•-Vd-LÙ-Wu C’-Y- Wd-
œm (C-”l-◊d-œd ∏r) U•-Lh-•d ˘LÙi”
˙Yh-•-˚Vj RÙo-lTÙnf£ Lh-•d-˘LÙi-”
C⁄l-TÙu. Cl- TÙ-›˙RÙ Tih Noh TÙh-
”d LÙi-” C⁄d-°-\Ùu. AY-‡-˚PV TÙj-
ß-Wm Gu-T-’ Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ S•-L-˚]-Ÿm A±-
ÿ-Ll-T-”j-’-Y-RÙ-œm. A”j-’ Gu] ·j-’,
·j-’ SPd-œm CPm, ·j˚R SPj-’-°\ T -
V-Yo-Ls VÙo VÙo Gu-fl ˘NÙp≠ AYo-L-
˚[-˘Vp-XÙm A±-ÿ-Ll-T-”j-ß, S˚Lf-—-˚Y-VÙL E˚W-VÙ-”-
Y-’ Lh-•-Vd-LÙ-W-≤u Ti-TÙ-œm.
˘R⁄d-·j-ßp TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”m C˚Nd L⁄-Æ-Ls
œ±j’.
BWm-Tj-ßp ˙RÙp L⁄-Æ-Ls C⁄k-R-˘Ru-fl AlTÙ
˘NÙp-¤-YÙo. ARÙ-Y-’ —⁄ß Ll- Th-• Cl- TÙ-›-’ Bo-
Æp¤lTÙh”
˙TÙod L⁄ÆLfis Ju\Ù] Æp ˙TÙu\C˚NdL⁄ÆVÙp ®LrjRlT”m L˚X
Æp¤lTÙh”. Æp˚X C˚Nj’d ˘LÙi”SÙhPÙo ˘RnYd L˚RL˚[ Æp¤lTÙh”dL˚XOo C˚NŸPu TÙ• Æ[dLm R⁄YÙo.
’˚Qd L˚XOoLfim ReLsC˚NdL⁄ÆL˚[ ¡h•j R˚X˚Ud
L˚XO¨u TÙh”dœl ©uTÙh”l TÙ”Yo.
Æp≠˚N´u ˙RÙt\m œ±j’BWÙnkRYoLs ˘LÙp¤m BŸRUÙ]
Æp˙X C˚NdL⁄ÆVÙ°V ÆpXÙLUÙ±V’ Guflm, ˙TÙodL[jßp ≈WoLs
L˚[l˚Tj æodL Æp≠u SÙ˚Qj Rh•U°rkR ®˚X˙V Æp≠˚Nd L⁄ÆVÙ]’
Guflm ·fl°u\]o.
21
˙UÙ-≤-Vm (LÙ-≠p ™ßd-°\ ˘TPp), ™⁄-Re-Lm, ˙PÙXd-œ,
ÿL-≈- Q, RÙ[m TÙu-\-]. C˙R ÿL-≈˚Q ßi-•-Y-]m Td-
Lm TÙ]Ùp C⁄d-LÙ-’. H˘]u-\Ùp Ae˙L Rt-Ljßl TÙ¶.
˘Rt-Ljßl TÙ¶- p ÿL≈˚Q- Vl TVu-T-”jR UÙh-PÙo-Ls.
C’-RÙu CWi” TÙ¶-L-fid-œm Es[ ˙Yfl-
TÙ-”. A˙R- TÙp SÙm U˚Pd-œl ©u-]Ù- X˙V
˙Ud-Ll Ï˚U Yj-ß-⁄l-˙TÙm. B]Ùp, AYo-
L˙[Ù (˘Rt-Lj-ß-LÙ-Wo-L-s) ˘LÙg-Nm ÁWUÙ]
CPj-ßp ˙Ud-Ll Ï˚U ˚Yj-ß-⁄l-TÙo-Ls.
·j-ßp Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ˙SWj-ßt-œm Jq-˘YÙ-⁄
WÙLm YW- Yi”m Gu-°\ Y˚W-V˚\ H’m
Es-[-RÙ?
Cl-˘TÙ-›-’, CW-¶V ©W-L-XÙ-Ru Gu-°\
L˚R˚V G”j-’d- LÙi-PÙp, Aßp GkR SWj-
ßp GkR CWÙ-Lm YW-˙Yi-”˙UÙ AkR CWÙ-Lj-
ßp-RÙu LRÙ-£- -Vo G›-ß- -⁄l-TÙo. Cl- TÙ-›-’
ÈTÙ-[m Gu-\Ùp A’ Æ•-Vd-LÙ- Xd-œm Y⁄m
Ni-˚Pd-œm Y⁄m. ˘WÙm-T-‹m NÙk-R-UÙ] „Z-
≠-¤m Y⁄m. ARÙ-Y-’ ©W-L-XÙ-R-˚]l TÙoj-’
""VÙWPÙ . . . EX-Le-Ls A±k-R-Yu T˚Pj-
R-Yu! ˙SWÙL ®flj-’-YÙn ˚UkRÙ . . . B . . .
B . . . C’ LÙTj- RÙ-” TÙ”-°\ ÈTÙ-[m. C˙R-
˙TÙp
VÙWPÙ ˘Yi-U¶ Á¶˙X SW-£mUÙ . . . ''
Gu-T-’m ÈTÙ-[m RÙu. Cl-T-•-Ÿm Gk-˘RkR
˙SWj-ßt-œ Gl-T-• Gl-T-• YW Yi-”m Gu-flm
B£- -Vo G›-ß- -⁄l-TÙo.
øe-Ls R⁄d-·j-’ ®Lrj-’m „Zp-Ls?
˙LÙÆp Æ˙N-`e-L-fid-œm C\k-R-Yo-
L-∞u LÙ¨V NPe-°t-œm SPj-’-°- \Ùm. Cl- TÙ-
›-’ Lp-̨ ÆZÙd-L-∞-¤m A”j’ ˘Y∞-SÙ-”-
L-∞p L˚X-®-Lrf-£-L-∞u- TÙ-’m SPj-’-°- \Ùm.
B]Ùp, R⁄d-·j-ßp °˚Pd-œm Y⁄-UÙ-]m KW-[-Æt-œj-RÙu
˙TÙ’-UÙ-]-RÙL Es-[-’.
CdL⁄j’Lfidœ AWi ˙Nodœm
Y¤YÙ] ©\ NÙuflL˚[
CqY±OoLs RWÆp˚X. "Æp' Gu\
˙TÙodL⁄ÆŸm, CkR C˚NdL⁄ÆŸm
A˚Ul©p Ju\ÙL C⁄lTRÙ¤m,
CWi”m J˙W ˘TV˚Wl
˘Tt±⁄lTRÙ¤m Cmÿ•‹Lfidœ
Y⁄°u\]o Gu˙\ L⁄R ÿ•°\’.
Æp≠˚N˚V E⁄YÙd°VYo 15 Bm
Ët\Ùi•p YÙrkR AWNl ◊XYo
Gufl ˙NÙU˘XŸm, A⁄Rdœh•l
◊XY˙W Gufl ÿ. A⁄QÙNXÿm
·fl°u\]o. CRtœ Y¤YÙ] BRÙWd
L⁄j’Ls H’m Cp˚X.
ÿd·Pp Tsfi, ˘RnYf£˚XVÙo
Æ\≠Æ” Á’ ˙TÙu\ CXd°V
ËpLs Æp≠˚NdL˚X SÙhPÙo
˘RnYd ˙LÙÆpL∞p ®LrjRl
ThP˚Rd œ±l©”°u\]. CkËp
L∞u LÙXj˚Rd ˘LÙi” CR˚]d
°.©. 1550˛Bm Bi”dœ ÿtThP’
G]XÙm.
22
·j-ßp ß˚W-©-•j-R-≠u ˙R˚Y Gu-]?
Jq- YÙ-⁄ ˙YP-ÿm Y⁄m- TÙ-’ ß˚W ©•d-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.
Ak-Rj ß˚Wd-œs S•-Lu R]dœ Æ⁄l-Tl-ThP ˙RY-˚R-
˚V˙VÙ Ap-X’ NÙ™-˚V˙VÙ ®˚]j-’ Nj-R-
UÙ-Ll TÙPp-TÙ-•j Ru-˚]j RÙ˙] RVÙo-T-”j-
ßd-˘LÙs-°-\Ùu. Cl-˘TÙ-›-’ SÙm ‘YÙom-Al’
(warmup) Nn-°- \Ùm Cp- XVÙ? Al-T-•j-RÙu
A’. £X Lm-˘T-≤-L-∞p £±V ’i-” Ap-X-’
PY˚X ˚Yj-’-d·P ß˚W-˙TÙp CWi-” ˙To
©•l-T-’ YZd-Lm.
˘R⁄d-·j-ßp S•-L-⁄d-œm TÙo-˚Y-VÙ-[-⁄d-
œm Es[ E\-‹?
Ge-L-fid-œm TÙo-˚Y-VÙ-[-⁄d-œm ˘S⁄d-L-
UÙ] E\-‹-RÙu. SÙe-Ls TÙo- Y-VÙ-[o-L-∞u S”-
Æp ˙TÙY-’m AYo-Ls ·j-ßt-œs Y⁄-Y-’m
CVp- T. A˙R- TÙp TÙo- Y-VÙ-[o-Ls VÙWÙ-Y’
˘RÙPok-’ ˙T£-]Ùp SÙe-Ls ·j˚R ®flj-ß-
Æh”l TÙol-˙TÙm. AYo-Ls ˙Tf˚N ®flj-ß-
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L-∞p SÙe-Ls HRÙ-Y-’ TÙh˚P Æh-”-Æh-PÙp
AYo-Ls S”-Æp Yk-’, '"VÙmTÙ Nm-Tk-Rm, HmTÙ
Ak-Rl TÙhP ‹h-”hP. ø SÙ¤ Y¨-VÙf-—m TÙ•-
-⁄d-L-‘mTÙ'" Gu-fl E - U-VÙ-Lf NÙp-¤-YÙo-
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˘R⁄d·jßu Cu˚\V ®˚X?
˘R⁄d-·j-’ Su-\ÙL Y[ok-’ ©u-]Ù-∞p
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°-jRÙu TÙn˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°-\-’. A˙R TÙp S•-
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Ls Uu-\j-ßu ÍX-UÙL Ko CPj-ß˚] YÙe-°- -⁄d-°- \Ùm.
C’-Y˚W ˙LÙ´p-L-∞-¤m ≈”-L-∞-¤˙U T´t-£˚V ˙Ut-
ß⁄˘Sp˙Y≠, Lu≤VÙœU¨,
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LÙQlT”m SÙhPÙo ˘RnYd
˙LÙÆpL∞p CdL˚X
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R™ZLjßu ©\ TœßL∞p ˙LÙÆp
NÙWÙR ˙U˚PL∞p Gl˙TÙRÙY’
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ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm, LZd·hPm,
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CPeL∞p Es[ SÙhPÙo ˘RnYd
˙LÙÆpL∞¤m CdL˚X
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23
˘LÙiP SÙe-Ls C≤ CkR CPjßp-RÙu T´t-£˚V ˙Ut-
˘LÙs-˙YÙm. CkR CPm GpXÙ Y˚L-VÙ] L˚Xl T´t-£-L-
fid-œm CP-U-∞d-œm R[-UÙL Æ[e-œm. Rt-˙TÙ-’ ˙TÙßV
˘TÙ⁄-[Ù-RÙW YNß Cp-XÙ-˚U-VÙp ˙YL-UÙL SPkR Lh-P-Pl
T¶-Ls TÙß-´-˙X˙V ®t-°u-\-].
˛ £. ÿj-’-Lk-Ru
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
s ˘R⁄d-·j-’d L˚X-O-⁄-P-]Ù] ˙So-LÙ-Qp ÍX-UÙL øe-Ls A±kR ˘R⁄d-·j-
ßu ÿd-°-Vd ·fl-L-˚[j ˘RÙœd-L.
s ˘RÙœjR L⁄j-’L˚[ A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-” Tj-ß-¨-˚Ld-œ J⁄ R˚X-Ve-Lm
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s øeLs A±kR H˙R‡m J⁄ ®Lrj’d L˚XO⁄Pu SoLÙQp SPj’YRtLÙ]
Æ]Ù®Wp RVÙo ˘NnL.
£. ÿj’LkRu
˘Nu˚]´p 1981˛p ©\kRYo. ThPRÙ¨VÙ] CYo LÆ˚R, £flL˚R,Lh”˚Wj ˘RÙœl◊Ls G] TX ËtL˚[ Bd°Ÿs[Ùo. "˘NkR˚Xdœ⁄Æ' LÙXÙi•RØu B£¨Vo. "°±d°' Ë≠≠⁄k’ ClTÙPlTœßCPm˘Tfl°\’.
24
T˚PV¶T˚PV¶T˚PV¶T˚PV¶T˚PV¶
˙LW[j’d ˙LÙÆpL∞p EtNY LÙXeL∞p SP]
YØTÙPÙL SPjRlT”m J⁄ °WÙ™Vd L˚XY•Ym
T˚PV¶. C’ LW[jߤs[ TX⁄m AßLm TÙojßWÙR
˛ ™L‹m BY¤Pu TÙodL Æ⁄m◊m L˚X
Y•YUÙœm.
˘Yœ AÈoYUÙ] CkRd L˚X Y•Ym,
˙LW[jßp Es[ TjR]kßh˚P, BXl◊˚Z
˙TÙu\ CPeL∞p AßLUÙL‹m; LÙpXm,
˙LÙhPVm ˙TÙu\ UÙYhPeL∞p J⁄£X
CPeL∞¤m ß⁄ÆZÙd LÙXeL∞p SPjRl
T”°\’. T˚PV¶ ®Lrf£ SPjRlT”Y˚R
A±k’ LW[jßu CRW TÙLeL∞p C⁄k’
C˚Rl TÙolTRt˘Lu˙\ TX⁄m Y⁄°\Ùo Ls.
CkRd °WÙ™V SP] YØTÙ” ˙LW[j
ߤs[ TLYß ˙LÙÆpL∞p ®LrjRlT”
°\’. £X ˙LÙÆpL∞p H› SÙhLfim, £X
˙LÙÆpL∞p Tß]Ùfl SÙhLfim, Cu‡m £X
˙LÙÆpL∞p C⁄Tjß Gh” SÙhLfim CkR
SP] YØTÙ” SPd°\’.
T˚PV¶ Gu\Ùp A¶Yœj’f
˘Np¤m T˚P Gufl AojRm. B]Ùp CkRl
T˚PV¶ SP] YØTÙh•p ˙LÙXm Gufl
U˚XVÙ[jßp ·\lT”m J⁄ E⁄Yj˚Rj
Ru R˚X´p T¨V, EVWUÙ] °√Pm TÙufl
A¶k’˘LÙi”, TX BhLs A¶Yœj’l
˙TÙY˚R˙V TÙod°˙\Ùm.
CkRd ‘˙LÙXm’ GuT’, YØT”m RnYj
ßu E⁄Yj˚R Lÿœ(TÙdœ) UWjßu TÙ˚[
L˚[d ˘LÙi” ˘Nn’, ARu˙Up TX Yi
QeL˚[j æh• E⁄YÙdœYRÙœm. LW[jßp
˘Ru˚] UWeL˚[l ˙TÙX˙Y Lÿœ UWe
Lfim AßLm. Aߤm T˚PV¶ SPjRl
T”m CPeL∞p ™L AßLUÙLd LÙQl
A±ÆV¤mL˚XŸm
J⁄ UWj˚Rl TÙoj’ C’ SÙtT’ A•
EVWm Es[’ GuT’ A±ÆVp; C’
YÙ][ÙÆ EVokR’ GuT’ L˚X. J⁄
·hPj˚Rl TÙoj’, C’ H\dœ˚\V
SÙtTRÙ´Wm UdL˚[d ˘LÙiP’ GuT’
A±ÆVp; GsÆZ CPm CpXÙUp ·•V
·hPm GuT’ L˚X.
Es[˚R Es[YÙfl A±ÆdL
ÿVpY’ A±ÆVp. Es[˚R
EQokRYÙfl EQoj’Y’ L˚X. A±‹m
BWÙnf£Ÿm ˘LÙi” Y[oY’ A±ÆVp.
EQof£Ÿm LtT˚]Ÿm ˘LÙi” Y[oY’
L˚X.
25
ÿ. YWRWÙN]Ùo (1912˛1974)
YP BodLÙ” UÙYhPmß⁄lTjÁ¨p ©\kRYo.◊ß]eLs TX T˚Pj’◊ß] CXd°Vl˘T⁄˙YkRWÙLj ßLrkRR™rl ˙TWÙ£¨Vo.CYW’ ALpÆ[dœGu\ Ëp NÙ°jßV ALÙP™ T¨—˘Tt\˚U £\lTÙœm. CYW’ KYf ˘NnßGu\ Ëp CXd°Vj ß\]Ùn‹ ËXÙLl˙TÙt\lT”°\’.
T”m CkRd Lÿœ UWjß≠⁄k’ G”dLlThP
TÙ˚[L[Ùp At◊RUÙ] L˚X Y•YeL˚[j
RVÙ¨d°\ÙoLs. CkRd ˙LÙXeL˚[d Lÿœ
UWjßu TÙ˚[L˚[Ÿm ˘Ru˚] UWjßu
œ⁄j˙RÙ˚XL˚[Ÿm LÙi” RVÙ¨d°\ÙoLs.
ET˙VÙLlT”jRlThP TÙ˚[L∞u Gi¶d
˚L˚Vl ˘TÙflj˙R ˙LÙXjßu A[˚Yd
œ±d°\ÙoLs. ERÙWQUÙL 101 LÙXm Gu\Ùp,
Cßp 101 TÙ˚[Ls ET˙VÙLlT”jRlTh•⁄d
°u\] Gufl AojRm. C˚Y AßLThNUÙL
—UÙo 25 A• EVWm Y˚W ˘NnVlT”°u\].
U˚X´u A˚Ul˚Td œ±dœmT• ÿd˙LÙQ
Y•Yjßp C˚Y ˘NnVlT”°u\].
TjR]kßh˚P U˚XLs ®˚\kR ©W˙RNm
(NT¨U˚Xdœf ˘NpTYoLs TX⁄m TjR]k
ßh˚P YØVÙLf Np°\ÙoLs). BXl◊˚Z´p
LÙpYÙnLfim BflLfim TX Ei”.
CkR CWi” CPeL∞¤m LÙQlT”m
CVt˚L´u Y•YeL˚[ ˛ AZ˚L CkRl
T˚PV¶ YØTÙh•p LÙQXÙm Gu°\ÙoLs
BWÙnf£VÙ[oLs. U˚X´u Ef£´¤m YÙ]j
ߤm ˙RYoLfim, ˘RnYeLfim E˚\YRÙL
SmTlT”°\’. È™´p Y£lTYoLs U≤RoLs.
EVWUÙ] ˙LÙXeLs A¶k’ T˚PV¶
SP]m B”TYo È™´≠⁄k’ YÙ]j˚Rj RÙP
ÿVt£ ˘Nn°\Ùo Guflm YÙ]jߤm U˚X´u
Ef£L∞¤m E˚\Ÿm ˘RnYeL∞u A⁄°p
˘Nufl A‡d°WLm ˘Ttfl Y⁄°\Ùo Guflm
SmTlT”°\’.
ReL˚[ YÙZ˚YlT’m TÙ’LÙlT’m CkR
CVt˚L NdßL˙[ Guflm; AYt±tœ Su±
˘R¨ÆdL˙Y CkRl T˚PV¶ SP] YØTÙ”
Guflm ·fl°\ÙoLs. ˘T⁄mTÙ¤m AflY˚P ÿ•kR’m TX
˙LÙÆpL∞p CkR YØTÙ” SPd°\’.
A±ÆV≠p Ko Ei˚U˚V Æ[dLARtœ Y•Ym Ei”. Ei˚UÆ[e°V ©\œ AkR Y•Ym˙R˚YVtfll ˙TÙ°u\’. L˚X´˙XÙ,EQojRlT”m A‡TYÿm ARtœA˚UkR Y•Yÿm ©¨dL ÿ•VÙR˚Y.
J⁄ÿ˚\ BWÙnk’ A±kR ©\œ,¡i”m A˚R˙V A±Yßp BoYmCpXÙUp ˘NnY’ A±ÆVp.J⁄ÿ˚\ EQokR˚R˙V ß⁄mTjß⁄mT EQok’ Cu◊flUÙflÁi”Y’ L˚X.
A±ÆVp ˘TÙ⁄sL˚[ AYt±uRu˚Udœ HtTd LÙQf ˘Nn°\’.L˚X˙VÙ Al ˘TÙ⁄sLs SmEs[j˙R G›l◊m AZœQof£˚Vd˘LÙi” LÙQf ˘Nn°\’.
CXd°Vjß\u
26
T˚PV¶˚Vl Tt±V ˘RnY Sm©d˚L J⁄◊\m
C⁄dL, LÙXm (E⁄Ym) A¶k’ T˚PV¶ SP]m B”TYo
®Lrj’m SP] A˚N‹Ls, °WÙUeL∞p AflY˚P ÿ•k’,
R˚X´p Lh”dLhPÙL AflY˚P ˘NnR ˘StLßoL˚[f
—Uk’˘LÙi” ˘UpX ˘UpX Aeœm Ceœm NÙnk’
NÙnk’ SPlT˚R ®˚]‹T”j’Y’ TÙX‹m, Cu‡m £X
SP] A˚N‹Ls BXl◊˚Zd LÙVpL∞p J⁄ L˚Z´p
LhPlTh”d LÙQlT”m TPœ Jufl LÙt±p Aeœm Ceœm
A˚NY˚Rl ˙TÙX‹m ˙RÙuflm Guflm LXÙW£LoLs
˘R¨Æd°\ÙoLs. T˚PV¶ SP]j˚Rl Tt± BWÙnf£
˘NnR BWÙnf£VÙ[oLfim CkRd L⁄j˚R EflßlT”j
’°\ÙoLs.
£X⁄dœ CkRd ˙LÙXeL∞u Y•Ym ‘˘RnVm’
˙TÙufl ˙RÙu±]Ù¤m ˘RnVÿm CkRd ˙LÙXeLfim
ÆjßVÙNUÙ]˚Y. RnV Y•YeL˚[l TÙojRÙp U]ßp
TV EQo‹ EiPÙœm. CkRd ˙LÙX Y•YeL˚[l
TÙojRÙp SU’ ÿLjßp J⁄ ◊u£¨l◊j ˙RÙuflm. CkRd
˙LÙXeL∞p V∑, T∑, LÙXu, TWÆ, U⁄RÙ, B]U⁄RÙ,
AkRWÙV∑, —kRWV∑ ˙TÙufl TX E⁄YeLs Ei”.
˙U˙X œ±l©PlThP TX ˙LÙXeL∞¤m HWÙ[UÙ]
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SUdœf £¨l◊jRÙu EiPÙœm. YÙph •v≤´u LÙohÂu
TPeL∞p LÙQlT”m LRÙTÙjßWeL∞u ÿLeLs TÙufl
LÙQlT”m.
ÿh˚P Y•Y ÆØLs, AYt±u KWjßp ˘N⁄°d
LÙQlT”m ˘T¨V L⁄ÆØLs, ˙LÙ˚Wl TtLs ˙TÙufl
LÙQlThPÙ¤m £¨dœm TtLs, Æ£jßWUÙ] Y•Yjßp
C⁄dœm. Ídœ, ˘St±´u S”Ƥm ÆØ ˙TÙu\ Jufl.
˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] CPeL∞p UgNs, L⁄l◊, ˘Ys˚[, LÙÆ
YiQeLs æhPlTh•⁄dœm. ANp UgNs TÙ•˚VŸm,
L¨j’i” ˘TÙ•˚VŸm ˘NeLp ˘TÙ•˚VŸm
—iQÙm˚TŸm YiQeL[ÙL ET˙VÙ°d°\ÙoLs.
ÿd˙LÙQ Y•Yjßp Es[ A˚Ul©u ˘Y∞l
TdLjßp NkR] ®\jßp LÙQlT”m C[m œ⁄j˙RÙ˚X
L˚[f (˘Ru˚]´≠⁄k’) NqYL Y•Æp ø[UÙL Yh•,
J˙W A[Æp, LÙh£V∞dœmT• ˘TÙ⁄j’YÙoLs. CkRd
27
œ⁄j˙RÙ˚XLs TÙolTYoL∞u LiLfidœ Æ⁄k
RÙL A˚UŸm. A˚Y LÙt±p A˚NŸm AZ˙L
AZœ! ælTkReL∞u J∞´p TÙu˘]] ™u‡m.
CRu ∏˙Z £Yl◊m, UgNs ®\ÿm LXkR
YhPeLs. ARu ∏˙Z —t±¤m HWÙ[UÙ] £±V
ÿLeLs. S”Ƥm Ju\u˙Up Ju\ÙLf Ntfl
C˚P˘Y∞Æh” ÿLeLs. EVWjßtœj RœkR
UÙߨ, ÿLeL∞u Gi¶d˚LŸm ·”m.
˘Y´≠p YÙ•l˙TÙLÙUp C⁄dL, ®Lrf£
SPjRlT”m ß]jßu LÙ˚X SWjßpRÙu C˚Rf
˘NnVj ˘RÙPeœYÙoLs. CYoLs ˘NnY˚R
˙Y•d˚L TÙodL J⁄ ·hPm LÙQlT”m.
CkRd ˙LÙXeL˚[ Y•Y˚UlTYoLs
LÙ[LÙ Gu‡m ©¨˚Yf ˙NokRYoLs. CR˚]j
RVÙ¨lTßp °WÙUjßp Es[ AjR˚] L˚XOo
Lfim Teœ ˘LÙsYÙoLs.
T˚PV¶ SP]j˚R ®Lrj’Y’ J⁄ œ±l©hP
SÙVo Yœl˚Tf NokRYoLs. LÙXeL˚[j R]’
R˚X´p A¶k’ Ád° Y⁄TYo A˚R A¶YRtœ
ÿu◊ L”˚UVÙ] ÆWReL˚[ ˙Ut˘LÙsfiYÙo.
©\œ ˙LÙXj˚R A¶k’ ˘UpX ˘UpX
SPk’ Y⁄YÙo. £X CPeL∞p SP]m B”YÙo.
Rl◊, RÙ[m YÙ£dLlT”°\’. £X CPeL∞p
˘Ni˚PŸm YÙ£dLlT”°\’.
CkR SP]jßu˙TÙ’ YÙ£dLlT”m RÙ[eLs
HtT”j’m K˚NL˚[ CRW L˚XY•YeL∞p LhL
ÿ•VÙ’ Gu°\ÙoLs. SP]m B”TY⁄m £X
NUVeL∞p Ru YÙ´]Ù˙X˙V _ß ˙TÙufl £X
Yt˚\f NÙp≠d˘LÙi” B”°\Ùo. T˚PV¶ Tt±V
TX TÙPpLs TÙPlT”°u\].
˙LÙXeL˚[j RÙe° Y⁄TY¨u A⁄°p
J⁄£Xo £X £¨lÈh”m ÿLeL˚[ Uh”m ÿLe
L∞p A¶k’ LÙi” TÙo˚YVÙ[oL∞Pm S˚Lf
—˚YVÙLl T£, AYoL˚[f £¨dL Yd°\ÙoLs.
˘RnVm
˙LW[ UÙ®Xjßu YPdœl TœßL[Ù]
LiÊo, LÙNo˙LÙ” UÙYhPeL∞p
SPjRlT”m TiTÙh”d L˚XY•Ym
˘RnVm. CdL˚X TÙWmT¨V UW˚TŸm,
°WÙ™Vl Ti˚TŸm ˘LÙi”
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UWQU˚Pk˙RÙo, NÍL ∫oß⁄j
RYÙßLs ˙TÙu˙\Ù˚W ®˚]‹·⁄m
ÆRUÙL AYoL˚[l ˙TÙX˙Y
˙YP™h” B”R˙X ˘RnVm.
ARÙY’ SÙhPÙo ˘RnYeL[ÙL
A˚PVÙ[lT”jRlT”°u\ £X
£fl˘RnYeL∞u ˙YPeL˚[l
◊˚]k’ B”Rp. "˘RnYm' Gu‡m
˘NÙp E⁄UÙ± "˘RnVm' Gufl
·\lT”°\’. TLYß (AmUu)
˙LÙ´pLs, LÙ‹ œX ˘RnYd
˙LÙ´pLs (RWYÙh” ˘RnYd
˙LÙ´pLs) ˙TÙu\ CPeL∞p
CdL˚X Bi”˘LÙ⁄ÿ˚\ SPjRl
T”°\’.
˘RnYj ˙RÙt\j˚R ˘Y∞lT”j’m
Y˚L´p ˙YPm A¶TYu
™˚LVÙ] JlT˚], B˚P Utflm
A¶LXuL˚[ A¶°\Ùu.
AXeLÙWjßp AßL A[Æp £Yl◊
YiQÿm £±V A[Æp Lfll◊,
˘Ys˚[ YiQeLfim
TVuT”jRlT”°u\].
28
TX S˚Lf—˚Yd L˚RLs ·\lT”°u\]. CYt±p
_Ùß NmTkRlThP S˚Lf—˚Y NmTYeLfim Ls
œ•l˙TÙo SPk’˘LÙsfim ÆRm Tt±Ÿm ˘T¨V
U≤RoL[ÙL UßdLlT”TYoLs ˚Yjß⁄dœm
WL£Vj RÙPo ◊Ls AmTXUÙY˚Rj R¨Æj’m
S˚Lf—˚Yd L˚RLs ·\lT”°u\].
£X T˚PV¶ ®Lrf£L∞p RnY NmTkRUÙ]
L˚RLfim, Bߟm AkRÿm CpXÙR (˙RÙt\ÿm
ÿ•‹m CpXÙR) ®˚X Tt±Ÿm L˚RLs ·\lT”
°u\]; TÙPpLs TÙPlT”°u\].
J⁄ £X CPeL∞p CkRl T˚PV¶ RÙ¨L˚]
YRm ˘Nn’Æh” B˙YNj’Pu ˙RÙuflm TjW
LÙ∞˚Vf NÙkRlT”jß U°rÆdL SPjRlT”m
SP]YØTÙ˙P Guflm ·fl°\ÙoLs. ˙LÙXeLs
AßLUÙLd LÙQlT”Y’ ˘T⁄mTÙ¤m EtNYm
ÿ•Ÿm ß]jßpRÙu. CR˚] Y≠V T˚PV¶
Gufl ·fl°\ÙoLs.
˚TWÆ TÙu\ LÙXeLs ™L‹m AßLUÙ]
EVWeL∞p RVÙ¨dLlT”°u\]. CkRl T˚PV¶
SP] YØTÙ” £X ˙SÙnL˚[j æodL‹m ER‹
°\’ Gufl Sm◊°\ÙoLs. CkR SP] YØTÙ” ®Lrf£
VÙp LÙdLÙn Y≠l◊ SÙn æ⁄m Gufl SmTlT”°\’.
CVt˚Ldœm. U≤R‡dœm Es[ E\˚Y Y¤l
T”j’Y’ T˚PV¶ SP] YØTÙ”. —tfll◊\f „Zp
Lfidœ Su± ˘R¨Ædœm YØTÙ” T˚PV¶.
U≤R≤u U]j˚R UmT”j’m YØTÙ” T˚PV¶.
At◊RUÙ] ÆjßVÙNUÙ] U]˚Rd LY⁄m L˚X
Y•Ym T˚PV¶. TjR]kßh˚P˚Vf ˙NokR
LPmU≤hPÙ, LÙPÙ≠ UeLXm TÙu\ CPeL∞p
Es[ TX TLYß ˙LÙÆpL∞p ©lWY¨ ÿRp
HlWp UÙRm Y˚W CkRl T˚PV¶ SP] YØTÙ”
®LrjRlT”°\’. YÙnl◊d °˚Pdœm˙TÙ’ S¨p
˘Nufl TÙoj’ U°›eLs.
ÿL JlT˚]˚V
"©WÙd˘L›j’' Guflm "Ne˘L›j’"
Guflm ·flYo. C˚P´p A¶Ÿm
BTWQm "˘Yh˙PÙ˚P'
G]lT”°\’. LÙ≠p £Xm◊
A¶Yo. ˘Ti ˘RnY
˙YPeL∞u˙TÙ’ Uh”m UÙo©p
Lf˚N A¶VlT”°\’. R˚X´p
˘Rf£l È, ˘Ru˚] K˚X
˙TÙu\Yt\Ùp B] ™Ll˘T¨V
R˚XV¶ (°√Pm)
˚YdLlTh•⁄dœm. CqY˚LVÙ]
AXeLÙWm TÙo˚YVÙ[oLfidœ
˘RnYjßu ˙RÙt\j˚R
HtT”j’°\’.
˘RnYjßu A⁄s
˘TflYRtLÙL ÿR≠p
˙RÙt\lTÙh” TÙPlT”°\’.
˙RÙt\lTÙh” ÿ•k’ Íufl
ApX’ SÙuœ U¶˙SW
C˚P˘Y∞dœl ©\œ ˘RnV
BhPm ˘RÙPeœm. CkR
C˚PlThP ˙SWjßp ˘RnY
A⁄s ˘Tt\Rt˙LtT (Bi ˛
˘Ti ˘RnYm) AXeLÙWm
˘NnVlT”°\’. ÿf£˙XÙh”
TLYß, LiQeLÙh” TLYß,
TWÙ∞VmUÙ, LßVÚo ≈Wu,
œ\jß GuT] ˘RnVjßp
LÙQXÙœm £X Y˚LLs.
29
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
s FPLeL∞u ERÆŸPu U˚\Ÿm ®˚X´p C⁄dœm L˚XL∞u
◊˚LlTPeL˚[j ßWh• YœlT˚\´p J⁄ ◊˚LlTPd LiLÙh£SPj’eLs.
s ˘RnVm, T˚PV¶ G‡m L˚XL˚[ Jl©h” "SÙh”l◊\ÆVp' Gu‡m
£t±RØp ˘Y∞´”YRtLÙ] ÆUoN]d Lh”˚W Jufl RVÙo ˘NnL.
s TiTÙh”j’˚\ NÙoTÙL S˚P˘Tflm L⁄jRWe°p Te˙LtL "TiTÙh•u
©WßT≠l˙T L˚XLs' Gu‡m R˚Xl©p L⁄jRWeLd Lh”˚W RVÙo˘NnL.
LUXSÙRu
ß⁄Y]kR◊Wj R™ZWÙ] CYW’ CVt˘TVo CW≈kßWu. CYo J⁄—tflXÙl ©¨Vo. CUVm ÿRp œU¨ Y˚W —t±VYo.L˚Xdœ”mTjßp ©\kR CYW’ ˙LW[j’ ˙LÙÆp L˚XLs Gu\Ë≠p T˚PV¶Ÿm Jufl. TV‡s[ Lh”˚WLs, Tdßd Lh”˚WLs,TVQd Lh”˚WLs, £flL˚RLs Gufl TXÆRUÙ] T˚Pl◊L˚[l
©WTX Tjߨ˚LL∞p ˘RÙPok’ G›ß YkRYo. CdLh”˚W
˙LW[j’ LÙÆp L˚XLs Gu\ Ë≠≠⁄k’ G”dLlTh”s[’.
¯¯¯¯¯
30
AXœ 2
CXd°Vm, U≤R U]eLfidœ CuTj˚R Fh”Y]. Jq˘YÙ⁄
CXd°Vj˚R YÙ£dœm˙TÙ’m YÙNLu U]jßp HRÙY’ Ko
EQof£ HtT”°\’. AqY˚L´p A˚UT˚Y˙V £\kR CXd
°VeLs G]d ˘LÙs[XÙm. ˘Un´p ˙RÙuflm EQof£L˙[
˘UnlTÙ”Ls Gufl Y˚WVfldLlT”°u\]. ˘RÙpLÙl©V⁄m
U≤R≤p LÙQXÙœm GiY˚L UnlTÙ”L˚[l Th•V≠h”d
LÙh”°\Ùo. Cm˘UnlTÙ”Ls ˙RÙu\l T˚PdLlThP Tp˙Yfl
CXd°VeL˚[j R™r˘UÙØ Ru]Lj˙R LÙi”s[’. CuTm,
AYXm, ≈Wm, ˙LÙTm Gu‡m Tp˙Yfl —˚YL˚[ Es[Pd°l
T˚PdLlThP CXd°VeL˚[Ÿm, AYt˚\l T˚PjR∞jR
T˚PlTÙ∞L∞u T˚PlTÙt\˚XŸm A±V ER‹m ˙SÙd°p
Tp˙Yfl —˚YL˚[ E˚PV CXd°Vl TœßLs CqYX°p RWl
Th”s[].
ÑûYL°u LXûYÑûYL°u LXûYÑûYL°u LXûYÑûYL°u LXûYÑûYL°u LXûY
l CXd°Vf —˚Y˚V A±k’˘LÙsfiRp.
l CXd°V Y˚LL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Æ[dLdLh”˚WLs
RVÙ¨jRp.
l CXd°Vjßtœm NÍLjßtœm Es[ ˘RÙPo©˚] CXd°Ve
L˚[d LtTRu YÙ´XÙL Jl©Pp.
l ˘UÙØ´Vp ·flL˚[ A˚PVÙ[m LÙ‘Rp.
l SÙPLm, ß˚WlTPm ˙TÙu\Yt˚\j ß\]Ùn‹ ˘NnRp.
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
31
CXd°Vf —˚YLsCXd°Vf —˚YLsCXd°Vf —˚YLsCXd°Vf —˚YLsCXd°Vf —˚YLs
BV L˚XLs AflTj’ SÙuœ GuTo. AYtfls ™Lf£\kR’ CXd°Vd L˚X˙V GuT’ NÙu˙\Ùo ·tfl. U≤RuT˚Pj’d ˘LÙiP SÙL¨Ld L⁄ÆLfis ™Lf £\kR’ A’.˙T—YRtœm G›’YRtœm E¨VRÙL U≤Ru T˚Pj’d LÙiP’RÙu UÙØ Gu\Ù¤m, UÙØ Cp˚XVÙ´u Cu˚\V SÙL¨LY[of£˙V Cp˚X G]XÙm. UuT˚R´u Y[of£dœmYÙr‹dœm A•lT˚PVÙ]’ UÙØ˙V. AjR˚LV UÙØ´u˘NÙtL˚[˙V F”˘TÙ⁄[ÙLd LÙi” A˚UY’ CXd°Vm.B˚LVÙp A’ L˚XL∞p £\kR’ GuTÙo ÍR±Ooÿ. YWRWÙN]Ùo.
L⁄j’, EQof£, LtT˚], Y•Ym B°VSÙuœm CXd°Vjßtœ Cu±V˚UVÙR˚Y.GkR J⁄ T˚PlTÙL C⁄kRÙ¤m Aßp J⁄ L⁄j’C⁄k˙R BL˙Yi”m. G]˙Y L⁄jß˚]CXd°Vjßu E´o Gu˙\ ·\XÙm. L⁄jßpXÙCXd°V Y•Ym GuT’ E´¨pXÙ EPm˚Tl˙TÙu\’.
LÙRp, ≈Wm, A\m, Tdß, TÙNm ÿRXÙ]Yt˚\EQoj’T˚Y Ti˚P CXd°VeLs Gu\Ùp,Cu˚\V CXd°VeLs Au\ÙP YÙrd˚Ll ©Wf£˚]L˚[˙V ˘T⁄mTÙ¤m ÿu˚Yd°u\]. GlT• YÙZ˙Yi”m G] YÙrd˚Ldœ YØLÙh•V˚Y Au˚\V CXd°VeLs. ClT•Ÿm YÙr°\ÙoL˙[ Gufl Y⁄k’T˚Y Cu˚\VCXd°VeLs. AYWYo U] HdLeL∞u RÙdLeL˙[ Cu˚\VCXd°VeL∞u TÙ”˘TÙ⁄sL[ÙL A˚U°u\]. L⁄j’ApX’ TÙ”˘TÙ⁄s LÙXk˙RÙflm UÙ±d˘LÙi˙P C⁄dœm.
“EtflØ ERÆŸm Efl˘TÙ⁄s ˘LÙ”j’m ©t˚\®˚X ÿ≤VÙ’ Lt\p Su˙\”
“◊Lr G≤u E´⁄m ˘LÙ”dœYo ˛ TØG≤u EXœPu ˘T±‡m ˘LÙs[Xo”
""˘NpYj’l TV˙] DRp ˛ ’nl˙TÙmG≤˙] Rl◊S TX˙Y.''
‘VÙ’m F˙W VÙY⁄m ˙L∞o’
GiY˚L˘UnlTÙ”Ls
“S˚L˙V A›˚L C∞YWp U⁄h˚L
AfNm ˘T⁄™Rm ˘Yœ∞ EY˚L Gufl
AlTÙp Gh˙P ˘UnlTÙ” GuT”
˛ ˘RÙp. ˘TÙ⁄s. ˘Un : 3
32
“ALrYÙ˚Wj RÙeœm ®Xm˙TÙXj Rm˚U CLrYÙol ˘TÙfljRp R˚X”
‘UÙ]m AØkR©u YÙZÙ˚U ÿu≤≤’’
‘Au˚]Ÿm ©RÙ‹m ÿu]± ˘RnYm’
‘A\m ˘NnV Æ⁄m◊ BflY’ £]m’
“GpXÙ⁄m Cu◊t±⁄dL ®˚]lT’˙Y ApXÙp ˙Y˘\Ùuflm A±˙Vu”
“JuflThPÙp Ei” YÙr‹ -˛ Sm™p Jtfl˚U øe°•p A˚]Yodœm RÙr‹”
Gu˘\pXÙm Eu]RUÙ] L⁄j’L˚[ G”j˙RÙßV˚Y SmCXd°VeLs.
CXd°Vjßp A˚UV˙Yi•VCu˘]Ù⁄ ÿd°VUÙ] ·fl EQof£GuTRÙœm. H˘]≤p U≤Ru EQof£Y•YÙ]Yu. EQof£Ls CpXÙUpU≤R]Ùp YÙZ CVXÙ’. EQoÆpXÙU≤Ru S˚Pl ©QUÙLjRÙu C⁄lTÙu.EQof£Ls EPm˘T‡m ˘Un´uYØVÙL ˘Y∞lT”YRÙp CXdL¶LsCYt˚\ UnlTÙ”Ls Gufl œ±l©hP]o.S˚L, A›˚L, C∞YWp, U⁄h˚L,AfNm, ˘T⁄™Rm, ˘Yœ∞, EY˚L G]GiY˚L ˘UnlTÙ”L˚[ ARÙY’EQof£L˚[j ˘RÙpLÙl©Vo œ±l©h”s[Ùo. CXd°Vÿm EQof£Ÿm Ju˚\˘VÙufl NÙok’ ®tT˚Y. EQof£LsCXd°Vl T˚Pl◊dœ ÍXLÙWQUÙLÆ[eœm. SpX CXd°Vl T˚Pl◊LsSpX EQof£L˚[j Ái•Æ”m.
CuTm, ’uTm, ˙LÙTm, ≈Wm, LÙRp, CWdLm, Tdß, TÙNm˙TÙu\˚Y U≤R‡dœ HtT”m £X A•lT˚PVÙ]EQof£Ls.
“L˚X˘Vu\Ùp EQof£L˚[d LYW˙Yi”mL∞lÈh• A±Æ˚]l ˙TÙnd LqY ˙Yi”m”
GuTÙo SÙUdLp LÆOo ˘Y. WÙU≠eLm. Ck®˚X´pAufl ÿRp CuflY˚W R™r CXd°VeL∞p Y∞lT”m£X A•lT˚P EQof£L˚[ C≤d LÙi˙TÙm.
Sh◊œY˚[ SÙflm œ˚Y C⁄e ·kRp
BmTp SÙflm ˙Rm ˘TÙß ’Yo YÙn
œi” øoj RÙU˚Wd ˘LÙe°u Au]
’i Tp ßjß UÙA˙VÙ˙V
ø˙V, AgNp Gu\ Gu ˘NÙp AgN˚X˙V
VÙ˙], œfle LÙp Au]m œY‹ UQt ˙Ndœm
LPp „r Ui•Xm ˘T±‡m
ÆPp „ZXu VÙu, ®u‡˚P Sh˙T
œflk˘RÙ˚L ˛ 300
33
CuTm
CXd°Vjßu ˙SÙdL˙U CuTm TVlT’RÙu. CuTEQof£˚V˙V Lt˙TÙo ˘T¨’m Æ⁄m◊Yo.
—¨œZp A˚N‹\ A˚N‹\j
’´˘X› U´˘X] U´˘X]l
T¨◊Wm J≠˘VZ J≠˘VZl
T≤˘UÙØ VYoL˚P ß\™˙]Ù (L≠e: 23)
Gu‡m TW¶l TÙPp CuTf —˚Ydœ G”j’dLÙhPÙL A˚U°u\’.
“©u≤d °Pdœm ÿp˚Xd ˘LÙ•˚Vl©¨dL ÿ•ŸUÙ ˛ Au˚Tl©¨dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?Li‘m Li‘m Lh•] ·h˚PdL˚XdL ÿ•ŸUÙ?”
G]f —˚YÎflm R™Øp CuTj˚Rl TÙ”°\Ùo Th”d˙LÙh˚P LpVÙQ—kRWm.
LÙRp
LÙR˚Xl TÙPÙR ◊XYoL˙[ Cp˚X G]XÙm.LÙRp LÙRp LÙRp; LÙRp TÙ´u LÙRp TÙ´u NÙRp,NÙRp, NÙRp Gufl TÙ•VYo TÙWßVÙo.
“A¶tTp Au] ˘LÙeœÿßo ÿiPLj’
U¶d˙Lr Au] UÙøof ˙NolT
Cm˚U UÙ± Ufl˚U B´‡m
ø B°Vo Gm LQY˚]
VÙu B°Vo ®u ˘Sg— ˙SoTY˙[“
(œflk˘RÙ˚L: 49)
Gu‡m NeLlTÙP≠p, Cl©\l©p Uh”UpX A”jR©\Æ´¤m ø Gu LQY]ÙL‹m SÙu Eu U˚]ÆVÙL‹m C⁄dL˙Yi”˘Uufl Rm R˚XY˚] ®˚]j’lTÙ”°u\Ùs R˚XÆ. R˚XÆ Ru R˚XY≤Pm LÙh”mAu◊dœ C˚RÆPf £\kR G”j’dLÙh” Cp˚X.C˚Rl˙TÙu˙\, Cu˘]Ù⁄ R˚XYu, EVokR £\l©˚]Ÿm ˘NpYj˚RŸm Y[jß˚]Ÿm E˚PVLÙƨlÈmTh•]j˚R˙V T¨NÙLj RkRÙ¤m SÙu GuR˚XÆ˚Vl ©¨VUÙh˙Pu Gu°\Ùu.
GfNm
J⁄ Æ˚] ApX’ ˘NVp ÿtfll
˘T\ÙUp A˚UkRÙp A’ GfNm
G]lT”m. (G.”) Yk’, G›k’,
TÙ•V, T•jR
GfNm Æ˚]˘VfNm, ˘TV˘WfNm
G] C⁄Y˚LlT”m.
Æ˚]˘VfNm
ÿ•‹ ˘T\ÙR J⁄ GfNf ˘NÙp≠u
©u]Ùp Æ˚] Gg£ ®u\Ùp A’
Æ˚]˘VfNm G]lT”m. A’
˘R¨®˚X Æ˚]˘VfNm, œ±l◊
Æ˚]˘VfNm G] C⁄Y˚LlT”m.
(G.”) LUXÙ G›k’ ®u\Ùs
Rm© Áe° G›kRÙu
B£¨Vo Æ[d°f ˘NÙu]Ùo
Ceœ G›k’, Áe°, Æ[d°
Gu‡m GfNf ˘NÙtL∞u ©u˙]
®u\Ùs, G›kRÙu, ˘NÙu]Ùo
Gu‡m Æ˚] Gg£ ®tTRÙp
C˚Y Æ˚]˘VfNf ˘NÙtLs
B´t].
34
“ÿhPÙf £\l©u Th•]m T±‡mYÙo C⁄e·kRp YVe°˚Z JØVYÙ˙Wu”
G‡m ClTÙPX•Ls Tj’lTÙh”s Ju\Ù°V Th•]lTÙ˚X´u Cflß´p CPm˘Tfl°u\’.
≈Wm
LÙR˚XŸm ≈Wj˚RŸm Rm C⁄ LiL[ÙLd˘LÙiP˚Y NeL CXd°VeLs. NeL LÙXj˚R ≈WŸLdLÙXm Gu˙\ ·flYo. NeL CXd°Vl TÙPpL∞p◊\lTÙPpLs ˘T⁄m TÙu˚UŸm ≈Wf—˚Y ™dL˚Y.
“SœRdL]˙W SÙ” ¡d·flSo
C˚[VYu CYu G] E˚[Vd·±
T”U¶ CWh”m TÙY•l T˚QjRÙs
˘S”Sp VÙ˚]Ÿm ˙R⁄m UÙ‹m
T˚P A˚U U\Y⁄m E˚PVm VÙm Gufl
Efl’l◊ AgNÙ’ EPp £]m ˘N⁄d°
£fl˘NÙp ˘NÙp≠V £]m ˘L› ˙YkR˚W
A⁄gNUm £˚RVj RÙd° ÿWN˘UÙ”
J⁄eœ ALlT˙Pu B´u ˘TÙ⁄kßV
Gu≤Zp YÙrSo ˘Np®Zp LÙQÙ’
˘LÙ•Vu Gm C˚\˘V]d LiΩo TWl©
œ•TØ Átflm ˙LÙ˙Xu BœL”
(◊\SÙËfl: 72)
Gu‡m TÙP≠p, TÙi•Vu R˚XVÙXeLÙ]j’f N⁄˘Yu\ ˘S”g˘NØVu ≈WÿZdLj˚Rd ˙LhLXÙm.
“˘TÙ⁄RPd˚L YÙ˘[e˙L U¶UÙo˘Te˙L˙TÙoÿLjßp GYoY¨‡m ◊\e˘LÙPÙR
T⁄Y´Wj ˙RÙ˘[e˙L Ge˙L GuflT´WÆ˚Vd ˙LhTÙ˚[d LÙi™u LÙi™u”
(L≠eLj’lTW¶: 483)
Gu\ TÙP≠p J⁄ RÙ´u ≈Wm ˘Y∞lT”Y˚R A±VCV¤m.
—kRW]Ù¨u U˙]ÙuUΩVm SÙPLjßp ÀYLu RmT˚P≈WoL˚[ ˙SÙd°d ·flm ·t\ÙL A˚UŸm,
˘TV˘WfNm
ÿ•‹ ˘T\ÙR Ko GfNf ˘NÙp≠u©u]Ùp ˘TVo Gg£ ®u\ÙpAR˚]l ˘TV˘WfNm GuTo.
˘TV˘WfNm ˘R¨®˚Xl˘TV˘WfNm, œ±l◊l ˘TV˘WfNm
G] C⁄Y˚LlT”m.
(G.”) ˙Stfl YkR SpXYo
Aufl TÙ•V ˘Ti ˙StflYkRÙs
CkRl TPm Y˚WkRKÆVu Gu SiTu
Ceœ, YkR, TÙ•V, Y˚WkRGu‡m GfNf˘NÙtL∞u ©u]oSpXYo, ˘Ti, KÆVo Gu‡m˘TVoLs Gg£ ®tTRÙp C˚Y
˘TV˘WfNf ˘NÙtLs B´].
35
“CjR≤l ˙TÙ¨p øo Ht±”m LÙVm
£jRe L∞j’ _VUÙ ’Udœ
ÿjR™h P∞jR ÿjß˚W B°
GjR˚] R˚Xÿ˚\d °XdLÙn ®tœm!
˙TÙodœ±d LÙV˙U ◊LØu LÙVm
VÙodL’ YÙndœm B! B! ˙SÙdœ™u”
(AeLm : 4, L[m : 1 148 ˛ 153)
Gu\ TœßŸm ≈Wf—˚Ydœ Ko G”j’dLÙh”.
TÙWRjßp RoU◊jßWu Nœ≤ŸPu „RÙ• SÙh˚PUh”UpX, Ru N˙LÙRWoL˚[Ÿm U˚]Æ˚VŸm CZd°u\Ùu. AjR˚LV J⁄ „r®˚X´p,
“SÙh˚P ˘VpXÙk ˘RÙ˚XjRÙn ˛ Ai˙Q
SÙeLs ˘TÙflj ß⁄k˙RÙm
¡h”m G˚U V•˚U ˘NnRÙn
˙U¤m ˘TÙflj ß⁄k˙RÙm
’⁄TRu UL˚[j ˛ ßhPj
’nS ‡Pt ©\l˚T
C⁄ TL˚P ˘Vu\Ùn ˛ I˙VÙ
CYod L•˚U ˘Vu\Ùn
C≤ ˘TÙfllT ßp˚X ˛ Rm©
G¨RZp ˘LÙi” YÙ
Lß˚W ˚YjßZkRÙu ˛ AiQu
˚L˚V G¨j ß”˙YÙm” (TÙgNÙ≠NTRm)
G]d ˙LÙTjßu Ef£˚V A˚PŸm ≈U≤u ˘UÙØLsAu≤V⁄dœ GßWÙ] TÙWß´u ˙LÙTdL]pLs Gu˙\·\XÙm.
AYXm
NeL ALlTÙPpLs LÙR˚X˙V TÙ”˘TÙ⁄[ÙLd ˘LÙiPÙ¤m, LÙR≠uTj˚RÆPd LÙRp YVlT”YRÙp HtT”mAYXeL˚[˙V ™œßVÙLl TÙ”°u\]. ALlTÙPpLs‘˘TiL∞u LiΩoj ’∞Ls’ Gufl ·±]Ù¤m RYfl Cp˚X.RtLÙXjߤm SpX T˚Pl◊Ls TX‹m AYXf —˚Y˚V˙Vÿu˚Yd°u\].
L˚P˘V› Ys[pL∞p J⁄Yu T\m◊U˚Xj R˚XYuTÙ¨. J⁄ ÿp˚Xd LÙ•´u Y⁄jRj˚Rd ·Pj RÙeLÿ•VÙ
36
Up RÙu H± YkR ˙R˚W Dk’ ˘LÙ˚PUPmThPYu. AjR˚LV Ys[p ˘T⁄UÙ˚]Í˙YkR⁄m Jufl·•d LÙuflÆ”°u\]o.CR]Ùp AWiU˚] YÙrd˚L YÙrkR AY]’˘TiUdLs A]Ù˚RL[Ù° Æ”°u\]o.Af„r ®˚X´p AYoLs TÙ”m,
“At˚\j ßeLs Aq˘Yi ®XÆuGk˚RŸm E˚P˙Vm Gmœuflm ©\o˘LÙ[ÙoCt˚\j ßeLs Cq ˘Yi ®XÆu˘Yufl G± ÿW£u ˙YkRo Gmœuflm LÙiPÙo VÙm Gk˚RŸm CX˙U”
(◊\SÙËfl: 112)
Gu‡m ◊\lTÙPp AYXf —˚Ydœ KoAt◊RUÙ] G”j’dLÙh”. NeLl TÙPpL∞p˚LVfl®˚Xl TÙPpLs GpXÙ˙U AYXf—˚YlTÙPpLsRÙm.
˘Ti˘QÙ⁄jßj RÙu Æ⁄m©V BPY‡Pu˘NuflÆ”°\Ùs. CR˚] A±kR RÙn T¨’mLY˚Xdœs[Ù°\Ùs. Ak˙SWm AVp≈hPÙoYk’ AYfidœ BflRp ·fl°u\]o. B]ÙpAkRj RÙVÙp Ru J˙W UL∞u ©¨˚YjRÙeL ÿ•VÆp˚X. Al˙TÙ’ AYs TÙ”m,
“J⁄ULs E˚P˙Vu Uu˙] AYfim˘N⁄™œ ˘UÙnm©u ·o˙Yt LÙ˚[˘VÙ”˘T⁄U˚X A⁄g—Wm ˘S⁄Sp ˘Nu\]sC≤˙V RÙeœ ®u AYXm Gu±o B’UtflVÙeL]m Jp¤˙UÙ A±‹˚P¬˙WEs∞u Es[m ˙Y˙U ˛ EiLiU¶YÙr TÙ˚Y S˚P Lt\u] GuA¶ CVt œflULs B•VU¶ Ho SÙf£Ÿm Rt±Ÿm Li˙P” (St±˚Q : 184)
Gu‡m TÙPp RÙnlTÙNjßu HdLjßu Y∞lTÙPÙL A˚U°u\’.
˘Tt\ œZk˚R TÙm◊ æi• C\k’Æ”°\’.A˚RdLi” U]m ˘TÙ\ÙR RÙn ˘SgNm ˘Sdœ⁄°l TÙ”m,
“©u≤ ÿ•f£PmUÙ ©f£lÈ „•PmUÙGu‡m ˘UÙØLs C≤ GdLÙXm ˙LhTu IVÙ”
£˙X˚PF£Ÿm ßeLfim
˘UpXd L˚X˙Vflm ˙U‹™⁄ TdLÿUÙm
˘NÙpXj RœRÙWm „rRXÙp ˛ ˘RÙp¤X°p
È£dœg NeLW˚]l ˙TÙtflm ÿ⁄LlTÙ
F£dœf NkßW˙]o K’.
˛ AeLlT©s˚[
AeLlT©s˚[
CYo TYÙ≤ Gu‡m F¨p
SÙLlT©s˚[ GuTY¨u A⁄˚Ul
◊RpYWÙLj ˙RÙu±]Ùo. £\kR ◊XYWÙLj
ßLrkR CYo ËpLs £X ˘Nn’s[Ùo.
Rmÿ˚PV A⁄˚U U˚]Æ
LÙXg˘Nu\˙TÙ’ SÙtT’ CWeLtTÙdLs
TÙ• Y⁄kß]Ùo. C⁄TRÙm Ët\Ùi•u
˘RÙPdLjßp C⁄kRYo. ClTÙPp
R≤lTÙPp ßWh•≠⁄k’ G”dLlTh”s[’.
37
“YÙnÿjRm RÙWÙUp UZ˚XŸ˚W VÙPÙUp˙Nn °PjRp Li˘P]dœf £k˚R R”UÙfl˚RVÙ”
(B£V˙_Ùß)
ÿRXÙ] TÙPpLs Lp˘Sg˚NŸm L˚Wj’Æ”m;
Lt˙TÙ˚Wd LiΩod LP≠p Brj’m. AYXf—˚Y Æg£
®tœm ClTÙPpL˚[j RkRYo LÆU¶ R£L ÆSÙVLm
©s˚[ AYoLs.
S˚Lf—˚Y
Lt˙TÙ⁄m LÙi˙TÙ⁄m T¨’m Æ⁄m◊Y’ S˚Lf
—˚YRÙu. LÙXk˙RÙflm ˙RÙu±V R™rlTÙPpL∞p
S˚Lf—˚Y EQo‹ Su\ÙL˙Y A˚Ukß⁄dLd LÙQ
CV¤m. A\˘S±TÙP YkR YsfiY⁄m BeLÙe˙L S˚Lf
—˚Y˚V As∞j ˘R∞j’f ˘Nufls[Ùo.
BPYu J⁄Y‡dœj ’mUp Y⁄°u\’. EP˙]
VÙ˚W ®˚]j’j ’m™…o Gufl ˙Lh°u\Ùs AY]’
U˚]Æ. VÙ˚W˙V‡m ®˚]jRÙp ’mUp Y⁄m GuT’
Sm©d˚L. B]Ùp AkR BPY˙]Ù Ei˚U´p VÙ˚W
Ÿm ®˚]dLÆp˚X. Es[˚Rf NÙu]Ùp U˚]Æ SmT
UÙhPÙs GuTRÙp, AY˚[ SÙd°, ‘Eu˚] ®˚]j’jRÙu
’m™˙]u’ Gu°\Ùu. A˚Rd LhP Al˘Ti, AlT•
VÙ]Ùp CqY[‹ SWm Gu˚] U\k’RÙ˙] C⁄kæoLs?
Gufl NÙp≠ AY≤Pm FPp LÙi”ÆhPÙ[Ùm.
“Es∞˙]u Gu˙\uUtfl GuU\kæo Gu˘\u˚]l
◊pXÙs ◊XjRd L]s” (ß⁄dœ\s : 1316)
GuT’ Adœ\hTÙ.
L≠eLl TÙ⁄dœl©u ·r A”°u\] TnLs. ©u]o
Ad·r Gp˙XÙ⁄dœUÙL Æ[mTlT”°\’. J⁄ ˙Tn ·r
YÙe°V TÙjßWm ∏˙Z Kh˚PVÙL C⁄kRRÙp J›œ°\’.
Ge°⁄k’ J›œ°\’ GuT˚Rl TÙodL A’ TÙjßWj˚Rd
LÆrjßl TÙod°\’. Al˙TÙ’ ·r ÿ›˚UVÙLd ∏˙Z
£kßÆ”°\’. A˚Rd Li” Y⁄k’°\RÙm Al˙Tn.
AeLRm
S˚L EQof£Ÿm CLrk’˚WVÙP¤m UdL∞˚P˙VCVpTÙLd LÙQlT”T˚Y.CXdLQ ËXÙo S˚Lf—˚YCu≤u] LÙWQeL[Ùp©\dœm Gufl Aflß´h”d·±Ÿs[]o. LmTWÙUÙVQmÿR≠V LÙÆVeL∞pAeLe˙L S˚Lf—˚Yœ™Øh˘PZd LÙQXÙm.≈WUÙÿ≤Y¨u TWUÙojR œ⁄L˚R´p S˚Lf—˚YR’m◊°\’. Cufl R™rSÙh•pS˚Lf—˚Y ®Lrf£Ls ˘T¨’mYW˙YtLlT”°u\]. B]ÙpCjR˚LV S˚Lf—˚YlTœßL∞p BrkR EQof£Cp˚X; BrkR ˘TÙ⁄∞p˚X;®˚XjR TV≤p˚X. LQ˙SWU°rf£˚V˙V SUdœj Rk’AR˙]Ù” JØ°\’.
˘Yfll©u E⁄Y ˙YflTÙ˙PCLrf£ GuT’.
CXd°VeL∞¤m C’™œßVÙLd LÙQlT”°u\’.
38
“˘TÙpXÙ ˙YÙh˚Pd LXj’d ·r
◊\j˙R ˘VÙ›L U±j’l TÙoj’
GpXÙm LÆrjÁR ß˚Ljß⁄dœm
C›˚Rl ˙Tndœ YÙ√˙WÙ”
(L≠eLj’lTW¶: 570)
GuT’ AlTÙPp.
Tdß
Tdßf —˚Y, R™r CXd°Vjßu R≤f—˚Y. SÙVu
UÙoLfim BrYÙoLfim LmT⁄m Nd°ZÙ⁄m Uh”UpXo;
A⁄Q°¨VÙ⁄m Ys[XÙ⁄m œUWœ⁄TW⁄m RÙŸUÙ]
Y⁄m GpXÙm Rm Tdßl TÙPpL[Ùp T•l˙TÙ˚Wl
TWYN Íh•VYoLs.
“Í‹Xœm DW•VÙp ÿ˚\®WmTÙ Y˚Lÿ•Vj
RÙÆV˙N Y•˙NlTj Rm©˘VÙ”e LÙu˙TÙk’
˙NÙYW‘m ˙TÙoU•Vj ˘RÙp≠Xe˚L LhPØjR
˙NYLu∫o ˙L[ÙR ˘NÆ˘Vu] ˘NÆ˙V
ß⁄UÙp∫o ˙L[ÙR ˘NÆ˘Vu] ˘NÆ˙V”
(£Xm◊ 17 : 35)
G]j ß⁄UÙ≠u ˘T⁄˚U˚Vl TÙ•VYo C[e
˙LÙY•Ls.
“©jRÙ ©˚\„• ˘T⁄UÙ˙] A⁄[Ù[Ù
GjRÙu U\YÙ˙R ®˚]d°u˙\u U]j’u˚]
˚YjRÙn ˘Ti˚Qj ˘RuTÙp ˘Yi˘Qn
SpÌW⁄h”˚\Ÿs
AjRÙ E]dLÙ[Ùn C≤Ap˙Xu G]XÙ˙U”
G] —kRWjR™Øp Ik˘R›jRÙ˚] ALÿ⁄Ll TÙ•VYo
—kRWo.
“B]ÙR ˘NpYj’ AWm˚TVoLs Rt„Z
YÙ]Ùfim NpYÿm UiQW—m VÙu˙Yi˙Pu
˙R]Ùo Èg˙NÙ˚Xj ß⁄˙Ye LPf—˚]´p
¡]Ùnl ©\dœm Æߟ˚P˙Vu B˙Y˙]”
CLrk’ TÙ”R˚X˙V Rm˘RÙØXÙLd ˘LÙi” AqY˚Ll
TÙP≠p £\k’ Æ[e°VYoLÙ[˙ULm Gu‡m ◊XYo.
CLrf£Ÿ˚W Y˚NVÙL UÙjßWmA˚UVÙRT•, œt\j˚Rd
Li•j’ ødœR˚X˙VEi˚UVÙ] ˙SÙdLUÙLd
˘LÙiPRÙ´u, Al˙TÙ’ AqCLrf£ J⁄T• EVok’
Æ”°\’. CqYÙ\ÙLd Li•dL˙Yi•VYt˚\ ApX’
ÆUo£dL ˙Yi•VYt˚\S˚Lf—˚Yl TÙ¶´p
—h•dLÙh”Y˚R Be°Xjßp^hPVo (Satire) GuTÙoLs.C’RÙu ˘RÙpLÙl©Vjßp
AeLRm G]dœ±l©PlT”°u\’.
Y˚L˘VÙ”m S˚L˘VÙ”m·•V˙R AeLRm.
39
G]j Ru Tdß´u ˘T⁄d˚Ll TÙ•VYo ˙NWoœXl ˘T⁄UÙu
œX˙NLWl ˘T⁄UÙs.
“©\YÙ˚U ˙Yi”m ¡i”m ©\l◊i˙Pp
Eu˚] Guflm U\YÙ˚U ˙Yi”m”
G]l TÙ•VYo LÙ˚WdLÙp Am˚UVÙo.
“ædœs ÆW˚X ˚YjRÙp SkRXÙXÙ Eu˚]j
æi”m CuTm ˙RÙuflRPÙ SkRXÙXÙ”
G] Cu˘]Ù⁄ ®˚X´p Tdß EQo˚Yl TÙ•VYo TÙh”d˘LÙ⁄
◊XYu TÙWß.
SU’ CXd°VeLs —˚Y ™dL˚Y; EQof£ ™dL˚Y.
AYt˚\j ˙Rok˘R”j’l T•j’ Cu◊fl˙YÙm.
“GjR˚]˙VÙ CuTm CkR SÙh•˙X Ei”
AjR˚]dœm ˘T¨V CuTm TÙh•˙X Ei”” ˛ (ÀYÙ)
˛ T¶U˚]´p E⁄YÙdLlThP’
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
s "ÆØjRLi ˙Yp˘LÙi ˘P±V AØjR˚Ul©u
JhPu˙\Ù YuL QYodœ'' (≈Wm ˛ 775)
""AWm˙TÙ¤m ·o˚UV ˙W‡m UWm˙TÙpYo
UdLhTi ©pXÙ RYo'' (CØ‹ ˛ 997)
C’˙TÙufl Tp˙Yfl —˚YL∞p A˚UkR œ\sL˚[j ˘RÙœdL.
s AfNm, S˚Lf—˚Y, ˘T⁄™Rm G‡m —˚YL∞u A•lT˚P´p J⁄ £flL˚R
G›’L.
s "LÙXk˙RÙflm R™ØXd°Vjßp —˚YL∞u ˙TÙdœ' G‡m R˚Xl©p J⁄
˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹ RVÙo ˘NnL.
s AeLRf —˚Y´p A˚UkR TZ˘UÙØL˚[j ßWh”L.
40
˙LÙoh”d LÙ¨Vm ˘LÙgNÿm ˘R¨Ÿ˙UÙ?
TÙWl T•Lfim Th•˚Ll T•Lfim
NÙ∑l T•Lfim NUu^˜l T•Lfim
LQd° XPeLÙd L™`u T•Lfim
_lßl T•Lfim ˙XXl T•Lfim
YÙWi”l T•Lfim YÙNt T•Lfim
H¶l T•Lfim, ClT• AlT•
GpXÙl T•Lfim H± C\e°,
YÙQÙs ˘LÙ”j’ YÙQ æojRm
BP Bfim ø˙WÙ? I˙VÙ!
˙LÙoh” ¿^˜ œUÙvRÙ ¿^˜
·•d LÙl© œ•dLl ¿^˜
˘Yt±˚X YÙe°P ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ¿^˜
Yd∏p ¿^˜ UL˚Ul ¿^˜
YdLÙ Xj’ Y˚Ld˘LÙ⁄ ¿^˜
G›Rl ¿^˜ ˘NÙpXl ¿^˜
G›ßV RÙ˚[ G”dLl ¿^˜
®tLl ¿^˜ C⁄dLl ¿^˜
øh•] ˚L˚V UPdLl ¿^˜
TÙWl ¿^˜ ∏Wl ¿^˜
TWÙ CZ‹ T´tfll ¿^˜
Li” ¿^˜ LÙQÙl ¿^˜
U⁄UdLsYØ UÙu™VmU⁄UdLsYØ UÙu™VmU⁄UdLsYØ UÙu™VmU⁄UdLsYØ UÙu™VmU⁄UdLsYØ UÙu™Vm
◊Qof£
CWi” ˘NÙtLs ˙N⁄m ˘TÙ›’Af˘NÙtL∞p HtT”m UÙt\eL˚[l Tt±d ·flm
CXdLQm ◊Qof£ CXdLQm G]lT”m.
®˚X˘UÙØŸm Y⁄˘UÙØŸm
CWi” ˘NÙtLs Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl C˚QY’◊Qof£ G]lT”m. CqYÙfl C˚QŸm ˘NÙtL∞pÿR≠p ®tT˚R "®˚X˘UÙØ' G]‹m CWiPÙY’
Y⁄m ˘NÙp˚X "Y⁄˘UÙØ' G]‹m œ±l©”YoCXdLQ ËXÙo.
YÙ˚Z + Ri” = YÙ˚ZjRi”
YÙ˚Z ˛ ®˚X˘UÙØ
Ri” ˛ Y⁄˘UÙØ
YÙ˚Z ˛ (I) ˛ ®˚X˘UÙØ Dfl
Ri” ˛ (j) ˛ Y⁄˘UÙØ ÿRp
E´oÿRp : E´o G›j˚R ÿR≠p E˚PV ˘NÙp
G.”. A¶ (A)
˘UnÿRp : ˘Un G›j˚R ÿR≠p E˚PV ˘NÙp
G.”. ˘TÙu (l + J)
E´o Dfl: E´o G›j˚R Cflß´p E˚PV ˘NÙp
G.”. A¶ (i + C)
˘Un Dfl: ˘Un G›j˚R Cflß´p E˚PV ˘NÙp
G.”. ˘TÙu (u)
CVp◊ ◊Qof£
®˚X˘UÙØŸm Y⁄˘UÙØŸm C˚QŸm ˘TÙ›’AYt±≤˚P˙V GqÆR UÙt\ÿm CpXÙUp
CVpTÙL C˚QY’ CVp◊ ◊Qof£ G]lT”m.
G.”. YÙ˚Z + UWm = YÙ˚ZUWm
41
ÆLÙWl◊Qof£
˘NÙtLs C˚QŸm ˘TÙ›’ C˚P˙V UÙt\eLsEiPÙ]Ùp A’ ÆLÙWl ◊Qof£ G]lT”m.ÆLÙWl◊Qof£ Íufl ®˚XL∞p A˚UŸm.
A) ˙RÙu\p: ®˚X˘UÙØdœm Y⁄˘UÙØdœmS”Æp ◊ßRÙL Ko G›j’j ˙RÙuflY’.
G.”. YÙ˚Z + TZm = YÙ˚ZlTZm (l)
B) ߨRp: ®˚X˘UÙØ Y⁄˘UÙØLfidœC˚P˙V Y⁄m Ko G›j’ ˙Y˘\Ù⁄G›jRÙL UÙ± Y⁄Y’.
G.”. Ui + œPm = UhœPm (i- → h)
C) ˘L”Rp : ®˚X˘UÙØ Y⁄˘UÙØL∞¤s[G›j’L∞p Jufl Æ”Th” Y⁄Y’.
G.”. UWm + ˙Yo = UW˙Yo (m ˛ Æ”ThP’)
˙Ytfl˚Ul◊Qof£
®˚X˘UÙØdœm Y⁄˘UÙØdœm S”Æp˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊ U˚\k˙RÙ ˘Y∞lTh˙PÙ ®tL,®˚X˘UÙØŸm Y⁄˘UÙØŸm ˙NoY’ ˙Ytfl˚Ul◊Qof£ G]lT”m.
G.”. ˙UÙo + œ•j˙Ru = ˙UÙoœ•j˙Ru
˙Ytfl˚UŸ⁄◊ ‘I’ U˚\k’ Yk’s[’.
LiQu + Li˙Pu = LiQ˚]d Li˙Pu
I E⁄◊ Yk’s[’).
LÆU¶ ˙R£L ÆSÙVLm ©s˚[ (1876 ˛ 1956)
SÙLo˙LÙÆ˚X A”jR ˙RÏ˚Wf NÙokR ˙TϨp ©\kRYo. CYo
G∞V C≤V TÙPpL˚[l TÙ”Yßp YpXYo. ˙LÙhPÙflTs∞´¤m, ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm ULÙWÙNÙ ˘TiLs Lp̨´¤mR™ZÙ£¨VWÙL C⁄kRYo. B£V˙_Ùß Gu‡m ◊jR¨uYWXÙt˚\d ·flm ˘UÙØ˘TVol◊ Ë˚Xj RkRYo. CYo UX⁄mUÙ˚XŸm, EUoLnVÙm TÙPpLs, SÙg£p SÙh” U⁄UdLsYØ
UÙu™Vm ÿR≠V A¨V T˚Pl◊L˚[l T˚Pj’s[Ùo.
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
s ClTÙP≠p LÙQXÙœm —˚Y œ±j’d LXk’˚WVÙ•d œ±l◊ Y˚WL.
s EeLs YÙrÆp ®LrkR U\dLÿ•VÙR S˚Lf—˚Yj R⁄QeL˚[d LÆ˚RY•Æp R⁄L.
ÿi”j ’¶d˘LÙ⁄ ÿ›Up ¿^˜
AkRl ¿^˜ CkRl ¿^˜
B˚]l ¿^˜ È˚]l ¿^˜
H\l ¿^˜ C\eLl ¿^˜
ClT• VÙL Gu˘\u ˚\dœm
¿^˜ ¿^ÙLl ©f—l ©”eœm
˙LÙoh•p ˘Nufl œßjßP ˙YiPÙm.
œßj’d œ•˚V ÿ•jßP ˙YiPÙm;
Í‹X ˙Lj’ ÍY⁄m SÙQl
˘TÙ’¨d LÙoh”l ◊˚W´p R≤VÙn
Ko, Í˚X´p C⁄k’ ÿj˘RÙØp CVtflm
˘RnYj ßu C⁄˙NY• ®Rÿm
Li” ˘RÙ›’ LÙ¶d˚L ´h”
YQeLÙ RYodœ Y⁄k˙RÙ `eLs
CjR˚] ˘Vu±P VÙWÙp ÿ•Ÿm?
˛LÆU¶ R£L ÆSÙVLm ©s˚[
(
42
˚YœiP ˚YjßVo˚YœiP ˚YjßVo˚YœiP ˚YjßVo˚YœiP ˚YjßVo˚YœiP ˚YjßVo
SÙPLl TÙjßWeLs
˚YœiP ˚YjßVo (R™r ˚YjßVo)≈WmÈWu (AYW’ ˙Y˚XVÙs)
BXYÙnl©s˚[ (J⁄ ˙SÙVÙ∞)
ÿRp AeLmÿRt LÙh£
CPm: ˚YœiP ˚YjßVo ≈h•p ˙SÙVÙ∞L˚[lTÙodœm A˚\
LÙXm: LÙ˚X
˚YœiP ˚YjßVo ˙U˚_ A⁄°p EhLÙok’˘LÙi” £X K˚Xl ◊jRLeL˚[j ß⁄l©d˘LÙi•⁄d°\Ùo. ≈h•tœs∞⁄k’ ≈WmÈWu
Y⁄°\Ùu.
≈ : G_UÙu! AkRl È˚]dœh• TÙ≠pXÙUp Lj’°\’. J⁄ A˚WVQÙ C⁄kRÙp TÙp YÙe°...
˚Y : Nj! Rl◊ A’! Su\ÙLd LjRh”m. ""XeLQm TWUJ¸`Rm'' Gufl ˘NÙp≠´⁄d°\’ ˚YjßV NÙvßWjßp. BL˙Y ARtœ XeLQm TÙhPÙp, ARt°⁄dœm ÆVÙߢVpXÙm ˙TÙn —LU˚PŸm.
(≈WmÈWu Es˙[ ˙TÙ°\Ùu.)
BXYÙnl©s˚[ Y⁄°\Ùu.
B: IVÙ! ˚YjßV˙W! G≠ G≠!
˚Y : VÙWlTÙ ø? Gu] NUÙfNÙWm?
B : G≠! G≠!
˚Y : G≠VÙ? SÙu Gu] G≠ ÆVÙTÙWUÙ ˘Nn°˙\u?
B : AlT•VpXeL! G≠ ETjßWYm TÙfldL ÿ•VÆp˚X!
˚Y : ARtœ Gu≤Pm Y⁄YÙ˙]u? L˚Pdœl ˙TÙnJ⁄ G≠l˘TÙ± YÙe° ≈h•tœd ˘LÙi”˙TÙn˚Y. G≠ ETjßWYm øe°Æ”m.
B : ≈h•˙X ApXeL! Gu Y´t±˙X!
(Y´t˚\j RP‹°\Ùu)
SÙPLm
BPp, TÙPp NÙokR ®LrjRp
ÿ˚\ GuT’ EXLm ÿ›Y’m
TZUWTÙLd ˘LÙs[lT”°\’.
R™r SÙPLm ARtœ
ÆßÆXdLpX. L˚R R›ÆV
·j’, SÙPLm GuTRÙL
NeLLÙXm ˘RÙPe° R™r UW©p
®Lrk’ Yk’s[’. ©tLÙXjßp
·j’ ˙Y\ÙL‹m SÙPLm
˙Y\ÙL‹m E⁄d˘LÙi”s[].
R™Øp, SÙPLm ˙Y\Ù]
Y•YUÙL B] ˙TÙߤm A’
BPp, TÙP˚Xj
RÆoj’ÆPÆp˚X. ˘RÙPdL
LÙXjßp Ru‡Pu ˘NÙtTUÙ]
YN]eL˚[ C˚Qj’d
˘LÙiP’. ˘R⁄d·jßp BPp,
TÙPp, YN]m Gu°\ ÿ˚\˚V
Cu\[‹m LÙQXÙm. CRu
˘RÙPof£˚V v˘T`p SÙPL
(C˚N SÙPLm UW©¤m Li”
˘LÙs[XÙm. NULÙX v˘T`p
SÙPLm, BhPj˚R ÿt±¤UÙLj
RÆoj’ÆhP˚Rd LY]jßp
˘LÙs[˙Yi”m.
43
˚Y : Y´t±˙XVÙ? E]d˘Lu] ˚TjßVm ©•jß⁄d°\
RÙ Gu]? A˙P ≈WmÈWu, Ce˙L YÙPÙ!
≈WmÈWu Y⁄°\Ùu.
CkR B˚[ ≈h˚P Æh” Al◊\lT”j’!
B : IVÙ! YjßV˙W! AlT•f NÙpXÙæoLs. ÿR≠p Gu
Y´t±≠⁄k’ G≠˚V Al◊\lT”j’eLs. EeLfidœ
˙Yi•V ÏTÙn R⁄°˙\u.
˚Y : A˙P ≈WmÈWm! ˘LÙgNm ˘TÙfl! H]lTÙ? Eu
Y´t±p GlT• G≠ TÙf—’?
B : AlT•d LÙgNm LfieLs NÙp¤°˙\u. SÙu
˙Stfl UjßVÙ]m YZdLm TÙp Áe°d LÙi•
⁄k˙Ru. YÙ˚Vjß\k’˘LÙi” œ\h˚PÆh”d
˘LÙi” Áeœ°\’ YZdLm. AkRf NUVm
TÙoj’ J⁄ G≠ GlT•˙VÙ Es˙[ ÷˚Zk’ ÆhP’.
Es˙[ TÙ]’m Ae°⁄kR NÙlTÙh˚P˘VpXÙm
NÙl©h”d LÙi” N‹d°VUÙn EhLÙok’ LÙi•
⁄d°\’. SÙu GqY[˙YÙ Ÿdß ˘Nn’ TÙoj’m
˘Y∞˙V YWUÙh˙Pu Gu°\’.
˚Y : (AY]’ ˘RÙl˚T˚Vj RPÆl TÙoj’) K! C’
™L‹m ATÙVLWUÙ] Æ`VUÙf—˙R! Em! Em!
Eu Y´t±tœs ÷˚ZkR’ G≠RÙ]Ù? ®fNVUÙnj
˘R¨ŸUÙ? J⁄ ˙Y˚[ ˘T⁄fNÙ∞VÙ´⁄dœUÙ?
B : Cp˚X ˚YjßV˙W, G≠RÙu.
˚Y : Cp˚X... Y´fl ™L‹m ˘T¨RÙ´⁄d°\˙R Gufl
˙Lh˙Pu... Em! Cl˘TÙ›’ AkR G≠ Gu] ˘Nn°\’
Y´t±tœs˙[?
B : Gu] Nn°\RÙ? J⁄ ®™`m —mUÙ´⁄dL UÙh˙Pu
Gu°\’. Ceœm Aeœm K•d˘LÙi˙P´⁄d°\’.
¿©pv TÙod°p KhPlTkRVjßp ÿRt T¨— ˘T\
˙Yi”˘Uufl AlVÙNm NnY’ TÙ≠⁄d°\’. J⁄
®™`m G]dœj ÁdL™p˚X. Au±Ÿm A˙LÙW
T£VÙ´⁄d°\’.
˚Y : Hu AlT•? ø NÙl©”°\’RÙ˙]?
B : G˚Rf NÙl©h” Gu] ©W˙VÙN]m? SÙu G˚Rf
NÙl©hPÙ¤m Y´tfldœs∞⁄k’ A˚R˘VpXÙm
®LrjRp ·flL[Ù]: ®Lrj’
˘Y∞ (˙U˚P/®LØPm) C˚N
(L⁄Æ C˚N, YoQ˘Uh”dLs).
JlT˚] (ÿL JlT˚], B˚P
BTWQeLs). ˙U˚P A˚Ul◊
(set). ˙U˚PlTVuT” ˘TÙ⁄hLs
(props) B°V] LÙXjßtœd LÙXm
AW£Vp, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWf „Z¤dœ
HtT UÙt\m A˚P°u\].
CmUÙflTÙ”Ls AkRkR
®Lrj’L˚X Y•Yjßp C⁄jRp
NÙokR]. UÙflTÙ”L˚[ HtLÙR˚Y;
EsYÙeLÙR˚Y AØk’˙TÙœm.
AlT• AØk’ ThP˚Y HWÙ[m
GuT˚R L˚XYWXÙfl SUdœd
LÙh”°u\’.
44
CkR G≠l©NÙ— NÙl©h” Æ”°\’. Gu EPm◊dœ
Gu] ©W˙VÙN]m? G]dœs Juflm ReœY˙R´p˚X!
IVÙ ˚YjßV˙W, EeLfidœ Gu] ˙Yi”˘Uu
\Ù¤m R⁄°˙\u. CkR G≠ ETÙ˚R˚V ød°Æ”m,
RV‹ ˘Nn’.
˚Y : Em! CWi” UÙodLeLs C⁄d°u\]... Jufl
∫d°WUÙn ÿ•Ÿm. ARÙY’ HRÙY’ TÙ`ÙQj˚Rd
˘LÙ”j’ CkR G≠˚Vd ˘LÙuflÆPXÙm.
B : IVÙ! A’ ˙YiPÙm. TÙ`ÙQj˚Rf NÙl©hPÙp
AkR G≠ NÙœÿu SÙu ˘Nj’l ˙TÙnÆ”˙Yu.
Cu˘]Ù⁄ UÙodL˘Uu]?
˚Y : Cu˘]Ù⁄ UÙodLm, ˘LÙgNm SÙ[Ùœm. ""XeLQm
TWU J¸`Rm'' Gufl YjßV NÙvßWjßp NÙp≠
C⁄d°\’. Tj’ SÙs XeLQm TÙhPÙp CkR G≠
BLÙW™u± C\k’ ˙TÙnÆ”m.
B : ARtœ ÿu SÙu ˙TÙnÆ”˙Y˙]! ARtœ Gu]
˘Nn°\’? ˚YjßV˙W, ˙Yfl HRÙY’ £°f˚N
˘NnŸeLs. ETÙ˚R ˘TÙfldL ÿ•VÆp˚X.
˚Y : Ntflm TVlTPÙ˙R AlTÙ, AlT•˙V ˘Nn°˙\u.
ÿR≠p Y´t±tœs C⁄lT˚R Gdv˙W TPm
(X ray Photo) G”dL ˙Yi”m. ARtœl ¿— Íufl
ÏTÙn B°\’.
B : CkRÙ⁄eLs. (Íufl ÏTÙn
˘LÙ”d°\Ùu.) G˚RVÙY’ ˘NnŸeLs. CkR
G≠l ©NÙ˚N UÙjßWm Y´t±≠⁄k’
Al◊\lT”jß Æ”eLs.
˚Y : A˙P! ≈WmÈWu!
≈WmÈWu Y⁄°\Ùu.
≈ : G_UÙu.
˚Y : CkR ˙SÙVÙ∞˚V Es˙[ A˚Zj’d
˘LÙi”˙TÙn, CYo Y´t±≠⁄lTRtœ J⁄
Gdv˙W TPm G”j’ ∫d°Wm ˘PYXl (develop)
Ti¶d˘LÙi” YÙ.
≈ : YÙ⁄eL˚[VÙ.
(BXYÙnl©s˚[˚V Es˙[
45
A˚Zj’d˘LÙi” TÙ°\Ùu.)
˚Y : Em! Íufl ÏTÙn XÙTkRÙu: B]Ù¤m CRtœHRÙY’ £°f˚N ˘NnV˙Yi”˙U! Smÿ˚PVBŸo˙YR NÙvßWeL∞p C˚Rl Tt±HRÙY’ NÙp≠´⁄d°\RÙ TÙol˙TÙm!
(K˚Xl ◊jRLeL˚[l T¨˙NÙßj’lTÙod°\Ùo.)
Ju˚\Ÿm LÙ˙QÙm! G≠ L•dœ U⁄k’˘NÙp≠´⁄d°\˙R˘VÙØV Y´t±tœs G≠◊œk’˘LÙiPÙp Gu] ˘NnY’ Gufl˘NÙpXÆp˚X! B! G]dœ J⁄ Ÿdß RÙufl°\’! "UÙo_Ù˙X٠͵ L¨◊' Gufl NÙp≠´⁄d°\’ A’RÙu N¨.
(BXYÙnl©s˚[ Es∞⁄k’ Y⁄°\Ùu)
Gu]? TPm G”jRÙ´t\Ù?
B : TPm G”jRÙf—e˙LÙ. A˚R Gu]˙UÙ˘PYXl (develop) TiQ Yi”UÙm.
˚Y : C˙RÙ ∫d°Wm Yk’Æ”m. EhLÙWlTÙ... Em,Eu ˘TVo Gu]?
B : BXYÙnl©s˚[.
˚Y : K! Eu YÙ˚Vd LÙh” TÙol˙TÙm.
(A˚Rl T¨˙NÙßj’)
N¨RÙu! Cl˘TÙ›’ vTxPUÙnj ˘R¨°\’.CkR ÆVÙßdœd LÙWQm. Smÿ˚PV YjßVNÙvßWeL∞p, TL≠p ÁeLd ·PÙ˘Rufl˘NÙp≠´⁄d°\’; AlT•j ÁeœYR]Ù¤mYÙ˚Vj ß\k’ LÙi” ÁeLXÙLÙ’, C˙RÙTÙo.
(J⁄ K˚XdLh˚Pl ©¨j’T•lT’˙TÙp TÙNÙeœ Nn°\Ùo.)
"" AlT˙] B∞YÙVÙBk˚R˙TÙp ÆØjR LiQÙ˘Nl©˙]u TL≠p øŸm£±’˙U Áe°PÙ˙R.''
C≤˙UXÙY’ TL≠p YÙ˚Vj ß\k’˘LÙi”ÁeLÙ˙R.
AWeœ
SÙPL NÙ˚X´u ÿL˙] VWeL@
’VokR NURX ÿ˚PjRÙnl TpY˚Ld
L[eLfie LÙh”e LƇfl ß˚WTX
˙Yi•V ˙TÙ’ ≈›k R˚LjRÙnd
LÙiTYo ˘SgN UÙi˘TÙ” LY⁄
˙UÙÆVj ˘RÙØ]X UÙÆVl ◊flS‹m
RÙrf£´ ˘XkßWf „rf£Ÿg NÙu\RÙn
TÙ´⁄s L•k’ OÙ´ ˘\›kR˙RÙ
˘Yu] ˘YÙ∞RY Uu≤ Æ[eœk
Á¶Zt ◊\lTPÙ UÙiÆ[d ˘L”j’
®XÆ[d ˙Lt±Ÿ SXÿ\l TÙjßW
S•l©P UÙ° S≤´Vp Y’˙Y.
-˛ T¨ßUÙtL˚XOo
T¨ßUÙtL˚XOo (1870 ˛ 1903)CYW’ CVt˘TVo „¨VSÙWÙVQNÙvߨ. R™rlTt±u LÙWQUÙL Al
˘TV˚Wl T¨ßUÙt L˚XOo G] UÙt±d LÙiPÙo.CYo U’˚W˚V A”jRÆ[Ùf˙N¨´p ©\kRYo.19Bm Ët\Ùi•u Cflß´p R™›dœj RÙi PÙt±VYoLfis œ±l©PjRdLYo. U’˚W´p4Bm R™rfNeLm ®flY ÿVu\YoLfis J⁄Yo. ÏTÙYß, LXÙYß ˙TÙu\SÙPLeL˚[ G›ßŸs[Ùo. OÙ]˙TÙß≤CR˚Z SPjߟs[Ùo. "SÙPLÆVp' Gu\Ë≠≠⁄k’ ClTœß G”dLlTh”s[’.
46
(≈WmÈWu J⁄ TPj˚Rd˘LÙi” Yk’ ˘LÙ”d°\Ùu.)
AlT˙]! B∞YÙVÙ! TÙojRÙVÙ! SÙu ®˚]jRT•˙V´⁄d°\’. Eu Y´t±tœs ÷˚ZkR ©\œ CWi”œh•Ls ˙TÙh•⁄d°\’! TPjßp Íufl G≠LsC⁄d°u\] TÙo!
(LÙh”°\Ùo.)
B : IVÙ! YjßV˙W! CkRd œh•Lfim T¨RÙ°d œh•˙TÙ”YRtœ ÿuTÙL HRÙY’ £°f˚N NnŸeLs!
˚Y : AlT•˙V BLh”m, ARtœ 36 ÏTÙn ¿NÙ´tfl.ÿlT’ ÏTÙn ˘T¨V G≠dœm, Bfl ÏTÙn ARuCWi” œh•Lfidœm.
B : IVÙ, ˚YjßV˙W ˘LÙgNm œ˚\j’d ˘LÙs[d·PÙRÙ?
˚Y : ÿ•V˙Y ÿ•VÙ’.
B : B]Ùp N¨RÙu. CkRÙ⁄eLs.
(ÏTÙ˚Vd ˘LÙ”d°\Ùu.)
˚Y : (A˚Rl ˚T´p ˙TÙh”d˘LÙi”) AlT˙], EuÆVÙß ∫d°Wm œQUÙL ˙Yi”˘Uu\Ùp, SÙu˘NÙp°\T•˙V ˘NnV˙Yi”m. œfld˙L YÙ˚Vjß\k’, Juflm ˙TNXÙLÙ’ ˘R¨ŸUÙ?
B : Cp˚XeL.
˚Y : A˙P! ≈WmÈWu, AkR T£jß⁄d°\È˚]dœh•˚V Ce˙L ˘LÙi”YÙPÙ!
(≈WmÈWu J⁄ È˚]dœh•˚Vd˘LÙi” Y⁄°\Ùu.)
AlT˙], B∞YÙVÙ! CkRl È˚]dœh•˚VG”j’d˘LÙi” ˙TÙ. Cu±W‹ Áeœm˘TÙ›’YÙ˚Vj ß\k’˘LÙi” Áeœ. CkRl È˚]dœh•˚VEu UÙo©u ¡’ T”dL ˚Yj’d˘LÙs. GpXÙmN¨VÙLl ˙TÙnÆ”m. SÙ˚[ LÙ˚X Gu˚] Yk’TÙo.
B : J⁄ ˙Y˚[...
˚Y : A’RÙu ˙YiPÙ˘Uu˙\u! ˚YjßVo YÙdœdœdœd œfldLÙL Juflm ˘NÙpXd·PÙ’.˘NÙu]Ùp U⁄k’ T≠dLÙ’. TÙn YÙ.
(BXYÙnl©s˚[ È˚]dœh•˚VjÁd°d ˘LÙi” ˘Y∞˙V ˙TÙ°\Ùu.)
Lm˘T≤SÙPLm
£≤UÙÆu Y⁄˚Ldœ ÿu,˘Nu˚] UÙLÙQjßu
ÿRu˚UVÙ] ˘YœN] FPLmSÙPLd Lm˘T≤LsRÙu. ◊ßV
TiTÙh” ®LrYÙL C⁄kRAkR SÙPLeLs ÿ°rj’f £X
TjRÙi”L˙[ LPkß⁄kR].
CkSÙPLd Lm˘T≤Lsœ”mTm˙TÙp CVe°].
YÙjßVÙo, S•LoLs,C˚NdL˚XOoLs B°˙VÙo
Ju\ÙL YÙrkR]o. Fo FWÙLlTVQm ˘NnR]o. œ±l©hP
£X CPjßp J⁄ UÙR LÙX˙UÙARtœ˙U˙X ·Pj Re°
®Lrf£L˚[ SPjß]o.CdLm˘T≤ SÙPLeL˚[d
LÙiT’ ÿd°VUÙ] ˘YœN]˘TÙ›’˙TÙdLÙL E⁄YÙ]’.
TX £fl SLWeL∞p ®WkRWSÙPLd ˘LÙhP˚LLs
LhPlThP]. ©\œCdLm˘T≤L∞u UÙflThP
Y•YeLfim ˙RÙu\j˘RÙPe°]. TÙnv Lm˘T≤
G]lT”m £flYoL˚[d˘LÙiP œ›dLs
A˚UdLlThP]. R™r£≤UÙÆu ™L ÿd°VUÙ]
L˚XOoLs TÙnvLm˘T≤L∞p
E⁄YÙdLlThPYoL˙[. 1910pNeLWRÙv —YÙ™Ls NUWN
NuUÙodL NTÙ Gu\ TÙnvLm˘T≤˚Vj ˘RÙPe°]Ùo.AYo SÙPL B£¨Vo Utflm
YÙjßVÙo BYÙo. ˘Yœ £X˙WB]Ù¤m ÿ›Y’m
˘TiL[Ùp B] £Xœ›dLfim CVeLj ˘RÙPe°].
47
LÙh£ ÿ•°\’.
CWiPÙY’ LÙh£
CPm: A˙R CPm. LÙXm : UflSÙs LÙ˚X.
˚YœiP ˚YjßVo ÿu◊˙TÙp ˙U˚_ A⁄°p
EhLÙokß⁄d°\Ùo. Es∞⁄k’ ≈WmÈWu Y⁄°\Ùu.
≈ : Gu]ÙeL! CkR G≠Ls ˘RÙkßW‹ ˘T¨NÙl˙TÙf—!˙Stfl WÙjߨ Gu ’¶˘VpXÙe°Øf„h”’eL!ClT‹m Ed°WÙQ A˚\´p CWi” Íufl ˙Nok’˘LÙi” LÙ◊WÙ Ti¶d ˘LÙi•⁄dœ’eLs! AkRÈ˚]˙V øeL ˘LÙ”jÁhP’ Rl◊eL. A’ C⁄kRÙCkR G≠eLpXÙm °hP SÙPÙ’eL.. . ˙Y˘\Ù⁄È˚]VÙY’ YÙe°°‡ YWh”UÙ?
˚Y : ∫! È˚]dœh•˚V Æ˚X ˙TÙh” YÙeœYRÙY’!VÙWÙY’ ˙LhPÙp £¨lTÙoLs. Em! ˘LÙgNm ˘TÙfl˘NÙp°˙\u. J⁄˙Y˚[! Smÿ˚PV È˚]dœh•Sm™P˙U ß⁄m© YkRÙ¤m Y⁄m Gufl G]dœj˙RÙufl°\’. NÙVeLÙXm Y˚Wdœm TÙol˙TÙm. ø˙TÙn Es˙[ Eu Y˚X˚Vl TÙo... AP˙P LÙgNmC⁄. G]dœ J⁄ ˙VÙN˚] ˙RÙufl°\’. Ed°WÙQjß˙X G≠Ls C⁄d°\’ Gu\Ù˙V, AkR G≠L∞pCWi” Íufl ˘T¨V G≠-L˚[ G≠l˘TÙ± ˚Yj’l©•j’ ˚Y. J⁄ ˙Y˚[ SUdœ Cufl ET˙VÙLlThPÙ¤m T”m.
≈ : AlT•˙V.
(Es˙[ ˙TÙ°\Ùu.)
˚Y : Cu˚\dœ YZdLUÙn Y⁄m ˙SÙVÙ∞Ls ·PYWÆp˚X! U⁄k˙R NÙl©PÙU≠⁄kRÙp —TÙYjß]ÙpGpXÙ ÆVÙßLfim øeœm Gufl J⁄ U˚PVuG›ß]Ù¤m G›ß]Ùu, ˚YjßVoL[Ù°V GeLsTÙ” LxPLÙXUÙnl ˙TÙnÆhP’; Cu‡m ˘LÙgNSÙs TÙod°˙\u. CkR YjßVjßp N¨VÙ] Y⁄mT•YWÙÆhPÙp C˚R Æh” _ÙvVm NÙpX BWm©j’Æ”°˙\u. ARtœ U⁄k’ £X‹, ˙Y˚XVÙs £X‹Juflm ˙Yi•Vßp˚X. CkR K˚Xl◊jRLeL˙[˙TÙ’m.
(BXYÙnl©s˚[ Y⁄°\Ùu.)
B : IVÙ! ˚YjßV˙W! Gu] ClT•f ˘Nn’ ÆhºoL˙[!ÿu©⁄kR˚RÆP Y´fl ˘T⁄j’l ˙TÙnÆhP˙R!
EPmT”˘Un
E´˘W›j˚R CflßVÙLd˘LÙiP J⁄ ˘NÙp,E´˘W›j˚R ÿRu˚UVÙLd˘LÙiP J⁄ ˘NÙp¤PuC˚QŸm˙TÙ’, AqE´˘W›j’Lfidœ C˚P˙V"n' ApX’ "q' Gu‡m˘Un˘V›j’ ™œk’ Y⁄m.CqYÙfl Y⁄Y˚REPmT”˘Un GuTo.
®˚X˘UÙØ Cflß´p C, D, IB°V E´˘W›j’L∞pH˙R‡m Jufl Yk’,Y⁄˘UÙØ ÿR≠p H˙R‡mE´˘W›j’ YkRÙp C˚P˙V"n' Gu‡m ˘UnEPmT”˘UnVÙL Y⁄m.
U¶ + AZœ = U¶VZœæ + Cp˚X = æ´p˚XU˚X + Hfl = U˚X˙Vfl
®˚X˘UÙØ Cflß´p A, B,E, F, G, J, K, J¸ Gu‡mGh” E´˘W›j’L∞p JuflYk’, Y⁄˘UÙØ ÿR≠pH˙R‡m E´˘W›j’ YkRÙp"q' Gu‡m ˘UnEPmT”˘UnVÙL Y⁄m.(G.”.)TXÙ + C˚X = TXÙÆ˚XA’ + ApX = A’YpXÈ + AZœ = ÈYZœ˙LÙ = Cp = ˙LÙÆp
®˚X˘UÙØ Cflß´p "H'G‡m E´oYkRÙp n, qB°V ˘Un˘V›j’L∞pG’˙Yi”UÙ]Ù¤mEPmT”˘UnVÙL YWXÙm.F˙W + ApX = F˙WVpXF˙WYpX
48
LÙ˚X´p G›kR’ ÿRp Íf— Æ”YRtœmLxPUÙ ´⁄d°\˙R!
˚Y : SÙu ˘NÙu]T•˙V ˘NnRÙVÙ AlTÙ? Ge˙LAkR È˚]dœh•?
B : A˚RjRÙu ˙LfieLs! ˙St±W‹ øeLs˘NÙu]T•˙V T”j’d˘LÙsfim TÙ›’ AkRÈ˚]dœh•˚V Gu UÙo©p ˚Yj’d˘LÙi”Gu YÙ˚Vj ß\k’ ˘LÙi” Áe°˙]u.LÙ˚X´p G›k’ TÙod°˙\u È˚]dœh•˚VdLÙ˙QÙm! Gu Y´fl UÙjßWm ÿu˚TÆP˘T⁄j’l ˙TÙ´⁄d°\’. ˙Yi”˘Uu\ÙpT¨˙NÙßj’l TÙ⁄eLs.
˚Y : (AYu Y´t˚\l T¨˙NÙßj’l TÙoj’) K!˘R¨°\’, C⁄kRÙ¤m GRtœm CRtœ J⁄ TPmG”j’l TÙodL˙Yi”m!
B : ARtœ ˙Yfl Íufl ÏTÙn ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”UÙGu]?
˚Y : TVlTPÙ˙R! CWiPÙm ÿ˚\ TPm G”lTRtœCWi” ÏTÙn ˙TÙ’m.
B : AmUh”m Nk˙RÙ`m! CkRÙ⁄eLs CWi”ÏTÙn.
(˘LÙ”d°\Ùu.)
˚Y : A˙P! ≈WmÈWu!
≈WmÈWu Es∞⁄k’ Y⁄°\Ùu.
≈ : Hu?
˚Y : C˙RÙ CkR ©s˚[VÙiPÙ˚] A˚Zj’d˘LÙi” ˙TÙn Y´t±‡s∞⁄lTRtœ J⁄Gdv˙W TPm ∫d°Wm G”j’d˘LÙi” YÙ.
(≈WmÈWu BXYÙnl©s˚[˚V Es˙[A˚Zj’d ˘LÙi” ˙TÙ°\Ùu.)
˚Y : RtLÙXjßp Ah˘YÙ˙Lh”L˚[l˙TÙp, YjßVoLs J⁄ ≈ßdœ JuT’ TVoLs C⁄d°\ÙoLs.BL˙Y HRÙY’ v˘T`p (Special) ˚YjßVuGufl ˘TVo ˚Yj’d˘LÙiPÙpRÙu TQmNmTÙßdLXÙm. Cu˚\d˙L ˘Y∞´≠⁄dœm
NTÙ SÙPLeLsUWÙjß Utflm TÙo£ SÙPLd
Lm˘T≤L∞u ˘Nu˚] Y⁄˚LBe°Xm Lt\Y¨˚P˙V RÙdLm
HtT”jßV’.
øßj’˚\´p T¶VÙt±d˘LÙi•⁄kR TmUp NmTkR
ÿR≠VÙo 1891Cp —œQ ÆXÙNNTÙ Gu\ A˘Uf„o œ›˚Yf
˘Nu˚]´p ®flÆ]Ùo. Cdœ›NÍLjßu EVoUhPjß]˚Wd
LYokR’. ˙U˚Xd LpÆ˘Tt\YoLs, L˚X´p
Te˙LtTRtLÙ] Ae∏LÙWj˚RSÙPLj’˚\ ˘Tt\’. —œQÆXÙN
NTÙ ˙TÙu\ ®flY]eLsAj˙R˚Y˚Vl Èojß ˘NnR].
A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ £flSLWeL∞¤m TX NTÙdLs
E⁄YÙ°]. Rg˚N —RoN] NTÙ,ß⁄f£ W£L WgN≤ NTÙ
B°VYt˚\G”j’dLÙh”L[ÙLd ˘LÙs[XÙm.
CkRf NTÙdLs A˘Uf„oLm˘T≤Ls Bœm.
SÙPLjßuTÙp Es[ D”TÙh•uLÙWQUÙLl TXo Efll©]oL[ÙL
CkRf NTÙdL∞p ˙NokR]o.TQm NmTÙßdL CYt˚\ Sm©C⁄dLÆp˚X. Y¶L √ß´XÙ]
Lm˘T≤Ls ˙TÙXu±,CfNTÙdL∞u SÙPLeLs ™Ld
œ˚\YÙL, £X SLWeL∞p Uh”m®LrjRlThP]. CkR ˙UpRh”
NTÙdL∞u SÙPLeLs˘T⁄mTÙ¤m LÙ∞RÙNo,
˙`dv©Vo SÙPLeL∞u R™rY•YeL[ÙL C⁄kR]. Lm˘T≤SÙPLeL˚[l ˙TÙXu± CkRf
NTÙ SÙPLeLs YN]jßtœÿd°Vj’Ym A∞jR]. C˚N
Utflm TÙPpLfidœ AßLA›jRm RWÆp˚X.
49
Gu ˘TVo ˙TÙo•p (Board) ""C˚Q´pXÙR G≠˚YjßVo'' Gu‡m ˘TV˚W G›ß˚Yd°˙\u.
BXYÙnl©s˚[ Es∞⁄k’ Y⁄°\Ùu.
B : ˚YjßV˙W! TPm G”jRÙ´tfl. Ae˙L UÙh•´⁄dœmUt\l TPeL˚[l TÙodL G]dœ TVUÙ´⁄kR’, Yk’Æh˙Pu! ˚YjßV˙W Cufl LÙ˚X ÿRp Y´tfldœs∞⁄k’ ÿu◊ ˙TÙXpXÙUp ˙YflÆRUÙ] NlRmEiPÙ°\’. A˚R LY≤jæoL[Ù?
˚Y : (Y´t±p v˙PRÙv˙LÙl Stethoscope Yj’l TÙoj’)Bm Bm! C’ St±⁄kR NlRUpX. Stfl G≠NlRm ˙LhP’. Cl˘TÙ›’ È˚] NlRm˙Lh°\’!
B : I˚V˙VÙ! AkRl È˚]dœh•Ÿm Y´t±tœs˙TÙn ÆhPRÙ Gu]?
˚Y : Bm!
≈WmÈWu J⁄ TPj˚Rd ˘LÙi” Y⁄°\Ùu.
C˙RÙ TÙojRÙVÙ TPj˚R! È˚]dœh• EuY´t±tœs EhLÙok’ LÙi•⁄d°\’.
B : I˚V˙VÙ! YjßV˙W! C’ RÙ]Ù øeLs Gu˚]˘NÙvRlT”j’°\’?
B : AlT˙]! B∞YÙVÙ! ø CqYÙfl ◊jß´pXÙRYu˙TÙp TNXÙUÙ? AkR G≠L∞u ETjßWYjß≤uflm Eu˚]d LÙlTÙtflmT• ˙LhPÙn. A˚Rf˘Nn’ ÿ•j˙R˙]Ù Cp˚X˙VÙ?
B : Ge˙L AkR G≠Ls?
˚Y : A˚RjRÙu SÙu Eu˚]d Lh°˙\u? Ge˙L AkRG≠Ls?
B : Gu Y´t±p (TPj˚Rd LÙh•) LÙ˙QÙ˙U.
˚Y : Bm Eu Y´t±≠p˚X. CkRl È˚]dœh•´uY´t±≠⁄d°u\]! CkRl È˚]dœh•, AkR T¨VG≠ Jufl. £u] G≠Ls CWi”, BL Íu˚\Ÿm◊£j’ ÆhP’. ARu Y´fl·P El©´⁄d°\’ TÙo...AkR G≠ TVm C≤ E]dœ YiPÙm. AkR G≠LsGpXÙm Ck˙SWm È˚] Y´t±p ÀWQUÙnl˙TÙ´⁄dœm.
B : BUÙm YjßV˙W! "YÙ¤ TÙ´ Ljß YkR’ ”m”m'
E˚P ˛ JlT˚]
Lm˘T≤ SÙPLeL∞p ◊WÙQl
TÙjßWeLs, ˘RnYeLs,
CWÙ_ÙdLs ˙TÙu\˚Y CWÙ_Ù
WÆYoUÙ KÆVeL∞u
RÙdLjß]Ùp E⁄YÙ] E˚P
JlT˚] ÿ˚\˚Vl
TVuT”j’°u\]. 19 Bm
Ët\Ùi•u Cflßdœs AYW’
KÆVeLs TX Tjߨ˚LL∞¤m
LÙXiPoL∞¤m ˘Y∞VÙ°,
TmTÙn, ˘Nu˚] B°V
UÙLÙQeL∞p Es[ SÙPLd
Lm˘T≤L∞p RÙdLm ˘N¤jß].
50
GuT’˙TÙX G≠ ˙TÙ´ È˚] Ykß⁄d°\˙R GuY´t±p!
˚Y : ARtœ ˙Yfl £°f˚N ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
B : (TVk’ G›k’) Gu]! CkRl È˚]dœh•˚Vd˘LÙpX HRÙY’ Ju˚\ SÙ˚[ Gu Y´t±tœsÆPl˙TÙ°»oL[Ù Gu]! ˙YiPÙm ˙YiPÙm! EeLs˚YjßVm ˙YiPÙ˘U]dœ!
(KPl TÙod°\Ùu.)
˚Y : (AYu L˚Vl ©•j’ R”j’) AlT˙] B∞YÙVÙ!AlT• Juflm NnVUÙh˙Pu TVlTPÙ˙R! CkRlÈ˚]dœh•˚V Y∞´p ALt±Æ”°˙\u TVlTPÙ˙R!
B : B! AlT•f ˘NnŸeLs EeLfidœl ¿— ˘LÙ”d°˙\u.
˚Y : ARtœ 50 ÏTÙn ¿NÙœm.
B : Gu] ˚YjßV˙W! AßLUÙnd ˙LhºoLs! J⁄˘T¨V G≠dœm CWi” œh• G≠Lfidœm 36ÏTÙn LÙ”j˙Ru. C’ J˙W È˚]RÙ˙], 12 ÏTÙn˚Yj’d ˘LÙsfieLs.
˚Y : A˘RpXÙm ERYÙ’. J˙W È˚]VÙ´⁄kRÙ¤m C’G≠˚VÆP GqY[‹ T¨V _k’; VÙ£j’l TÙo.
B : A˘RpXÙm ERYÙ’. SÙu ˘NÙp¤°\˚Rd˙LfieLs. Gu≤Pm C⁄T’ ÏTÙnRÙ≤⁄d°\’.A˚R YÙe°d˘LÙi” CkRl È˚]˚V Gu Y´t±≠⁄k’ Al◊\l T”j’YRÙ]Ùp ˘NnŸeLs.CpXÙÆhPÙp SÙu ˘_]Wp BvTjߨdœl˙TÙn Gu Y´t˚\ Aflj’ CkRl È˚]dœh•˚V˘Y∞lT”jRf ˘NÙp≠Æ”°˙\u. ARtLÙL J⁄NÙo_˜m LhLUÙhPÙoLs.
(G›kß⁄d°\Ùu.)
˚Y : ˙YiPÙm AlTÙ EhLÙo. ø SpX ©s˚[VÙ´⁄d°\Ùn; E]dLÙL Gu NÙo˚_ œ˚\d°˙\u. AkRC⁄T’ ÏTÙŸm Gu≤Pm LÙ”j’Æ”.
(ÏTÙ˚V YÙe°d˘LÙi”)
BT˙W`u (Operation) CpXÙUp A˚W ®™`jßpAkRl È˚]dœh•˚V ˘Y∞lT”j’ Æ”°˙\uTÙo.
C˚P˙Y˚[
CkßVÙÆu ß˚WlTPd
LÙh£L∞p Ju±l˙TÙ]
AmNm C˚P˙Y˚[ Bœm.
C’‹m Lm˘T≤ SÙPLeLs
RkR ˘LÙ˚PVÙœm. ™L øiP
SÙPLeLs, £X NUVm
AßLÙ˚X Y˚W SPdœm „Zp
C⁄kR’. G]˙Y C˚P˙Y˚[,
®Lrf£´u AY£VUÙ] ·\ÙL
C⁄kR’, ˙U˚P A˚Ul◊
UÙt\lT”YRtœm
TÙo˚YVÙ[oLs, ◊j’Qo‹
˘TflYRtœm CkR
C˚P˙Y˚[ ˙R˚YlThP’.
SÙPLm Tt±V Cdœ±l◊Ls
A˚]j’m Lh•Vm LÙXÙi”
BnÆRØ≠⁄k’
G”dLlThP˚Y.
51
B : YÙvRYUÙn?
˚Y : AlT•dœf NnVÙÆhPÙp CkR C⁄T’ ÏTÙ˚V Ÿm
YÙTv ˘Nn’Æ”°˙\u. ClT• YÙ. C˙RÙ CkR
v°√u (Screen) ©u]Ù≠⁄dœm ˙U˚_´u ¡’
T”j’d˘LÙs. (AlT•˙V ˘Nn°\Ùu.) Li˚Q
Í•d˘LÙs. YÙ˚V B∞YÙ˚Vl ˙TÙpß\... E]dœ
B∞YÙVu Gufl N¨VÙ] ˘TVo ˚YjRÙoLs Eu
RÙn Rk˚RVo. A˘P! ≈WmÈWu (Es∞⁄k’ Hu?)
AkR G≠ ˙TÙ˚] ClT•d ˘LÙi” YÙ.
≈WmÈWu G≠˘VÙu\˚PTh•⁄dœm
G≠˙TÙ˚]d ˘LÙi” Y⁄°\Ùu.
≈ : C˙RÙ!
˚Y : C˚R AlT•˙V ß\YÙUp ©s˚[VÙiPÙu YÙV⁄
°p LÙh”. (≈WmÈWu AlT•˙V ˘NnV v°√‡dœl
©u]Ù≠⁄k’ J⁄ È˚]dLh• ˘Y∞˙V œßd°\’.)
AlT˙] B∞YÙVÙ! Nh˘Pufl Eu YÙ˚V Í•d LÙs!
B! AlT•. CpXÙÆhPÙp AkRl È˚]d œh•
UflT•Ÿm YÙndœs ÷˚ZVl ˙TÙ°\’! Cl˘TÙ›’
GlT•´⁄d°\’?
B : AlTÙ! YjßV˙W! (G›kß⁄k’ Y∞´p Yk’) EeL
fidœd LÙ• SUvLÙWm! Y´t±≠⁄k’ ETÙ˚R˘Vp
XÙm øe°ÆhP’ AlTÙ!
˚Y : AlT˙], E]d˘Lu] ˙Y˚X?
B : SÙu ˙TÙo”Ls ˘T´uh(Board paint) Ti‘°\’.
˚Y : K! ®WmTN¨! AlT•VÙ]Ùp G]d˘LÙ⁄ ETLÙWm
˘NnV˙Yi”m.
B : Gu] ˘NÙp¤eLs; EP˙] ˘Nn°˙\u.
˚Y : Gu ˘TV˚Wl ˙TÙh”, ARu ∏r ""G≠ ˚YjßVjßp
C˚Q´pXÙRYo'' Gufl G›ß] ˙TÙo” Jufl RVÙo
˘Nn’˘LÙ”.
B : ARt˘Lu]? AlT•˙V BLh”m. øeLs G]dœf
˘NnRRtœ. A’ ·PYÙ SÙu ˘NnVd·PÙ’? Em,
EeLs ˘TV˘Wu]?
˚Y : ˚YœiP ˚YjßVo, Gufl Gu˚] Gp˙XÙ⁄m
52
·flYÙoLs.
B : ˚YœiP ˚YjßVWÙ! A’ Hu AlT• ˘TVo
YkR’?
˚Y : H˘]u\Ùp, Gu≤Pm Y⁄m SÙVÙ∞Ls SÙu˘LÙ”dœm U⁄kß]Ùp œQlTPÙÆhPÙp, AYoL˚[˚Yœi Pjßtœ A‡l◊Y’ YZdLm. Ae˙L GuR˚UV]Ùo TÙ´⁄d°\Ùo. AYo Ae˙L AYoL˚[˘VpXÙm ˘NÙvRlT”jß Æ”YÙo.
B : AYo ˘TVo Gu]?
˚Y : TWUTR ˚YjßVo.
B : Al˘TÙ›’ AY⁄dœd·P J⁄ ˙TÙo”G›ßd˘LÙi” Y⁄°˙\u.
(◊\lTPl TÙod°\Ùu.)
˚Y : Em! BUÙUlTÙ... A˚R SÙu AY¨Pm GlT•A‡l◊Y’?
B : øeLs ˙SWÙL G”j’d˘LÙi” ˙TÙn EP˙]˘LÙ”j’ Æ”eL˙[u!
(˙TÙ°\Ùu.)
˚Y : CY‡dœd ·P ˘LÙgNm◊jß´⁄d°\’.
˛ TmUp NmTkR ÿR≠VÙo
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
s ˚YœiP YjßVo Gu\ SÙPLjß˚]f —˚Y™dL L˚RVÙL Y•UÙt\m NnL.
s Ts∞d L˚XÆZÙÆp S•dLjRdL Y˚L´p H˙R‡m J⁄ —˚YV•lT˚P´p
SÙPLm G›’L.
s ˚YœiP ˚YjßVo SÙPLjß˚] S•j’d LÙh”eLs.
TmUp NmTkR ÿR≠VÙo (1873- 1967)TmUp Gu\ F¨p ©\kR CYo NhPm T´u\YWÙYÙo. S•l◊j’˚\´u¡’˘LÙiP BoYjRÙp —œQ ÆXÙN N˚T Gu\ SÙPLdœ› Yj ˘RÙPe°]Ùo. WÙqNÙ°l ThPj˚RŸm WÙq TLÁo ThPj˚RŸm Be°X AW£Pm ˘Tt\Yo. S”Yi AW— CY˚Wl TÙWÙh•TjUÈ`i Æ⁄’ YZe°V’. ˘RÙiÊt±tœm ˙UtThP SÙPLlT‡YpL˚[l T˚Pj’s[Ùo. R™r SÙPLj Rk˚R Gufl˙TÙt\lThPYo. SÙPL˙U˚P ®˚]‹Ls, SÙPLjR™r Gu‡m A¨V ËpL˚[lT˚Pj’ ©tLÙX SÙPL YWXÙtfl BnÆtœ Efl’˚QVÙL C⁄kRYo.
53
s Be°Xm U˚XVÙ[m R™r
˙`dv©Vo Æ. •. ThPߨlTÙ” NeLWRÙv —YÙ™Ls
˘To]Ùh`Ù Gu. Gu. ©s˚[ ˙N. WÙUÙ‡_m
CYoLs Tp˙Yfl ˘UÙØL∞u SÙPLj’˚\L∞p £\k’ Æ[e°VYoLs.CYoLfi˚PV YÙrd˚Ld œ±l◊L˚[ Es[Pd° J⁄ œflmTPm RVÙ¨dL.
s ˘UnlTÙh•tœm S•l©tœm C˚P˙VVÙ] RÙPo©˚] CXd°VeLs, FPLeL∞u (ß˚WlTPm, SÙPLm, ˘RÙ˚XdLÙh£) ’˚Q˘LÙi” LXk’˚WVÙ•E˚Wd œ±l◊j RVÙo˘NnL.
s Gi Y˚L ˘UnlTÙ”L˚[l Th•V≠”L.
s ÷m TÙPlTœß´p Y⁄m TVof˘NÙp, Æ˚]f˘NÙtL˚[j RÙœj’l Th•V≠”L.
s ÷m TÙPlTœß´p Yk’s[ Tj’ EPmT”˘Un ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’Æ[dœL.
s CqYX°p CPm˘Ttfls[ CVp◊ ◊Qof£, ÆLÙWl ◊Qof£ (˙RÙu\p,ߨRp, ˘L”Rp) ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ Æ[dœL.
s C˚Qj’ G›ß AhPY˚QlT”j’L.
TX + ˘TÙ•, Lp + Æ[dœ, VÙ˚] + Li, Lp + Ái, U¶ + AZœ,UWm + ≈”, U˚X + Ht\m, ˘TÙu + RÙU˚W, TZm + L˚P, ◊’ + EXLm
CVp◊ ˙RÙu\p ߨRp ˘L”Rp
¯¯¯¯¯
54
AXœ 3
UÙt-\m Gu-‡m ˘NÙp-˚Xj RÆ-W, Gp-XÙj ’˚\-L-∞-¤m
UÙt-\e-Ls LÙXf-„-Z-¤d-œ HtT ®Lrk-’- LÙi˙P RÙu C⁄d-°u-\-].
LÙX-ÿm ˘Y∞-Ÿm (Time and Space) UÙt-\e-L-fidœ A•l-T-˚P.
R™r CXd-°-Vl TWl-©p Y•Y UÙt-\e-Ls Gu-T] LÙXk-˙RÙ-flm
®Lrk-’ Yk-’s-[-]. ˘TÙ⁄i˚U A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] Cm-UÙt-\e-
L-˚[j R™r CXd-°V YW-XÙt-fl Ët-Ls NeL LÙXm, Ne-Lm
U⁄-ÆV LÙXm, LÙl-©V LÙXm, TdßdLÙXm, £t±-Xd-°VdLÙXm,
E˚W-S-˚Pd LÙXm, ◊j-ß-Xd-°V LÙXm (S-≈] LÙXm) G]l TÙœ-
T-”j-’-°u-\-]. Rt-LÙX/S≈] CXd-°-Ve-Ls CNe-Ls A•l-T-˚P-
´p NÍ-Ll ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[ A‘-œ-°u-\-]. S≈] CXd-°-Vl
˙TÙd-œ-Ls œ±j-’ A±V Cq-Y-X-œ ER-‹-°u-\-’.
×ÕùYs[m×ÕùYs[m×ÕùYs[m×ÕùYs[m×ÕùYs[m
l Tp- Y-fl CXd-°-Vl T˚Pl-◊-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ NnRp. Tp- Yfl
˘UÙØ Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L-∞p Y∞-´-”-Rp.
l NÍL Ht\jRÙr-‹-L˚[ S≈] CXd-°-Ve-Ls YØ-VÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’
˘LÙi” FPLeLs YÙ´XÙL ˘Y∞´”Rp.
l CXd°VeL˚[ CVdLeLs CNeLs, SÙd°p YÙ£j’l TœlTÙn‹
˘Nn’ A±ÿLlT-”jRp, ÆUo£jRp.
l —V T˚Pl-◊-L-∞p D”-T-”-Rp.
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
55
S≈]j’Ym GuT’ L˚X ˛ CXd°Vm Tt±V J⁄
˘LÙs˚L ApX’ Y∞lTÙ” Gufl NÙpXlThPÙ¤m, TWkR
A[Æp, A’ J⁄ YÙrd˚Lÿ˚\˚V/U]®˚X˚V˙V
œ±d°u\’. ˘RÙØp ÷‘dLl ◊Wh£dœl ©u]o HtThP
ÿRXÙ∞j’Yl ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW Y[of£´u LÙWQUÙLl
Tj˘RÙuTRÙm Ët\Ùi•u ©tTÙß´p, YÙrd˚Lÿ˚\´¤m
A’ Tt±V Li˙QÙhPjߤm L¶NUÙ] UÙflRp HtThP’.
C’, ÿd°VUÙLl ©WÙu˚N UVUÙL‹m CjRÙ≠, Ce°XÙk’
ÿR≠V ©\ I˙WÙl©V SÙ”L˚[f NÙok’m HtThP’.
A’LÙflm BßdLm ˘N¤jß YkR T˚ZV ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW
EtTjߟ\‹Lfim TiTÙh” Ußl◊Lfim RU’ CPj˚R
CZk’ÆhP˙TÙ’, UW◊L˚[l Tt±V Li˙QÙhPm UÙ±V’.
TZ—Lfidœ UÙ\Ù]˚Y, ◊’— Gu\ Rœß˙VÙ” UdL∞u
YÙr®˚XL∞¤m £kR˚] ÿ˚\L∞¤m NpYÙdœ N¤jRj
˘RÙPe°V’. S≈]j’Ym ÿu˚Yd°u\ L⁄j’®˚XL˚[f
NÙWÙmNUÙL Ce˙L œ±l©PXÙm.
1. ◊ßV L˚X, ◊ßV CXd°Vm, ◊ßV Y•Ym.
2. L˚X, CXd°Vm —RkßWUÙ]’; —VÙßdLUÙ]’.
3. NULÙXj’Yÿm ARu ©Wf£˚]Lfim L˚X CXd°Vjßt
œ¨V ©Wf£˚]L[ÙLXÙm.
4. AW£Vp At\ Utflm EVo˙Uh•˚UjR]UÙ] U]l˙TÙdœ.
5. R≤j’Ym, RWm, ◊≤Rm ÿR≠VYt˚\ ÿu≤flj’Y’.
6. ˙NÙR˚]L∞¤m NÙR˚]L∞¤m D”TÙ”.
7. RÙWÙ[j’YUÙ] U≤R ˙SVm.
8. T˚Z˚Udœ Gßol◊, Ufll◊, ARt˘LßWÙ] ˙R”Rp.
S≈]j’Ym T˚Pl◊X°¤m ß\]Ùn‹ EX°¤m
A[lT¨V TX NÙR˚]L˚[f ˘Nnß⁄d°\’. Ei˚U´p,
C’ T˚Pl◊jRu˚U ApX’ EtTjßjß\u AßLm E˚PV’.
˙Yfl GkRd LÙXeL˚[Ÿm ÆP, S≈]j’Yd LÙXlTœß´p
RÙu, AßLUÙ] ß\]Ùn‹Lfim CXd °VeLfim Ykß⁄d°u\].
S≈]j’YmS≈]j’YmS≈]j’YmS≈]j’YmS≈]j’Ym
56
AYt±u TX Y˚LlTÙ”Lfim Ykß⁄d°u\]. ˙U¤m,
C’ R≤VÙ]RÙL‹m YWÆp˚X. CR˙]Ù” Jufl°\ ÆRj
ßp EP‡˚\°\ £X ÿd°VUÙ] L⁄j’ ®˚XLfim
˙RÙu±]. CYt±p Gß⁄m ◊ß⁄UÙ] ®˚XlTÙ”Ls Ei˘P
≤‡m, ÆYÙReLfidœm Y[of£dœm C˚Y CPm RkR].
CkRd L⁄j’®˚XLs, VRÙojRÆVp, @©WÙn•Vm,
C⁄jR≠Vm, ¡˘Un˚U´Vp, C⁄i˚UYÙRm, C∞®˚XYÙRm
ÿR≠V]YÙœm. U¤m, A˚Ul©Vp GuT’m, S≈]j’Y
LÙXjßp, B]Ùp, ARu ©tTœß´p ˙RÙu±V˙RVÙœm.
R™Øp S≈]j’Ym 1925dœl ©\œ ˙RÙu±VRÙLd
L⁄RXÙm. CR‡˚PV R˚X˚UVÙ] ©Wß®ß, Rmÿ˚PV
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B]-Yu; U]d-˙LÙh-˚P-L-˚[d
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57
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
s ""T˚ZV] LØR¤m ◊ßV] ◊œR¤m
Y›YX LÙX Y˚L´]Ù˙]'' ˛ SuÚp
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œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnL.
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YÙ˘]Ù≠ E˚W RVÙ¨dL.
ß.—. SPWÙNu
CYo 1941 Cp £YLÙ£˚V A”j’s[ ß⁄jReLp Gu\ F¨p ©\kRYo. U’˚W LÙUWÙNo
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CXd°V ÆUoNLo. R™r AZ°Vp, R™Øu TiTÙh” ˘Y∞Ls, LÆ˚R G‡m
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Ë≠≠⁄k’ G”dLlTh”s[’.
58
™L ˘S⁄e°V T¨fNVÿi˘P≤‡m
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59
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60
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61
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63
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GeL G_UÙu SpXÙ∏\ÙWÙ? ˘Ys˚[Vu ˙LsÆ
´˙X BYp ˘TÙe°V’. £u]WÙ¥u ÿLj˚R˙V ©WLÙN
ÿPu TÙojRÙu.
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AY⁄ LÙXUÙ°.
An˙VÙ GgNÙ™˙V R˚X¡’ ˚L ˚Yj’d ˘LÙi”
NÙ˚X KWjß˙X˙V AlT•˙V EhLÙok’˘LÙiPÙu
˘Ys˚[Vu. AYu ¡˚NŸm, Lu]eLfim AßokR].
LiΩo RÙ˚W RÙ˚WVÙL YØkR’.
R≠j-ß-Vm
R≠j Gu\ ˘NÙp Rp Gu\
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Rp Gu\ ˘NÙp R™r
ÆÆ-≠-Vj-ßp H˚Z-Ls Gufl
˘UÙØ-VÙd-Lm ˘Nn-Vl-Th-”s-[-’.
R≠j Gu\ ˘NÙp-≠t-œ UWÙh-•V
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˘TÙ⁄-[Ù-œm. Be-°-˙X-Vo-Ls
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Gu-T-’ NÙß Y¨-˚N-´p
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R≠j-ß-Vm Gu-T-’ Am-Ud-Ls
NÙßd ˘LÙ”- U- -≠-⁄k-’ Æ”-R˚X
A˚PV ÿRp ®Tk-R-˚]-VÙL
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Al- TÙ-WÙh-Pe-L-fid-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ]
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AWiU˚]˙TÙX ®u±⁄kR Aq≈h•u T•˙V±,
ÆNÙXUÙ] ßi˚Q˙Up YÙ˚ZdLÙn ∫l◊L˚[Ÿm ˙ReLÙn
L˚[Ÿm C\d° YjRÙu. Ys˚[Vu, Íh˚P´˙X LÙgNm
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°\˙RÙ A˚Rj RY\ÙUp G_UÙ]u ≈h”dœ G”j’ Yk’
Æ”YÙu ˘Ys˚[Vu. Gm˙UÙq EsLRÆu ©u≤⁄k’
B⁄ K‘m? Gu\’ J⁄ Ti œWp. SÙuRÙu Ys˚[Vu,
G_UÙ≤VmUÙ Gu\’m Esfidœ YÙ ˘Ys˚[ Gu\T•
U˚\k’ÆhP’ œWp.
S˚P˚V Jh•´⁄dœm ÆNÙXUÙ] ÿu]˚\´˙X
EhLÙok’ ˘LÙiPÙu. R˚W œfi˚UŸPu C⁄kR’. ˙Y˚Xd
LÙWd °ZÆ LÙ© LÙ”j’Æh”, AYu LÙi” YkR TÙ⁄h
L˚[ G”j’l ˙TÙ]Ùs. Jq˙YÙo ÿ˚\Ÿm Cl˘T¨V
A˚\´˙X EhLÙ⁄m˘TÙ›’ Ys˚[V‡dœ ©W™l◊RÙu.
£u]YVß˙X AkR ≈h•u Es˙[ TÙ ⁄d°\Ùu. C˚RÆP‹m
˘T¨V ÆNÙXUÙ] A˚\Ls Ei”. Cl˙TÙ˘RpXÙm AYu
Es˙[ ˙TÙYßp˚X. AYu U˚]Æ °∞VmUÙs Uh”m
˙SWÙL Es˙[ ÷˚Zk’Æ”YÙs. £X NUVeL∞p ≈h•u
◊\dL˚Pl TdLUÙL C⁄dœm T¨V TiPL NÙ˚Xdœ Uh”m
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˘R¨VÙRYoLs Cp˚X. AY⁄dœ AqÓ¨¤m, A˚Rf
—t±¤m TX ®XeLs C⁄kR]. G˚RŸm AYoLs ˙SW•VÙL
E›Yßp˚X. GpXÙ˙U œjR˚L´pRÙu C⁄kR]. R˚Xÿ˚\
VÙLd·P £Xo AkR ®XeL∞˙X ˘Ys[Ù˚U ˘Nn’ YkR]o.
AlT• J⁄ ®Xjß˙XRÙu ˘Ys˚[V‡m ·P œjR˚Ldœ
C⁄kRÙu. AYu AlTu·P Aßp E›’ LÙi•⁄kRYuRÙu.
_XÙpTÙn C˙XNÙn C⁄™d˘LÙi˙P Es˙[ YkR‹Pu
˘Ys˚[Vu Æ⁄h˘Pufl G›k’ ®ufl LÙiPÙu. Eu]
SÙ˙] YWf ˘NÙpXXÙm‡h” C⁄k˙Ru ˘Ys˚[.
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“G]dœ YVNÙ´”f£. ™u] UÙߨ K•VÙP ÿ•VX.
◊s˚[eLfidœm ˘Ys[ÙUTjß Ji‘m ˘R¨VÙ’.
˘T¨VYu H˙RÙ RÙp TÙdP¨ LhPl TÙ\Ù]Ùm. WÙh˙PÙWUÙ,
RiΩ YNß˙VÙP Es[ SmU SXkRÙu A’dœ RÙ’T”m‡
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˘NÙp\Ùu. ˘Sp¤ Afll◊ ÿ•gN’m A[‹˙TÙP
Y⁄YÙ‡eL. ·PUÙP C⁄k’˘Nn¬.
G_UÙu. ClT• ߺo‡...
Hu TRhPlTP\ ˘Ys˚[VÙ. ø ˙TÙ SÙ ©u‡dœl
˙TN˙\u.
˘Ys˚[V‡dœj ˘RÙi˚P A˚Pj’d ˘LÙiP’.
˙Tf— GZÆp˚X. N¨ G_UÙu. BYh”m Gu˙\ AY]Ùp
˘NÙpX ÿ•kR’. ≈h”dœ YkR ©u◊ AY]Ùp EhLÙW˙Y
ÿ•VÆp˚X. NÙl©P‹m ©•dLÙUp, T”dL‹m ·PÙUp,
˙Y˚XŸm KPÙUp RÆjRÙu. ◊jß ˘R¨kR SÙs ÿRXÙn
Ck®XmRÙu AYu NÙkR˘U] C⁄kR’. AY≤u AlTÙ
‹dœl©u CYu ˘TÙfllT±k’ ®Xj˚Rl TÙoj’d
˘LÙs[f NÙp≠Æh•⁄kRÙo _XÙpTÙn. Cl˙TÙ’ Ys˚[
V‡dœ S˚W·Pl TÙh”ÆhP’. UWm, N• Gufl TÙoj’l
TÙoj’ Y[ojR ®Xm. C≤ Gu] Bœm. C≤ CkR UÙ‹m,
TXÙ‹m, ˘Ru˚]Ÿm ˙TÙœm Lß? Tf˚Nf ˘N•˙TÙX
TPTP˘Y] TÙ±k’ G¨kR’ AYu Y´fl.
Gu]Ù Bf£ E‡dœ Gu\Ùs °∞VmUÙ.
G_UÙu ˘SXj˚R EPf ˘NÙp≠hPÙ⁄.
SÙu ˙LsÆlThP’ N¨RÙu. SÙmT Gu]Ù Ti\’.
Eh”P Yi•V’RÙu. Cu‡m Um◊h• ◊•dL ø LÙUW]Ù
Gu]Ù. C⁄kRY√dœm XÙTm‡h” SvP D” GR]Ùf—m
YÙe°‡ TÙ´PXÙm.
˘Ys˚[V‡dœd ˙LÙTm ˘TÙfldL ÿ•VÆp˚X.
Al◊\m SpXÙ Yk’”m Gu YÙ´X?
Gm˙UX Gu]Ùj’dœ ˘UÙ\u•d°˙\. E‡dœl
◊•fN CkR Ui‘X˙V C⁄k’ ˘TÙ\fi.
˘Ys˚[V‡dœ CWÆp E\dLm YWÆp˚X.
GiQeLs A˚X˙UÙß]. ˘R¨kR˘RpXÙm CkR F⁄m,
CkR ®Xÿm, ÆYNÙVÿmRÙu. C’ Cp˚X˘Vu\Ùp
Gu] NnY’. Íufl ©s˚[L˚[Ÿm GlT•d L˚W˙Vtfl
Y’. Bi ©s˚[Ls CWi”m GlT•˙VÙ TÙœm. B]Ùp,
U≤R‡mT\˚YŸm
NÙ˚X˙VÙWm °Pd°\’AkRd LÙd˚LA]Ù˚Rl ©QUÙL
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UWd°˚[L∞p Ußp—YoL∞pL˚WkßWeLp ˘R¨Æj’dL˚Xk’ ˙TÙ´tflE\‹d·hPmA]Ù˚RVÙLd °Pd°\’ A’
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˘Nj’d°PkR G≠˚VC]j’Pu ˙Nok’˘LÙjßd œR±´⁄dLXÙm˚U]Ùd œ⁄Æ˚VÆWh•f ˘Nu±⁄dLXÙm.
L⁄eœ⁄ÆVÙp ’WjRl Th•⁄dLXÙmRu ˙_Ù•ŸPuÿjR™h”d ˘LÙg£´⁄dLXÙm·”LhP ®˚]jß⁄dLXÙmCl˙TÙ’ A]Ù˚RVÙnCkRf NÙ˚X˙VÙWm
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˘Ti ©s˚[V GlT•d L˚W˙VtflY’. ˘T⁄m LÙtfl ≈£
UWeL˘[pXÙm B•]. G’˙YÙ Jufl LR˚Yj Rh• AY˚]
˘Y∞˙V YWf ˘NÙpY’ ˙TÙ≠⁄kR’. Th•´≠⁄k’ UÙ”Ls
AmUÙ Gufl T¨RÙTUÙnd Ljß]. C˚YL˚[ Gu]
˘NnY˘Rufl Æ[eLÙUp AeLXÙnjRÙu ˘Ys˚[Vu.
˘Sp Afll◊ ÿ•kR©\œ ®Xj˚R A[dL YkRÙoLs.
_XÙpTÙŸm AY¨u UL‡m YkR˙TÙ’ ˘Ys˚[Vu
œ≤k’®ufl LÙiPÙu. A[‹ ÿ•kR©u, Gk˘RkR UWeL˚[
˘VpXÙm YhP˙Yi”m G] J⁄Yo NÙp≠d LÙi•⁄k
RÙo. YPdœ Í˚X´p C⁄k’ Y˚X˚Vj RÙPe°ÆhPÙo
Ls. T\˚YLfiPu Gl˙TÙ’m BolTÙhPUÙn C⁄dœm Ym◊
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TÙojRÙu ˘Ys˚[Vu A˚R. NÙ¡ Í˚X´p C⁄d°\
TfNUWjR Uh”m ˘YhP ˙YQÙm‡ ˘NÙp¤eL G_UÙu
Gufl Lg—m œW≠p NÙu]Ùu Ys˚[Vu. _XÙp TÙŸm
AYu UL‡m EhLÙokß⁄kR ◊eLUWjR•´p AYoL˙[Ù”
˙T£d LÙi•⁄kRÙs °∞VmUÙs.
CkR SÙs Y˚Wdœm CkR UiQ Sm©˙V C⁄k’h˙PÙm
G_UÙu. CR ÆhPÙ Y\ Y˚XŸm R¨VÙ’. AY⁄m YÙ´p
XÙR Èf£. C≤˙U Gm Í‘ ◊s˚[VeL˚[Ÿm L˚W˙VjR‡m.
C’SÙs Y˚W J¸fN’dœ H˙RÙ øeL˙[ TÙj’ SxPD” UÙߨ
HRÙY’ œ”jRÙ EeL Li‘ TÙo˚Y´˙X˙V LPk’ TÙ[f
£dœ˙YÙm.
˘Ys˚[Vu °∞VmUÙ˚Y A•dL K•]Ùu.
E‡dœl T´jßVUÙ ◊”f£⁄f£, SxPDPÙm SxPD”.
SmT JPmT Y[jR˙R CkR Ui‘RÙi•.
G_UÙu EeL°hP ˙TÙ´ SxP D” ˙LhPÙ Gu YÙ´
Afi°”m. AY R¨VÙU T£hPÙ. AY NÙp\UÙߨ SÙ‡m
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’lT UÙhPÙeL? Cu˘]Ù⁄ ®Xm °˚PdœUÙ EfiW’dœ?
˘Ys˚[V˚] YÙVPd° _XÙp TÙn TjRÙ´Wm ÏTÙn
RkRÙo. UÙ”L˚[Ÿm AY˚]˙V Yj’d LÙs[f NÙp≠
ÆhPÙo. G_UÙu G] AYu ˙TN YÙ˘V”jR˙TÙ’ ÿkßd
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AtTl T\˚YVu˙\Ù A’.
˛WÙ_UÙojRÙiPu
WÙ_UÙojRÙiPu
(1948 ˛ 2009)
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LÆ˚RLs Gu\ Ë≠≠⁄k’G”dLlTh”s[’.
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˘LÙi” TQj˚R °∞VmUÙs YÙe°d ˘LÙiPÙs.
Ge°Ÿm ˙TÙL˙YQÙuPÙ ø. CkR TÙdP¨ LhPP
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˙Y˚Xdœ A‡l©f—”.
_XÙp TÙndœ GkR Tß˚XŸm ˘Ys˚[V]Ùp
˘NÙpX ÿ•VÆp˚X.
Gu] ˘NnY˘Rufl ˘R¨VÙUp C⁄kR ˙TÙ’
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˚RŸm NÙ‹\j’dLÙ ˘Nn´˙\u Gufl YÙV˚Pj’ ÆhPÙs.
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˘Ys˚[Vu.
˙RÙp TR≤”m ˘RÙØtNÙ˚X´u YÙN≠˙X LÙj’d
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Y˚[j’ ©WmUÙiPn —tflf—Yo G›l©´⁄kR’. J⁄
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˘NÙpY’ Gufl ˘R¨VÆp˚X ˘Ys˚[ V‡dœ. AYu
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˙TÙ’ Ru UÙ”L∞u ®˚]‹m Yk’˙TÙ]’ AY‡dœ.
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˘RÙd° (U˚\k’) Y⁄Y’ ˘RÙ˚LG]lT”m.
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C⁄ ˘NÙtLfid°˚P´p ˙Ytfl˚UE⁄◊Ls U˚\k’Y¨u ˙Ytfl˚Uj
˘RÙ˚L Gu°˙\Ùm.
˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊Lfidœl ©u, J⁄Æ[dLf ˘NÙp Y⁄˙UVÙ]Ùp,
A˚R E⁄◊m TV‡mEPu˘RÙdLj ˘RÙ˚L Gu°˙\Ùm.
˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊Ls˘Y∞lTh•⁄l©u ˙Ytfl˚U ƨ
Gu°˙\Ùm.
A) CWiPÙm ˙Ytfl˚U
G.”. Nh˚P ˚RjRÙu ˛ ˙Ytfl˚Uj˘RÙ˚L
Nh˚P˚Vj ˚RjRÙu ˛ ˙Ytfl˚Uƨ
˙UÙolTÙ˚] (˙UÙ˚W E˚PVTÙ˚]) ˛ ˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊m TV‡m
EPu˘RÙdLj ˘RÙ˚L
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N°dLÆp˚X.
©u◊ ˙Y˚Xdœl ˙TÙ]’ Èf£d˘LÙp≠
RVÙ¨dœm ˘RÙØt·Pm GuT’ ˘U’YÙnRÙu
AY‡dœ R¨V YkR’. U⁄k’L˚[ LXdœm˙TÙ’m,
©\ ˙Y˚XLfidœm ˚LŸ˚\ RkRÙoLs. U⁄k’
B) Íu\Ùm ˙Ytfl˚U
G.”. Ljß œjß]Ùu ˛ ˙Ytfl˚Uj˘RÙ˚L
LjßVÙp œjß]Ùu ˛ ˙Ytfl˚U ƨ
LRofNh˚P ˛ ˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊m TV‡m
EPu˘RÙdLj ˘RÙ˚L(LRWÙp ˘SnR Nh˚P)
C) SÙuLÙm ˙Ytfl˚U
G.”. ·≠lT˚P˛ ˙Ytfl˚Uj˘RÙ˚L
·≠dœl T˚P ˛ ˙Ytfl˚U ƨ
˙LÙØjæY]m (˙LÙØdœl ˙TÙ”m æY]m)˛ 4 Bm˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊m TV‡mEPu˘RÙdLj ˘RÙ˚L
D) IkRÙm ˙Ytfl˚U
G.”. U˚XV⁄Æ ˛ ˙Ytfl˚Uj˘RÙ˚L
U˚X´u ≈r A⁄Æ ˛ ˙Ytfl˚U ƨ
YÙnf˘NÙp (YÙ´≠⁄k’ Y⁄m ˘NÙp)˛ 5 Bm ˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊m TV‡mEPu˘RÙdLj ˘RÙ˚L
E) B\Ùm ˙Ytfl˚U
G.”. œ⁄Æd·”˛ ˙Ytfl˚Uj˘RÙ˚L
œ⁄Æ´]’ ·” ˛ ˙Ytfl˚U ƨ
˛ E⁄◊m TV‡m EPu˘RÙdLj ˘RÙ˚LY⁄Y’ Cp˚X
F) HZÙm ˙Ytfl˚U
G.”. œ•l©\kRÙo ˛ ˙Ytfl˚Uj˘RÙ˚L
œ•´uLi ©\kRÙo ˛ ˙Ytfl˚U ƨ
ÆØl◊]p (ÆØ´u Li C⁄k’ Y⁄m ◊]p)˛ 7Bm ˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊m TV‡mEPu˘RÙdLj ˘RÙ˚L
2) Æ˚]j˘RÙ˚L
LÙXm U˚\k’ Y⁄°\ ˘TV˘WfNmÆ˚]j˘RÙ˚LVÙœm.
G.”. K”LÙp, FflLÙn, —”LÙ”, ˙Rn©˚\,Y[o©˚\, Í”T≤, ˘Y•œi”, œ•øo,—”˙NÙfl, S”Lp
K”LÙp:
K•V LÙp ˛ C\kRLÙXm
K”°u\ LÙp ˛ ®LrLÙXm
K”m LÙp ˛ GßoLÙXmB°V Íufl LÙXj˚RŸm œ±dœm.
70
˘S• Æ`d ·Pjßp ®tT’˙TÙX U⁄h•V’. J⁄
U¶ ˙SWj’dœd·P J⁄ WlTo E˚\ RÙeLÙUp
°Øk’ ˙TÙ°\’. C˚Rj˘R∞jRÙp T´oLs Gu]
YÙœm... T´o ®˚]l◊ ©•j’ E¤d°V’m A”jR
˙Y˚Xdœ K•]Ùu.
J⁄ Ti˚Q ≈h•p ˙RÙhPdLÙW]ÙL œl˚T
˘LÙh•]Ùu. A‡Uß´u± ◊p˚X·Pl T±dLd·PÙ’.
LhPÙkR˚W ®Xm; RÙh•f˘N•Ls. Yk’ÆhPÙu.
""F⁄, F⁄, EeL F⁄d˙L TÙn UYWÙ N]Ù
˘TÙ[f£d˚LnVÙ'' °∞VmUÙs ˘NÙp≠V˙R NÙdœ.
Yi• H±ÆhPÙu ˘Ys˚[Vu.
SÙu˚Lk’ ¿•L˚[l ◊˚Ljß⁄lTÙu. ÿRXÙ∞
LÙo YkR’. TX Y⁄PeLfidœÿu œ≤kR’ ˙TÙX˙Y
A≤f˚NVÙn AYu EPp œ≤k’ ˘LÙiP’
Cl˙TÙ’m.
YQdLm Y⁄’ £u˘]_UÙu. RÙu TÙoj’
Y[okR ˚TVu Gu]UÙn B°ÆhPÙu. ˘Ys˚[V
‡dœl ˘T⁄™Rm ˘TÙe°V’. LÙ¨≠⁄k’ C\e°V
Y‡dœ ˘Ys˚[Vu ÿLm ©•TP ˙SWUÙ]’.
K... ˘Ys˚[V]Ù? GlT• ∏\? GeL B˙[
LÙ‘m?
Gm TÙiPÙh• TfN Lh”‡ ThPQm TÙ´h
˙Pu G_UÙu. AeL JPm◊ ReLX. JeL SZpX˙V
C⁄kßPXÙm‡ Yk’h˙Pu.
Nh˚Pl T´p R•l Tj’ ÏTÙ˚V øh•]Ùu
AYu. Ys˚[Vu AYNWUÙn Uflj’, G_UÙu J⁄
˙Y˚X Gu\Ùu. TqVUÙn ÿRXÙ∞˚Vl ©u˘RÙPokR
Y‡dœ LÙgN SWjßp J⁄ GpTo Y˚X °˚Pj’
ÆhP’.
˘NÙkR F¨˙X˙V, ◊Ze°d LÙi•⁄kR Ui¶
˙X˙V J⁄ Y˚X Ys˚[V‡dœ YÙnj’ÆhP’.
El©˙X F\ ˚YdLlThP ˙RÙp œÆV≠≠⁄k’
£X ˙RÙpL˚[ Ád°f —Uk’ ˘LÙi” ·u Y˚[V
3) Ti◊j˘RÙ˚L
C⁄ ˘NÙtLfid°˚P´p B°V Gu‡m
Ti◊⁄◊ U˚\k’ Y⁄Y’ Ti◊j˘RÙ˚L
G]lT”m. ÿRp ˘NÙp Ti˚Td
œ±lTRÙL C⁄dœm. CWiPÙm ˘NÙp
AlTi˚Tl ˘Tt\ ˘NÙpXÙL C⁄dœm.
G.”. ˘YiPÙU˚W, ˘NkRÙU˚W, ˘Nm˘TÙu
C⁄˘TV˘WÙh”l Ti◊j˘RÙ˚L:
C⁄ ˘NÙtL∞p, ÿRp ˘NÙp £\l◊l
˘TVWÙL‹m A”j’s[ ˘NÙp ˘TÙ’l
˘TVWÙL‹m C⁄dœUÙ´u Af˘NÙp
C⁄˘TV˘WÙh”l Ti◊j˘RÙ˚LVÙœm.
G.”. UÙoLØj ßeLs, T£l©¶,
œU¨l˘Ti
4) EY˚Uj˘RÙ˚L
C⁄ ˘NÙtLfid°˚P´p EYU E⁄◊
U˚\k’ Y⁄Y’ EY˚Uj˘RÙ˚L
G]lT”m.
G.”. œY˚[dLi, RÙU˚Wd˚L
œY˚[ ˙TÙu\ Li ˛ ˙TÙX, ˙TÙu\
Gu\ EYU E⁄◊Ls U˚\k’ Y⁄m.
E⁄YLj˘RÙPo
EY˚U´u Ru˚U˚Vl ˘TÙ⁄∞u ˙Up
Ht±, EY˚U˚Vl ˘TÙ⁄[Ùd°d ·flY’
E⁄YLj˘RÙPo G]lT”m. ˘TÙ⁄s
ÿu‡m EY˚U ©u‡m Y⁄m.
G.”. LiœY˚[, ˚LjRÙU˚W
5) Em˚Uj˘RÙ˚L
C⁄ ˘NÙtLfid°˚P´p "Em' GuT’
U˚\k’ Y⁄Y’ Em˚Uj˘RÙ˚L
G]lT”m.
G.”. ˘Yt±˚XTÙdœ (˘Yt±˚XŸm
TÙdœm)
L©X TWQo (L©X⁄m TWQ⁄m)
6) Au˘UÙØj˘RÙ˚L
˙Ytfl˚U, Æ˚], Ti◊, EY˚U, Em˚U
B°V Ik’ ˘RÙ˚L®˚Xj ˘RÙPoLfidœl
◊\j˙R ˙Yfl ˘NÙtLs U˚\k’ Y⁄Y’
Au˘UÙØj˘RÙ˚L G]lT”m.
71
1. ˙Ytfl˚Uj˘RÙ˚L: ˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊ U˚\k’
Y⁄m.
2. Æ˚]j˘RÙ˚L: LÙXm U˚\k’ Y⁄m.
3. Ti◊j˘RÙ˚L: Ti◊⁄◊ U˚\k’ Y⁄m.
4. EY˚Uj˘RÙ˚L: ˙TÙu\ GuT]˙TÙu\
EYUE⁄◊ U˚\k’ Y⁄m.
5. Em˚Uj˘RÙ˚L: Em Gu\ ˘NÙp U˚\k’ Y⁄m.
6. Au˘UÙØj˘RÙ˚L: Jufldœ ˙UtThP TX
˘NÙtLs U˚\k’ Y⁄m.
AZ°V ˘T¨VYu
CYW’ CVt˘TVo AWÆkRu. 1968 Bm Bi” YÌo UÙYhPjßp
˙Utœ U˚Xj˘RÙPoLs „rkR ˙TWQÙmTh” Gu\ F¨p ©\kRÙo.Cu˚\V ÿu]¶ G›jRÙ[oL∞p J⁄Yo. "RLlTu ˘LÙ•' Gu\SÙY¤dœ 2003 Bm Bi•u R™ZL AW£u Æ⁄˚Rl ˘Tt\Yo.CYW’ ÿRp L˚Rj RÙœlTÙ°V æh” Gu\ Ë≠≠⁄k’ Cf£flL˚RG”dLlTh”s[’.
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
s LÙXm RÙflm R™r CXd°VeLs A˚Pk’ Y⁄m UÙt\eLs œ±j’ J⁄ ß\]Ùn‹d
Lh”˚W RVÙo ˘NnL.
s ˙NWj R™r CRØp Y∞´”YRtLÙL H˙R‡m J⁄ NÍLl©Wf£˚]˚V ÿu˚Yj’J⁄ ◊’dLÆ˚R G›’L.
s J”dLlThP UdL∞u YÙrd˚Lj RWj˚R UmT”j’YRtLÙLj R≠j CXd°VeLsT˚PdLlT”°u\] GuT’ Tt±d œ›YÙL ÆYÙßj’d œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnL.
s NoY˙RNl ˘TiLs ß] ÆZÙÆp E˚WVÙtflYRtLÙL, ˘Ti¶Vl ©Wf£˚]LsG‡m R˚Xl©p J⁄ ˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹ RVÙ¨dL.
s H˙R‡m J⁄ NÍLl ©Wf£˚]˚V ÿuYj’ EeLs YhPÙWjßp YZeLlT”m˘UÙØS˚P´p J⁄ £flL˚R G›’L.
s Rtœ±l˙Tt\ A¶dœ Æ[dLm R⁄L.
s ˙Ytfl˚Uj˘RÙ˚Ldœ Æ[dLm R⁄L.
s Ti◊j˘RÙ˚Ldœf £X G”j’dLÙh”Ls R⁄L.
s Cq-Y-X-°p Es[ ˘TVW˚P, Æ˚] A˚PL˚[j ˘RÙœj’ Y¨-˚Nl-T-”j-’-L..
s EY˚Udœm E⁄YLjßtœm Es[ ˙YflTÙh•˚]d œ±l©”L.
s H˙R‡m Ko EY˚U˚Vj Rk’ E⁄YLUÙL UÙtflL.
¯¯¯¯¯
K•VY‡dœ AY˚]l TÙoj’ AkR Ui
£¨lT’˙TÙp ˘R¨kR’. El◊m ˙Yßl
˘TÙ⁄h Lfim, —iQÙm◊m, NÙVeLfim G]
Gu] ˘YpXÙ˙UÙ LXk’ E⁄UÙ±l˙TÙn
T¨RÙTUÙn R¨kR AYu LÙX• Ui˚Q
®˚]jR’m ˘Ys˚[V‡dœ LiΩo
˘TÙj’d LÙiP’.
˛ AZ°V ˘T¨VYu
72
AXœ 4
U≤-R-WÙp T˚Pd-Ll-T-PÙR TÙ⁄h-L-fim E´o-L-fim CVt˚L G]l-
T-”-m. CVt-˚L˚V Et-fl-˙SÙd°f —˚Yl-˙TÙ-⁄d˙L ARu ÷i-¶V
˙TWÙt-\p ◊Xl-T-”m. CVt˚L´u ˙TWÙt\˚X EQWÙR U≤RoLs
AR˚] AØj’ Y⁄°u\]o. LÆu™dL CVt˚L, U≤R¨u
ÿ˚\Vt\ ˘NVpTÙ”L[Ùp Y\h£ A˚PY˙RÙ” AØV‹m
˘Nn°\’. G]˙Y GßoTÙWÙR CVt˚Lf ∫t\eLs EX°p ®Lr°u\].
CVt˚L˚Vl TÙ’LÙdL ˙Yi”m Gu\ EQo‹ S≠k’Y⁄m
„Z≠p CVt˚L AZ˚L ÷LoY’Pu CVt˚L˚Vl TÙ’LÙdL
˙Yi•VRu AY£Vm œ±jR ÆØl◊Qo˚Y HtT”j’Rp ™Lÿd°Vm.
ARt˙LtT CqYXœ A˚UdLlTh”s[’.
YôrÜ SX-UôL...YôrÜ SX-UôL...YôrÜ SX-UôL...YôrÜ SX-UôL...YôrÜ SX-UôL...
l CVt˚L˚Vl TÙ’LÙdœm SPj˚RL˚[ ˙Ut˘LÙs[p.
l —tfll◊\ UÙN˚PR¤dœ¨V LÙWQeL˚[ G”j’˚WjRp.
l ˘UÙØS˚P A•lT˚P´p T˚Pl◊L˚[ Jl©”Rp.
l LÙh£L˚[Ÿm ®Lrf£L˚[Ÿm Y⁄Q˚] ˘NnRp.
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
73
˚L◊-˚]k-ß-Vt-\Ùd LÆu-˘T-fl Y]l˙T CVt-˚L-
V-Z-œ. Cq-Æ-Vt˚L R⁄m LÙh-£-´u-Tm Li-˚Q-Ÿm
U]j-˚R-Ÿm LY-⁄m UÙh-£-™dL Cu-Tm. CVt-˚Ld LÙh-
£˚V ÿ˚[-´-[g ˘Ng-OÙ-´t-±u °[o J∞´¤m,
˘Yi-U-ß- u Ri-¶-X-Æ-¤m, A˚X-≈£ B•-Y-⁄m Bt-
±¤m, ÷˚W G›l© K•-Æ-›m U˚X-V-⁄-Æ-´-¤m LÙQ-
XÙm. øi-” APokR LÙh-•-¤m ◊R-¨˚P ®™ok-’ ®t-œm
UWd-˙LÙh-•¤m, TÙ•-Y-⁄m LÙt-±-¤m, B•-Y-⁄m LP-X-
˚X-´-¤m LÙQ-XÙm. Èj-ß-⁄d-œm Yi-Ql Èd-L-∞-¤m,
˙Ru Ei-Qd LÙj-ß-⁄d-œm Y -Yi-•-¤m, ™u- ]Ù-∞d
LÙh-•l T\d-œm Yi-QlÈf-£-´-¤m, Ui-‘s-∞-⁄k-’
˘RÙi” ˘Nn-Ÿm Gi-Qt\ ◊›-Æ-¤m LÙQ-XÙm.
CVt˚L Gu\ NÙp-≠t-œ J⁄ œ±l-©hP Æ[d-Lm
G’-‹m C⁄l-T-RÙ-Lj ˘R¨-V-Æp-˚X. TX-⁄m Tp-˙Y-fl
˘TÙ⁄s-L- [f NÙp-¤-°u-\-]o. TZk-R-™r Ëp-L-[Ù-°V RÙp-
LÙl-©-Vj-ß-¤m NeL CXd-°-Vj-ß-¤m, CVt˚L Gu\ ˘NÙp
""CVp◊'' Gu\ TÙ⁄-∞p TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[-’. R™rl TW-
L-WÙ-ß, —TÙ-Ym, YZd-Lm, CXd-L-Qm, ®˚X-˚U, ˘LÙs˚L
˘NVt-˚Ld-œ Gß-WÙ-]-’ Gu\ TX ˘TÙ⁄s-L-˚[j R⁄-°u-\-’.
C˚\-Y-≤u T˚Pl˙T CVt-˚L. U≤-R-]Ùp E⁄-YÙd-Ll-
T-PÙR, E⁄-YÙdL CV-XÙR A˚]j- R-Ÿm CVt˚L Gu-fl
˘NÙp-X-XÙm.
Im-È-Re-Ls Gu-fl NÙp-Xl-T-”-°u\ ®Xm, øo, LÙt-fl,
˘S⁄l-◊, BLÙ-Vm B°-V˚Y LXkR J⁄ UVd-L˙U
CVt˚L Gu-fl ˘LÙs-[l-T-”-°-\-’. B]Ùp A±-Oo
©˙[h˙PÙ BLÙ-Vm JØV H˚]V SÙu-°-˚]-Ÿ˙U
CVt˚L Gu-fl ˙T—-°-\Ùo. Im-È-Re-L-fi-Pu ˘TÙ⁄-fim
˙Nok-RÙ˙X CVt˚L Gu\ ˘NÙp-≠t-œ ÿ› E⁄-Ym
°˚PdL ÿ•-Ÿm Gu-°-\Ùo ˚Yh-¿p-”. CY-W-’ L⁄j-’l-
T-• U≤-R-‡m CVt- L- -‡s APe-œ-YÙu. B]Ùp R≤-
SÙ-VL A•-L-[Ùo CR˚] Ufld-°-\Ùo. ""U≤-R˙]Ù AYu
T˚Pl˙TÙ ApX CVt˚L'' Gu-T-’ AYo L⁄j-’.
R™r CXd-°-Vm LÙh-”m CVt˚LR™r CXd-°-Vm LÙh-”m CVt˚LR™r CXd-°-Vm LÙh-”m CVt˚LR™r CXd-°-Vm LÙh-”m CVt˚LR™r CXd-°-Vm LÙh-”m CVt˚L
74
CVt˚L R≤ Bt-\-¤-˚P-V-’. LÙXf —Zt-£-´p
ARu Bt-\p ˘TÙ≠-°-\-’. Y[-ÿm Y[of-£-Ÿm
Bt-\-¤m ™dL Cq-Æ-Vt-˚L-´u E´oj-’-•l-TÙp
ARu Y•-Y-ÿm Yi-Q-ÿm UÙ±d-˘LÙi˙P C⁄d-
°u-\-] Gu-fl ‘T -TÙ-P-≠p CVt˚L’ Gu\ Ëp œ±l-
©-”-°u-\-’. CR-]Ùp Cq-Æ-Vt-˚L˚V YÙrd-˚L-
˚Vl ˙TÙu-fl Y•-Yt-\-’ Gu-flm ·fl-YÙo-Ls.
U≤-Ru CVt-˚L-˚Vd LÙ‘m-˙TÙ-’ AR-˚]j
Ru˚] U\k-’ CW-£d-°-\Ùu. AkR CW-£l-©u LÙW-
Q-UÙL AYu Ru LY- X-L˚[ U\k-’ U] A˚Uß
˘Tfl-°-\Ùu. U≤-R-≤u A˚]j-’ EQo-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm
˙RÙt-fl-Æd-œm J⁄ L⁄-Æ-VÙL Æ[e-œ-°u-\-’ CVt-
˚L. CVt˚L UÙ˘T-⁄m LÆ-Oo-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\-’.
AYo-Ls Re-Ls EQo-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm Æ⁄l-◊d-L-˚[-Ÿm A‡-
T-Yj-˚R-Ÿm CVt˚L YÙ´-XÙL ˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-°u-\-]o.
CVt-˚L˚V C˚\-Y-]-’ B˚P-VÙ-Ld LÙi°\Ùo.
"˘L˘R' Gu-T-Yo. CVt-˚L˚V B˚P-VÙL Sm ◊Wh-£d-L-Æ-
Oo TÙW-ß-RÙ-N-‡m œ±l-©-”-°u-\Ùo.
Be-°-Xj-ßp ˙`dv-©-Vo, ˙Yhv-˘YÙoj, ˘`p≠,
∏hv TÙu\ LÆ-Oo-Ls Jq- YÙ-⁄ Y˚L- p CVt- L- Vl
TVu-T-”j-ß-Ÿs-[- Rd LÙi-°- \Ùm. R™rd LÆ-Oo-Ls CVt-
˚L˚V Ik-’-Y-˚L-L-∞p TVu-T-”j-ß-´-⁄l-T-˚Rd
LÙQ-XÙm.
1. CVt˚L A∞d-œm LÙh-£ -´p D”-Th-”f
£j-ß- l-T-’.
2. CVt-˚L˚V EY-˚U-´p TVu-T-”j-’-Y-’.
3. CVt- L- Vl TVu-T-”j-ßd œ±l-TÙ-Ld L⁄j- Rj
˘R -Æl-T-’.
4. CVt-˚L˚V UÙ≤P YÙr-‹-Pu C˚Qj-’d
LÙh-”-Y-’.
5. CVt-˚L-´u YÙ´-XÙL A¨V øß-L-˚[-Ÿm
˘T¨V Ei-˚U-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘R¨-Æl-T-’.
75
R™r CXd-°V YÙ]j-ßp Ue-
LÙ-’ U˚\-VÙ-’ ßLrk-’ Y⁄m Lm-
T-]-’ CWÙ-U-LÙ-˚R-´p CVt-˚Ld
LÙh-£-Ls R≤j-’-Yj-’-Pu £j-ß-¨d-
Ll-Th-”s-[-]. A˙VÙj-ß-VÙ -LÙi-
Pj-ßp CWÙ-U-©-WÙu ∫˚Rd-œd
LÙh-”m LÙh£ CVt˚L Y]l˚T
˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-Y-RÙL A˚U-°-\-’.
LÙh-•˙X Bi-VÙ- ]-Ÿm Ti-VÙ-
˚]-Ÿm ˘Np-°u-\-]. ˘Ti-VÙ˚]
„¤t-±-⁄d-°-\-’. „¤t-±-⁄d-œm
Al-©-•d-œj Ru ™L-‹m Æ⁄l-T-UÙ-]-’. ©•-´u ¡’ Au-◊-
˘LÙiP Bi VÙ˚], YØ- p Es[ œ˚L- p ˙Ru-·-”
C⁄d-Ld LÙi-°-\-’. Ru-·h-•t-œ SWÙ-Lj ’ßd-˚L˚V øh-•-
Æh-PÙp R…d-Ls L”- U-VÙ-Ld LÙh-• YR- ]lT”j-ß-Æ-”m
Gu-T-’ Bi-VÙ-˚]d-œj R¨-Ÿm. BR-XÙp, A’ Ru A⁄-°-
⁄d-œm UWj-ß-≤u-fl £fl-°-˚[˚V J•j-’ ARu R˚Z-VÙp
˙R…d-L˚[ A•j-’j Rh-• Kh-•j ˙Ru ·h˚P G”j-’l
©Øk-’ ©•-´u YÙ´p Fh-”-°-\-’. Cd-LÙh£ CVt-˚L-V-∞d-
œm J⁄ £\kR Æ⁄k-’.
NU-Vl TÙPp-L-∞-¤m CVt- Ld- L-]j R≤- -Pm J’d-Ll-
Th-”s-[-’. °.-©. HZÙm Ët-\Ùi-•p YÙrkR ˚NYNU-Vd œW-
Yo-L-fis J⁄-Y-WÙ] ß⁄-OÙ-]-Nm-Tk-Ro ß⁄-˚Y-VÙt-±u
LÙh-£- V,
""UÙu-TÙV YV-X-⁄˙L UW-˙U±
Uk-ß-TÙV U”d-Ls ˙RÙflm
˙Ru-TÙV ¡u-TÙV ˘N›e-L-UX
˘UÙh-P-X-⁄m ß⁄-˚Y-VÙ˙\''
Gu-flm, ß⁄d-œt-\Ù-Xj-ßu CVt˚L SXj-˚R,
""U˚X-VÙo NÙWp UL-‹-Pu Yk-R-UP Ukß
œ˚X-VÙo YÙ˚Zj æe-L≤ UÙk-’m œt-\Ù-Xm''
Gu-flm RU-’ RYÙ-Wj ß⁄l-TÙd-L-∞p NÙp-˙XÙ-Æ-
Vm æh-•-´-⁄l-T-˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm.
C≤d LÆ-Oo-Ls CVt-˚L˚V EY-˚U-VÙ-Ll
TVu-T-”j-ß- -⁄l-T- Rl TÙol- TÙm. NeL CXd-°-Vm
76
Cj-R-˚LV EY- U-L˚[ Gi-Qt\ ÿ˚\- p SUd-œ
G”j-ß-Vm-◊-°u-\-’.
Sd -∏ -Wo R]-’ ß⁄-ÿ-⁄-LÙt -fll-T -˚P-´p
ÿ⁄-L-]-’ ß⁄-˙U-≤-´u J∞˚V Yo-¶d-œm-˙TÙ-’,
AR˚]
""EX-Lm EYlT YX-˙]o◊ ߨ-R-⁄
TXo-◊-Lr OÙ´-fl LPt-Li PÙAe-œ
KY\ C˚Ud-œg ˙Ni-Æ-[e-œ AÆoJ∞''
Gu-fl LÙ˚X-´p LP-≠t-LÙ-‘m C[g ˘Ng-OÙ-
´t˚\ EY-˚U-LÙh-•l ◊Xl-T-”j-ß-]Ùo.
CXd-°-Ve-L-∞p CVt-˚L-˚Vl TVu-T-”j-ßd
L⁄j-˚Rd œ±l-TÙ-Lj ˘R¨-Æl-T-’ Ut-˘\Ù-⁄ Y˚L-
VÙ-œm. Cq-YÙ-fl ˘Nn-Y-ßp LÆ-Oo CPj-’d-œ
Ht\YÙ-fl L⁄j-˚Rd œ±l-©P YÙnl-◊i-PÙ-°-\-’.
L⁄j-˚Rd œ±lTÙL EQoj’m Ru-˚U-˚V,
Esfi˚\ Gu-flm ˘NÙp-¤-Yo. ALj-ß˚Q CXd-
°Ve-L-∞p Cm-ÿ˚\ A˚U-Ÿm. ""R˚X-Y˙] ø
Ss∞WÆp Yk-’ R˚X-Æ-˚Vd LÙQÙ-˙R. Eu E´-
⁄d-œj æe-œi-PÙ-]Ùp R˚XÆ C\k-’-T-”-YÙs''
Gu‡m œ±l-T-˚Ul-◊-Pu CVt-˚L˚V Yo-¶d-œm
Y˚L- p, J⁄ œflk- RÙ- Ll TÙPp A˚Uk-’s-[’.
SÙu-LÙ-Y-’ Y˚L, CVt-˚L˚V UÙ≤P YÙr-‹-
Pu C˚Qj-’d ·fl-Y-’. CkR ÿ˚\-´p A˚U-
°u-\- NeLlTÙPpLs TX. LÆ-Oo-Ls øß-˚Vd ·fl-
Y-Rt-œm A¨V Ei- U-L- [l ◊Lh-”-Y-Rt-œm CVt-
˚L˚V J⁄ L⁄-Æ-VÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-ß-]o. Cq-Y- L-
´p Sm R™rd LÆ-Oo-Ls R˚X-£-\k-’ Æ[e-œ- °-\Ùo-
Ls. ˘Nk-R-™rd LÙl-©-V-UÙ] £k-RÙ-U-¶˚V CVt-
±V ß⁄j-Rd-Lj ˙RYo, ©u Yk-R-Yo-L-fid-œd LXe-
L˚W Æ[d-L-UÙn CXe-°-V-Yo. AYo St-L-ßo RÙu-
±j R˚X-®-Uok-’ ®t-T-˚R-Ÿm A’ ÿt-±j R˚X
NÙnk-ß-⁄l-T-˚R-Ÿm Y⁄-¶dL Æ⁄m-©,
®X˙Y!
“øX-YÙu B˚Pd-œs EPp U˚\j-’
®XÙ-˘Yu-fl LÙh-”-°u-\Ùn J∞ ÿLj-˚Rd
˙LÙX ÿ›-’m LÙh-• Æh-PÙp LÙRt
˘LÙs-˚[-´˙X Cq-‹-X-Lm NÙ˙UÙ? YÙ]f
˙NÙ˚X-´˙X ÈjR R≤l È˙YÙ øRÙu!
˘NÙdL ˘Ys-∞l TÙt-œ-P-˙UÙ, AÿR Ft˙\Ù!
LÙ˚X YkR ˘Nm-T-¨ß LP-≠p Ír-°d
L]p UÙ±d œ∞-W-˚PkR J∞l©-Zm˙TÙ!
Akß ´⁄-[Ùt L⁄-œm EX-œ Li-˙Pu!
Aq-YÙ˙\ YÙu Li-˙Pu; ß˚N-Ls Li-˙Pu;
©k-ß-Vk-Rd LÙ¨-⁄s RÙu £¨j-R-’i-˙PÙ?
˘T⁄g-£-¨l-©u J∞ ÿj˙RÙ ®X˙Y ø RÙu!
£k-RÙ-Up £R-\Ù-Up AZ˚L ˘Vp-XÙm
˙NL-¨j-’d œ∞-˙Wt± J∞Ÿm Fh-•
Ck-RÙ-˘Yu˙\ CVt˚L Au˚] YÙ≤p
GØp YÙr-˚Yf £j-R-¨jR Yi-Qk RÙ˙]Ù!”
˛ TÙW-ß-RÙ-Nu
TÙW-ß-RÙ-Nu (1891˛1964)
◊’f˙N¨´p ©\kRYo. L]L
—l◊Wjß]m Gu\ CVt
˘TVo ˘LÙiPYo. TÙWß
VÙo¡’˘LÙiP Tt±]Ùp
Ru ˘TV˚Wl TÙWßRÙNu
G] UÙt±d ˘LÙiPYo.
CYW’ LÆ˚RLs TÙWßRÙNu T˚Pl◊Ls
Gu\ TV¨p RÙœdLl Th”s[]. CYW’
‘AZ°u £¨l◊’ G‡m LÆ˚RËp CVt˚L
œ±jR R≤f£\kR ËXÙœm. CYo R™rlTtfl,
R™ØVdLm, NÿRÙV UflUXof£, TœjR±‹d
Li˙QÙhPm, Ckß Gßol◊, ˘Ti Æ”R˚X,
ÆR˚YUflUQm, ˘RÙØXÙ[o CVdLm
ÿR≠V ◊Wh£LWUÙ] £kR˚]L∞p Rm˚U
D”T”jßd ˘LÙiPYo. CYW’ ©£WÙk˚R
VÙo Gu\ SÙPLËp NÙ°jßV ALÙP™ T¨—
˘Tt\’.
77
""˘NÙp-X-⁄g-„t T—m TÙm-©u ˙RÙt-\m-˙TÙp
˘Up-X˙Y L⁄-Æ-⁄k-’ Du-fl ˙UX-XÙo
˘Np-Y˙U ˙TÙp R˚X ®fl-Æj-˙RokR Ëp
Lp-Æ-˙No UÙk-R-¨u C˚\g-£d LÙnj-R˙Y''
Gu-fl TÙ•-]Ùo. Cl-TÙ-P-≠p At-To-Ls N⁄d-LÙp R˚X-®-Uok’
C⁄l-T-’- TÙp Lßo-Ls ®™ok-ß-⁄k-R] Gu-flm,
Lp-Æ- p Rok-’ Bu-\-Æk-R-Pe-°V NÙu- \Ùo
˙TÙp Ad-L-ßo-Ls ÿt-±-V-©u YQe-°d
°PkR] Gu-flm ·± Ud-L-fid-œ øß-˚Vl
◊Lh•-Ÿs-[Ùo.
Ti-˚Pj R™-Zo-L-[-’ YÙr‹ CVt-˚L-
˙VÙ” ˘S⁄e-°V ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V-RÙL A˚Uk-ß-
⁄k-R-’. AYo-Ls YÙrd-˚L-´u Jq-˘YÙ-⁄
®˚X-Ÿm CVt-˚L-˙VÙ-” ©u-≤l ©˚Qk-’
LÙQl-Th-P-’. AYo-Ls YÙrk-ß-⁄kR ®Xl-©-¨-
‹-L-fim CVt-˚L-´u A•l-T-˚P-´p G›k-R-
˚Y-˙V. CVt-˚L-˚Vl ◊X-Yo-Ls Tp-˙Y-fl
˙LÙQe-L-∞p TPm ©•j-’d LÙh-•-Ÿs-[-]o.
NeL CXd-°-Ve-L-∞p A˚Uk-R-˚R-ÆP ™œ-ß-
VÙ-Ll ©t-LÙX CXd-°-Ve-L-∞p CVt˚L
YZe° Yk-’s-[-’.
NeL CXd-°-Vj-ßp CVt-˚L, TÙPt ©u-
]-¶-VÙL CPm Tt-\- RÙ-” Es-fi- \d-LÙ-L-‹m
TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-P-’. EY˚U YÙ -XÙ-L-‹m CVt-
˚Ll Tœ-ß-Ls TX ˚LVÙ-[l-˘Tt-\-]. NeL UW-
©t˙L E¨-V, CVt-˚Ll ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[ A˚Uj-
’l T—m Ti◊ ®˚X-´-¤m CVt˚L Ae-œd
˚LVÙ-[l-Th-P-’. Cm-ÿ-˚\l-T-• £Xm-©-¤m
˚LVÙ-[l-Th-”s-[-’. £Xl-T-ß-LÙ-Wd LÙl-©-Vj-ßp C[e-˙LÙ-
Y-•-Ls T˚Pj-’s[ ""Ak-ß-UÙ- Xf £\l◊ Nn-LÙ˚R'' CVt˚L
Y⁄-Q- ]- u Eu-]R ®˚X˚V Efl-ßl-T-”j-’-°-\-’. Y[m
TÙ”-Y-ßp Lm-T-‡d-œ C˚Q-VÙ-˙YÙo ˙Yfl VÙ⁄m Cp-˚X-
˘Vu-To.
LÙUo Ukß
L⁄eLh RÙdL˚X ˘T⁄m ©±’ Et˘\]d
˚Lm˚U EnVÙL LÙUo Ukß,
LpXÙ YuT\r °˚[ÿRp ˙Nojß,
KeœY˚W A”dLj’l TÙnk’ E´o ˘Nœdœm
NÙWp SÙP S”SÙs
YÙWp YÙØ˙VÙ Y⁄k’’m VÙ˙U
œflk˘RÙ˚L: 69
˛ L”k˙RÙh LW≈W]Ùo
Ái•p
£Xm©u ˘YßWj’ LiÆ” L˚Zd˙LÙp
œWe°u YuT\r TÙnk˘R] CXg£
¡˘]± Ái•≠u ®YdœSÙPu
Et˙\Ùo U\YÙ ˙SÙn Rk’
Li˙PÙo RiPÙ SXe˘LÙiP]˙]!
IeœflËfl: 278
78
""Ri-P˚X U´p-L-[Ù-Pj RÙU˚W Æ[d-Lk-RÙe-Ld
˘LÙi-Pp-Ls ÿZ-Æ-˙]e-Ld œY-˚[ Li
ÆØj-’ ˙SÙd-Lj
˘Ri-•˚W ˘VØ≤ LÙh-Pj ˙Rm-©Ø UL-W-VÙ-Øu
Yi-”-Ls C≤-’-TÙP U⁄-Rm ≈t-±-⁄d-œm UÙ˙RÙ''
Cl-TÙ-Pp Lm-T-‡d-œ CVt-˚L-´u ¡ß-⁄kR D”-
TÙh˚P Æ[dLYp-X-RÙL A˚Uk-’s-[-’.
C˚\- VÙ-” CVt- L- Vj ˘RÙPo-◊-T”j-ßl TÙ”-
Rp Td-ßd LÙXj-ßp ®X-ÆV Ju-fl. CVt˚L YØ-VÙL
C˚\-Y˚] YØ-T-P-‹m ˘Nn-R-]o. UÙ¶d-L-YÙ-N-Lo,
CVt- L- u Jq- YÙ-⁄ TÙ⁄-∞-¤m Nd-ß-Ÿm £Y-ÿm
®˚\k-’ ®t-T- Rd Li-PÙo. Bi-PÙ-[-’ ß⁄l-TÙ- Yl
TÙPp-L-∞-¤m CVt˚L Yo-Q- ]d-œl Tg-N˙U´p- X.
©t-LÙ-Xj-ßp CVt- L˚V Y -Y-•-Y-UÙ-Ll ◊˚]k-
R-∞j-R-Yo-L-∞p TÙW-ß-VÙ-⁄m, LÆ-U¶ R£-L-Æ-SÙ-V-Lm
©s-˚[-V-Yo-L-fim œ±l-©-Pj-Rd-L-Yo-L-[Ù-Yo. TÙW-ß-
´u A•f-—-Yh- Pl ©u-Tt-±-YkR TÙW-ß-RÙ-N-‡m AYo-
L-fid-œ D”-˘LÙ-”j-’l TÙ•-Ÿs-[Ùo. AY-W-’ AZ-°u
£¨l-◊, CVt-˚Ld LÙh-£-L-fid˙L Ko C⁄l-©-P-UÙL
Æ[e-œ-°u-\-’.
Gu-flm UÙ\ÙR AØ-VÙR CVt-˚L-˚Vl T˚Pd-
œm ®˚X-´p TX UÙfl-TÙ-”-Ls A˚U-°u-\-]. Cd-LÙ-
Xj-ßp CVt-˚L-˚V, Be-°-Xd LÆ-Oo-L-˚[l ˙TÙp,
Ufl-U-Xof-£d LÆ-Oo-Lfim ReLs TÙPp-L-∞p CVt-±j
R™-Zu-˚]d-œ Sp-X¶ Èh-• Y⁄-°-\Ùo-Ls. CVt-˚L-
˚Vl TÙ”-°u\ Ru-˚U, LÙXj-ßt-œd LÙXm, CVt-˚L-
Y-˚L, ˘TÙ⁄s, CYt-±t-œ Ht-\-ÿ-˚\-´p UÙfl-Th-”d
˘LÙi˙P ˘Np-¤-°-\-’.
˛ ÿ. ˘N. B´`Ù ˙TLm
Bœ˘TVo
J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞u CVt˘TVo A˙RÙ”
˘RÙPo◊˚PV ©±˘RÙ⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[d
œ±j’ Y⁄Y’ Bœ˘TVWÙœm.
˘TÙ⁄[Ùœ˘TVo, ÿRXÙœ˘TVo
""RÙU˚W ÈjR’'' Cj˘RÙP¨¤s[ RÙU˚W
Gu\ ˘NÙp, Ri” ÿRXÙ]Yt˚\d
œ±dLÙUp RÙU˚W UX˚W Uh”˙U
œ±d°\’. G]˙Y RÙU˚W GuT’
ÿRXÙœ˘TVo.
CPYÙœ˘TVo
Fo £¨jR’. Fo GuT’ CPj˚Rd
œ±dLÙUp F¨¤s[ UdL˚[d
œ±lTRÙp CPYÙœ ˘TVWÙ´tfl.
LÙXYÙœ˘TVo
LÙo AfljRÙu. Cf˘NÙp≠p LÙo GuT’
LÙXl˘TVo. LÙo LÙXj˚Rd œ±dLÙUp
LÙo LÙXjßp Æ˚[kR ˘Sp˚Xd
œ±lTRÙp LÙXYÙœ˘TVWÙœm.
£˚]VÙœ˘TVo
˘Yt±˚X ShPÙu. ˘Yt±˚X Gu‡m
˘NÙp C˚X˚Vd œ±dLÙUp ARu
ÿRt˘TÙ⁄[Ù°V ˘LÙ•˚V EQojßV’.
G]˙Y C’ £˚]VÙœ˘TVWÙœm.
TiTÙœ˘TVo
˘Ys˚[ A•jRÙu. ˘Ys˚[ Gu‡m
Ti©u ˘TVo, Ak®\j˚RŸ˚PV
—iQÙm˚Td œ±lTRÙp TiTÙœ
˘TVWÙ´tfl.
˘RÙØXÙœ˘TVo
Yt\p EiPÙu. Yt\p Gu\
˘RÙØt˘TVo YtflRp A˚PkR
˘TÙ⁄[Ù°V EQ˚Yd œ±lTRÙp
˘RÙØXÙœ˘TVWÙ´tfl.
79
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
s "CVt˚L SX˙]! U≤R SXu!' G‡m R˚Xl©p J⁄ L⁄jRWeLd Lh”˚W RVÙo
˘NnL.
s NeLLÙX UdL∞u YÙr‹ CVt˚L˙VÙ” C˚VkR YÙr‹ G‡m R˚Xl©p
˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹ BtflYRtœ E¨V E˚Wd œ±l◊L˚[d œ›YÙLd LXk’˚WVÙ•j
RVÙo˘NnL.
s TZkR™Z¨u ß˚Q A•lT˚P´XÙ] TÙœTÙh˚Pf „Z˙XÙ” Jl©h”d
œ±l◊Ls RVÙ¨dL.
s CVt˚L Esfi˚\VÙL A˚Uk’ Æ[dLm R⁄Y˚Rf NeLlTÙPp YØ®ufl
Æ[dœL.
80
◊]¤m UQ¤m◊]¤m UQ¤m◊]¤m UQ¤m◊]¤m UQ¤m◊]¤m UQ¤m
CPYlTÙß U˚ZdLÙXm.
°Zdœ U˚XL∞u N¨‹L∞p ÆPÙ’ LÙh•d LÙi•
⁄dœm U˚Z. L⁄d˘LÙi”, C⁄i”, ßWi” H±Y⁄m
L⁄˙ULd ·hPm LQ˙SWjßp U˚XÿLh•p Eßok’,
˙NÙ˘Yufl ˘LÙh• Aß⁄°\’.
Ídœu≤ U˚XfN¨Æu Li¶tœj R¨VÙR H˙RÙ
Ts[jß≠⁄k’ LÙh˚P Bfl, U˚X Ys[jßp ÷˚Wj’f
£≠oj’, C\dLjßp YLUÙLd LÙh•, NU˘Y∞´p C˚Wj’d
˘LÙi” K• Y⁄°\’.
U˚X A•YÙWd œt±d LÙ”L∞˚P˙V, ˙Yn Íe°p
◊RoL˚[Ÿm, ÿ]m◊p ·hPj˚RŸm RÙi• ˘Ys[m,
÷˚W £≠oj’ K• Y⁄m˙TÙ’, Ae°eLÙ] SÙh”l
◊\eL∞p NmUi ßh”L˚[Ÿm, NWpUi TœßL˚[Ÿm
L˚Wj’, RYrk’ Yk’ FoL˚[ Y[ÿs[RÙdœ°\’.
˙LÙh˚PVÙfl, U˚Z-´u ˘Ys[ ˙YLj-ßp RYrk-’
RYrk-’ K˚P-VÙ-°, £t-\Ù-\Ù-°, ◊∞V UWe-L-fim LÙg-£-W-‹m
Ug-N-]j-ß-Ÿm ˘T⁄-U-We-L-fi-UÙL APokR œi-Pu TÙLm
G‡m HXÙ-˘Y∞ F¨p Y⁄m-˙TÙ-’, T⁄-Y-U-˚PkR Se˚L
˙TÙX Bfl Gu\ ÿ›-˚U˚V A˚P-°-\-’.
œiPu-TÙ-Lm SÙh-” Y∞- p Yflm UWf-∫≤d °Ze-
œj ˙RÙh-Pe-Ls, ˘Nm-Ui ˘Y∞j-ßh-”-Ls,
Tf-˚Nd LÙ”-Ls ®˚\k-’ °Pl-T-R-]Ùp ˘Sp
YVp-L˙[ Cp-˚X. Y¨p LÙn Rs-∞V TXÙ
UWe-L-fim LÙj-RÙLd LÙn-Ls LÙnd-œm UÙU-
We-L-fim LÿL UWd-·h-P-ÿm Bt-±u Y[j-
ßp NØj-’d °Pd-°u-\-]. Yflm Nm-Ui
˘Ys[UÙL K•-Y-⁄m Bt-±u Lu-≤j
Ru˚U œi-PÙu LP-Æp Y⁄m-˙TÙ-’ Y≠
Lh-• ®flj-Rl-T-”-°-\-’. Td-L-YÙh-•p œX-˙N-
LWm, LÙu-≤, Fo-L-∞u YVp-L-fid-œ Btfl
Yi-P-¤m ˘Ys-[-ÿm Aj-ß-VÙ-Y-£-V-UÙ-°-
81
Æ-”-°u-\-]. ARu TV-]ÙL Bt-±p ’s-[-¤d-œ U⁄-Ru-œØl
TÙXm A˚Q Lh-”-°-\-’. K• YkR ˙YLj-˚R-˘Vp-XÙm ∫l◊
Lh-•V A˚Qd-œ-Ø-´p ®˚\j-’-Æh-” C⁄m-◊j R”l-◊-L-∞u
˙Up ˘TÙe-°V Bfl An-˙VÙ-˘Yu-fl A⁄-Æ-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙh-”-
°\-’.
∏r-˘Y-∞l Ts-[-˘Ue-œm, œh-• VÙ˚]-Ls ˙TÙXl TW-
Æd °Pd-œm TÙ˚\-L-∞p ÿh-• UÙßd LÙi-” ÷˚W £¨j-R-
YÙ-fl Bfl ©u-‡m K”-°-\-’. J⁄ ˚Up ˘RÙ˚X-Æp _Lß
Y˚W-´p A˚U-ß-VÙL Y˚[k-’ J›-°, TÙ˚\f-£˚\ G‡-
™Pjßp Yk-R-‹-Pu, Æp-Yh-P-UÙL J⁄-ÿ˚\ —Zu-fl, ©\-œ
˘Sh-”d-œ K• Y⁄-°-\-’.
Bt-±u Cj-R˚] ÁWl TV-Qj-ßp U⁄-Ru-œØ
A˚Q-Yh-Pj- R-Æ-Pl TÙ˚\f £˚\, Æp-YhP Nkß ÿd-°-Vj-
’-Ym Tfl-°-\-’. Gq-Y-[‹ U˙]Ù-L-W-UÙ] Bt-±u —t-\m! AßL
BZ-™p-XÙ-Up, A˚X KnkR LPp Y∞-˙TÙ-X, C⁄-U-⁄e-œm
£™i-” L˚W-Lh-• Yi-QÙu NX-˚Yj ’˚\. L˚W Y∞-´p,
˘S”e-Li, AV¶ UWe-L-fim Áeœ Íg£ Tf˚N UWe-L-fim
˙RÙ˚L-VÙL Y[okR Ug-Ns Íe-°p ·h-P-ÿm Ae-°e-LÙL
ÿ˚[jR Wj-RlÈ LÙj-’d LÙh-”m Rt-±l-Èf N•-L-fim ∏Z-
˙Uh-•p K˚X ≈”-L-[ÙL Yi-QÙo œ•-˚N-L-fim, œ•-VÙ-]-Yo
≈”-L-fim Jt˚\ ≈h-” Am-T-X-UÙL ÿ•l-◊˚W RÆ LÙ -¤m
˙LÙ´p Td-L-YÙh-•p L⁄m◊ YVp-L-fim Nod-L˚W Ys-∞d
°Ze-œ YVp-L-fi-UÙLl TÙ˚\f£˚\ Bt-fllT”˚L AZ-œd
˙LÙXm Èi-•-⁄d-°-\-’.
Yi-QÙo T•j-’- \- p U˚Zd-LÙX LXd-°p Ys[m
Cp-XÙ-R-˙TÙ-’, Nk-˚R-˙U-” ˙TÙXf NX-˚Y-VÙ-[o-Ls, ˘Ti” -
L-fim ©s-˚[-L-fi-UÙLj ß™-˙XÙ-Ll-T-”m, DW-™p-XÙR L˚W-
˙Uh•p ƨj-ß-⁄d-œm ˘Ys-˚[j-’-¶-´p, ’˚Yj-’
ÿfld°V E⁄l-T-•-L˚[ Af˙NÙ Nj-Rj-’-Pu ≈£-˘V-±-YÙo-Ls.
AkR E⁄l-T-•d œÆ-V-≠u KWj-ßp Cu- ]Ù-⁄ NX- Y-VÙ-[o
œ”m-Tj ß]o, œi-PÙ-‡m ˙NÙt-fl YÙ∞-Ÿ-UÙL AUok-ß-⁄k-’
˙NÙfl ßu-TÙo-Ls. T•j-’- \- p œ∞j-’d œm-UÙ-[-™P Y⁄m
YÙi-”-Ls, œ”m-Tj-ßu ß\kR ˘Y∞ Æ⁄k˚R Gh-•l TÙoj-
’d-˘LÙi-” ®t-œm, AP ˙TÙe-L, £u] An-VÙ-UÙ-⁄-L-˙[...
˙TÙnd œ∞e-L. SÙeL £jR Lg-£˚Vd œ•f-£d-°-Ph-”m. ˙YX
˘LPd-œ... Gu-fl, TÙm-T-Pm Lu-]e-L-∞p ˙UÙR, VÙWÙ-Y-’ Yi-
˘TVW˚P
J⁄ ˘TV˚Wf £\l©j’ Y⁄m˘NÙp ˘TVW˚P G]lT”m.
G.”. SpX ˚TVu, AZœ UXo,
C≤V ˘UÙØ
Æ˚]V˚P
J⁄ Æ˚]˚Vf £\l©j’ Y⁄m˘NÙp Æ˚]V˚P G]lT”m.
G.”. ˙YLUÙL K•]Ùu, Su\ÙLl TÙ•]Ùu, CVpTÙLl ˙T£]Ùo
E⁄YLm
EY˚Udœm ˘TÙ⁄fidœm˙YflTÙ” ˙RÙu\ÙRYÙfl˘TÙ⁄∞≤Pj’ EY˚U´uRu˚U˚V Ht±l ˘TÙ⁄˚[EY˚UVÙL˙Y E⁄Y°lT’E⁄YLm.
G.”. UßÿLm
Uß ˙TÙu\ ÿLm ˛ EY˚U
ÿLUß
ÿLUÙ°V Uß ˛ E⁄YLm
82
QÙj-ßd °ZÆ ÆWh-”-YÙs. ◊p-˙Uh-•p L›-˚R-Ls A›d-
œf —˚U-L˚[ C\d-°-Æh-”, ™PÙ-˙U-[j-ßp Ne-∏-Rd Lj-R-
XÙL AWt-±d ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm.
œ∞-Vp ’˚\-´p, YÙi-”-Ls °˚[-˘Yh-•V YÙ˚Zj
Ri-”-L˚[ ™Rl-Tu TP-œ-L-[ÙL Ch-” Ys-[- U± Æ˚[-VÙh-”
SPj-’m L˙[-T-Wm ÷˚W-Lh-”m. TÙ˚\-L-∞u U≠-⁄k-’ Bt-
fl-˘Ys-[j-ßp LW-Q-U-•j-’d œßj-’, øf-N-X-•j-’ U±-Y-ßp
©s- [-L-∞u œµ AXÙ-ß. Y´p LÙXj-’ ø¨p-XÙR Bt-±p,
Ri-Ω˚Wd LXd-°-V-•j-’d œßd-œm £fl-Yo-L˚[f NX˚Y
BNÙ-™-Ls YN‹˘UÙØ-L-[Ùp ÆWh-”-YÙo-Ls. AP, GeL TÙ˚Zl
-©˘X Ui- Ql ˙TÙPÙ-æeL WÙNÙ-UÙ-⁄-L- [. Ri¶ LXe-œ-’,
˘NÙp-Xd ˙Ld-œ-RÙ? Gu-fl £]l-T-”-YÙo-Ls.
TÙ˚\f£˚\ ˘Y∞- u L˙[-T-Wd ·j˚R YQe-°-Æh-”
Bfl ˘Sh-˙PÙh-P-UÙL Cu-‡m CWi-” Lp
K•, RÙ˚X-Æp Y⁄m- TÙ˙R T¨V NÙ˚Xd
LP‹ Li-¶t-˘Lh-”-°-\-’.
˘T¨-V-NÙ-˚Xd LP‹ Bt-±u ÿLj-ßt-œ
Íd-L¶ TÙu-\-’. LP-Æt-œ U˙X Ll-©-Ui
TÙ˚R-˙V± ˘Rt-œl Tœ-ß-´p, NÆv-RÙ-W-UÙL
ƨj-’d °Pl-T-’ £u-]-Óo —”-LÙ-”. SL-Wj-ßu
SÙ˚Xk-’ Up —t-fl-Yh-Pj-’ NÙd-LÙ- X APd-L
-˘Up-XÙm Ce-˙L-RÙu. L⁄-UÙß LÙ¨-Ve-L-fid-
œm, R˚X ÿ›d-°t-œm T¨-V-NÙ-˚Xd LP-‹j-
’˚\ ˘Ys-[-™h-•-⁄d-°-\-’. Bfl Ck-Rl Tœ-ß-
´p øi-” TWk-R œ∞l-◊j ’˚\-Ÿ-Pu A˚Uk-
ß-⁄d-°-\-’. ˘T¨-V-NÙ˚X Ad-W-aÙW ©WÙ-U-Qo-L-fid-œ Bfl
J⁄ YWl-©-W-NÙ-Rm. Æ•-Vt-LÙ˚X Íu-fl U¶- -≠-⁄k˙R T•j-
’˚\ L˚[Lh-•-Æ-”m. Uh-”˘Y∞- p £Yu˙LÙÆp C⁄l-T-’
Aj-R-˚]d-œm ˘T¨V ÿj-ß-˚W. Æ•-VÙd L⁄d-L-≠p ˘Ti-
Ls ’˚\d-œd œ∞dL Y⁄m SÙ√-U-¶-L-˚[, ¡˚N ˚YjR
SÙVu-UÙo-Ls LQd-œl TiQ Y⁄-Y-’m Ei-”. Gu] C⁄k-
RÙ-¤m Bt-flj ’˚\-´p ©WÙ-U-Q-⁄d-œ Ut\ _Ùß-´-]-⁄d-
œm Ni˚P S˚Uf-Np Cp-˚X. Bfl ˙TR-Ut-\-RÙ-´t˙\!
˘T -V-NÙ- Xd LP˚Y ®˚\j-’-Æh-” © -VÙ-Æ- P- Tt-fl
Y⁄m UQl-˘Ti-˚Ql TÙX, Bfl SLok-’ RYrk-’ Y⁄-
83
°-\-’. Ll© ˙WÙ” °s-∞l-TÙ-Xj-˚Rj RÙi-• ◊j-Ru-˙LÙh-˚P-
´u ˘Ys-˚[l TÙ˚\-L-∞u F˙P ◊œk-’ Yp-X-˙Uh-•t-œ
Y⁄m-˙TÙ-’ Bt-fld-œj R˚X-Yh-Pj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ ’˚Q Yk-’
LXd-°-\’. T⁄-U˚] Bfl. Yp-X- Uh-•p-RÙu Bt-±u NÆv-
RÙ-W-UÙ] N¨j-ßW YÙrd˚L S˚P-˘T-fl-°-\-’.
˛ B. UÙRYu
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
s TÙPlTœß˚V ˚UVlT”jß CVt˚L Y⁄Q˚] RVÙo ˘NnL.
s TÙWßVÙo, TÙWßRÙNu ˙TÙu\ LÆOoL∞u CVt˚L Tt±V LÆ˚RL˚[j
˘RÙœdL.
B. UÙRYu
CYo ß⁄Y]kR◊Wjßp 1934 Cp ©\kRYo. œ±l©PjRdL £flL˚R B£¨VoL∞p
J⁄Yo. CYo U˚XVÙ[ ˘UÙØŸm SuL±kRYo. øiP Y⁄PeL[ÙLd L˚R G›ß
Y⁄TYo. Ui UQm LU›m L˚RLs CY⁄˚PV˚Y. ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm
NÙ˚Xd L˚Pj˘R⁄˚Y ˚UVUÙLd˘LÙi” CYo L˚Pj˘R⁄d
L˚RLs Gu\ £flL˚Rj ˘RÙœl˚T ˘Y∞´h”s[Ùo.
˙UÙLTpXÆ, B˚]f NkRm, UÙRYu L˚RLs, A˙W©Vd
œß˚W ˙TÙu\˚Y CYW’ ©\ £flL˚Rj ˘RÙœl◊L[Ùœm.
£flL˚R˚Vl ˙TÙufl SÙY≠¤m NÙR˚] T˚Pj’s[Ùo.
°⁄xQl T⁄k’ ÿd°VUÙ] J⁄ SÙYp. CYW’ ◊]¤m
UQ¤m Gu\ SÙY≠≠⁄k’ ClTœß G”dLlTh”s[’.
84
Íu-\Ùm EX-Ll- TÙoÍu-\Ùm EX-Ll- TÙoÍu-\Ùm EX-Ll- TÙoÍu-\Ùm EX-Ll- TÙoÍu-\Ùm EX-Ll- TÙo
Au-˘\Ù-⁄ SÙs...
Aß-LÙ˚X AZ˚L YØ-TP Yk-R-Ys LPt-L- W- - X˙V
E˚\k-’ ˙TÙ]Ùs Lt-£-˚X-VÙL.
˙St-fll TÙojR UQp ˘Y∞VÙ C’? ®\m UÙ± C⁄k-
R-’. LÙt-±u TÙP-¤d-œ SP-]-UÙ-•V SÙQt-◊-RWÙ A’...? R˚W-
˙VÙ-” R˚W-VÙnd °Pk-R-’. ˘Ys-∞-U-Qp ˘Y∞-˘Ve-œm
RÙfl-UÙ-\Ùnj RÙo Ft-±-V-’ ˙TÙp J⁄ L⁄m-T-P-Xm.
C’ Gu] CVt-˚Ld-œl ◊\m-TÙn...? C’ ˘Ud-£˙LÙ
Y˚[-œ-PÙ-RÙ-]Ù? Ì£-VÙ]Ù LPt-L-˚W-RÙ-]Ù? CPm-UÙ±
Yk-’ Æh-˙P-]Ù? R˚X —t-±-V-’ AY-fid-œ.
LP-˙XÙ-˚N-´p ˙Lh-P-’ Ko AY-Xj-ßu
—Wm; ®™ok-’ ®u-\-Ys ß”d-°h-PÙs. A˚X-
´u ®\m ˘Ys˚[ Ap-X-YÙ? ©\-œ Hu C⁄-
∞u ßWY Y•-Y-UÙn A˚X ˘TÙe° A•d-°-
\’ L⁄e-L-⁄l-TÙn?
TVk-’ SPk-RÙs; LÙX-¶-Ls RÙi-•d LÙp-
L-∞p H±-V-’ H˙RÙ ©—d-œ. J⁄ LÙp Fu±
Ufl-LÙp ER-±-]Ùs G™-≠. LÙX¶ LZu-\-Ru-
±d Lfll-◊f NÙVm ˙TÙL-Æp-˚X.
Ai-QÙk-’ TÙoj-RÙs. LÙ˚Xl T\˚Y H’m LÙQ-
Æp˚X YÙ]j-ßp. Cu-‡m R˚W-´-\e-L-Æp˚X ˘Y∞f-
Nj-ßu Æ›-’-Ls. ÁWd-L-P-≠p RÙ”-YÙ-]j-ßp Nm-©-Zm◊
˘R¨k-R-’. LPp G¨-Ÿ-UÙ? G¨-°-\˙R...
LPp-T-Wl-©p £Yk-’ G›k-’ ®u-\-’ æj-Ái Ju-fl.
A˚R Ui-• ®u-\-’ ◊˚L Ui-P-Xm. G¨-U˚X Y•j-ß-⁄d-
œ˙UÙ LP-¤d-œs...?
AYs EPp S”e-°-V-’. Re-Lf NÙV-™hP Th-” Ëp
Lt-˚\-L-[Ùn AYs ˘Ys-∞d L›j-ßp ˘TÙu-ÿ-•-Ls
TP-T-Pj-R]; LÙt-±p B•-V-’ LÙ’ Y˚[-Vm.
85
˘Y∞f-Nm TW-Æl TWÆj ÁWj-’ C⁄-˚[j ’˚Pj-’d-
˘LÙi˙P Yk-R-’. Ì£-VÙ]Ù LPt-L- W- u Tß-]Ù-fl- Up ø[j-
ßt-œm J˙W Lfll-◊d LÙh-£-RÙ-]Ù? H˙RÙ Ju-fl Sok-ß-⁄d-°-\-’
È™-´u C⁄l-◊d-œ Æ˙WÙ-R-UÙn.
ÁWj-ßp Gu-]˙YÙ œÆ-Vp œÆ-V-XÙn..? K•l- TÙnl
TÙoj-RÙs.
""K ÀNv!''
˘LÙj-’d ˘LÙj-RÙnf ˘Nj-’d °Pk-R] ˘T≠-LÙu T\-˚Y-
Ls. AYt-±u "TZm-T-” T˚]-´u °Ze-œ ©[k-Ru]' ·¨V
AX-œ-Ls TX ß\k˙R °Pk-R]; £X £\-œ-Ls LÙh-•] ÀY-
≤u L˚P£ A˚N-‹-L-˚[.
Cu- ]Ù-⁄ Td-Lm TÙoj-RÙs G™≠; C›jR Íf˚N Y∞-
´P U\k-RÙs. A˚X-Ls Ád-°-˘V-±kR TP-œ-Ls Ju-\u Up
Ju-˙\± J›e-Lt-fld °Pl-T-’ ˙TÙp ·h-Pm ·h-P-UÙn
C\k-’ °Pk-R] Ët-fldLQd-LÙ] PÙp@-©u-Ls.
C›jR Íf˚N Cl-˙TÙ-’ Æh-P-ßp H± C\e-°-V-’
G™-≠- u UÙo-◊.
Cu-˘]Ù-⁄ ◊\m ˛ ˘S”g-NÙ˚X YÙ¨-´p ˘LÙh-•f £R-
±V RÙ≤-Ve-L-[Ùn B´-Wd-L-Qd-LÙ] ¡u-Y-˚L-Ls C\k-’
°Pk-R-], C\k-’m C\-YÙ-U-¤m. £X ¡u-L-∞u E´o-Ls ˘Y∞-
˙V-±d LÙi-•-⁄l-T-’ R¨k-R-’ YÙp-L-∞u ’•-’-•l-©p.
Gu] ˘LÙ”˚U C’! ŸLm-Ÿ-L-UÙn E´o-Ls T˚PjR
CVt˚L J˙W SÙ∞p AØd-Ll TÙod-°-\-RÙ? ™f-N-™-⁄d-Ll-
˙TÙœm J˙W ©WÙ¶ U≤-Ru-RÙ-]Ù? U≤-Ro-Ls Cp-XÙR EX-
Lj-ßp ÆXe-œ-L-fim T\- Y-L-fim YÙZ ÿ•-Ÿm. B]Ùp U≤-
R-WÙp YÙZ ÿ•-ŸUÙ ÆXe-œ-L-fim T\- Y-L-fi-Ut\ EX-Lj-ßp?
Ck-Rl Td-Lm UÙj-R-UÙnf Nj-’d °Pk-R] aWÙu T\-
˚Y-Ls. AYt-±u T⁄-Pp-L-fid-œl TÙ⁄j-R-™p-XÙR œf-£d
LÙp-Ls ©u-≤d °Pk-R] Ju-˙\Ù-˘PÙu-fl.
""˘NjR T\-˚Y-L-∞p Ju-fl-RÙu ˙St-fl Gu ˙LU-WÙ-Æp
¡u ©•j-R-RÙ?''
T\-˚Y-L-∞u £˙S-°-ß-VÙnl ©\k-’ —t-flf-„-Zp Th-P-RÙ-¨-
VÙn Y[okR G™-≠-´u øXd-Li-Ls øÏ-±-].
86
Lol-©¶ TÙp Y -fl T⁄jR LPp B˚U-Ls C\k-’
L˚W J’e-°-]YÙ L˚W J’e° C\k-R-]YÙ ˘R¨-V-Æp-˚X.
˘Ud-£˙LÙ ÆØd-L-Æp-˚X. ™£-£l-©-´u L˚W-L-fid-œ Gh-
P-Æp˚X ˙Nß Cu-‡m.
G™≠ ˘R∞k-RÙs. ˙RÙs-L-˚[d œ¤d-°j ’¶f-N˚X
A˚Zj-’d ˘LÙi-PÙs. K• K•l TPm G”j-RÙs. GpXÙ
EPp-L-∞-¤m Gi- Qnl ©—d-œ Uh-”m C⁄l-T-’ Li-PÙs.
£X Aß-LÙ-¨-L-fim ≈Wo-L-fim LP-¤d-œs Æ˚Wk-’-˘LÙi-•-
⁄k-RÙo-Ls AY-N-We-L-∞u ÿ’-°p H±.
Gu-]-YÙ- t-fl?
Ìn£-VÙ]Ù LPt-L-˚W-´-≠-⁄k-’ SÙt-Tj-˙RÙ-WÙ-Y-’
˚U≠p ˘Ud-£˙LÙ Y˚[-œ-PÙ-‹d-œs A’ ®Lrk-R-’.
Gi- Qnd °Q-fl œ˚PkR Br-’- [d L⁄-Æ-Ls Rm
Nd-ß-´˚] ˘UÙj-Rm ßWh-• BZj-ßp J⁄ ÿh-” ÿh-•-V-
˙TÙ-’ ˘Y•j-’ ˘Y∞-˙V-±-V-’ È™-_Ù-•-´p Èh-Pl-Th-”d
°PkR ¡j- Ru ÈRm. A’ Y∞l-ThP YLj-ßp Th- Pu-fl
ß\k-’ LÙi-P-’ Th-˙WÙp Ft-±u T⁄e-Li.
¡j-˙R-‡m ˘Th-˙WÙ-¤m ÿh-•d-˘LÙi-P-ßp Tt-±d
˘LÙi-P-’ Y˚[-œPÙ; LPp øWÙ-¤m A˚R A˚QdL ÿ•-
V-Æp-˚X. LPt-T-Wl-©p CWi-Pe-œ-Xm TPokR ˘Th-˙WÙp
˙TÙLl ˙TÙLl Tj-Re-œ-X-UÙnd ˘Lh-•l-Th-P-’. LPp Ge-
œm L£-‹-RÙu; 580 N’W ˚U¤d-œ Gi-˘Qnl ˙TÙo-˚Y-
RÙu. Gi-˘Qn˚Vf —YÙ-£d-Lj ˘R¨-VÙR Ri-Ωo ÀÆ-L-
∞p ˘Nj-’f ˘Nj-’ ™Rk-R˚Y TX; L˚W J’e-°-V˚Y £X.
G¨-°-\-’ LPp; Lfll-TÙ˚P Lh-”-°-\-’ È™.
CkR U≤-Ro-Ls È™- u ÿLj-ßp A˚\-Y- R-Ÿm, ÿ’-
°p œj-’-Y-˚R-Ÿm, Y´-fl ∏fl-Y-˚R-Ÿm, L⁄-Y-˚\-´p Lm©
÷˚Zl-T- R-Ÿm K˙NÙu ·˚W Kh˚P YØ Gh-• Gh-•l
TÙoj-’-Æh-” Ko A›d-œ ˙ULj˚R C›j-’ ÿLm
˘TÙj-ßd ˘LÙi-P-’ „¨-Vu.
˛ YW-ÿj-’
87
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
s ‘U≤RoLs CpXÙR EXLjßp ÆXeœLfim T\˚YLfim YÙZÿ•Ÿm. B]Ùp
U≤RWÙp YÙZÿ•ŸUÙ ÆXeœLfim T\˚YLfim CpXÙR EXLjßp’ ˛
ÆYÙRm ˘NnL.
s CVt˚L AZ˚L ˚UVlT”jßd LÆ˚RLs G›ß, AR]•lT˚P´p J⁄
LÆVWeLm ®Lrj’L.
s TÙPl-T-œ-ß-´p Y⁄m ˘TV-W-˚P, Æ˚]-V˚Pf ˘NÙt-L˚[j ˘RÙœj’ G›’-L.
˚YWÿj’
1953Cp R™rSÙ”, ˙R≤ UÙYhPm Y”LlTh•´p ©\kRYo.
˘Nu˚] Tf˚NVlTu Lp̨´p T´u\Yo. £\kR LÆOo. Utflm
ß˚WlTPl TÙPXÙ£¨Vo. Bfl ÿ˚\ £\kR TÙPXÙ£¨V⁄dLÙ]
_]ÙßTß Æ⁄’, TjUc, L˚XUÙU¶, NÙ°jV AdLÙR™ ˙TÙu\
Æ⁄’L˚[l ˘Tt\Yo. ˚YL˚\ ˙ULeLs, C’Y˚W SÙu, ˘Tn˘V]l ˘TnŸm
U˚Z, Ls∞dLÙh” CßLÙNm, Íu\Ùm EXLl˙TÙo TÙu\ TX ËpL˚[l T˚Pj’s
[Ùo. ClTœß Íu\Ùm EXLl˙TÙo Gu\ Ë≠≠⁄k’ G”dLlTh”s[’.
88
øX-°¨ ®Xf-N- ‹ VÙo LÙW-Qm?øX-°¨ ®Xf-N- ‹ VÙo LÙW-Qm?øX-°¨ ®Xf-N- ‹ VÙo LÙW-Qm?øX-°¨ ®Xf-N- ‹ VÙo LÙW-Qm?øX-°¨ ®Xf-N- ‹ VÙo LÙW-Qm?
øX-°¨ UÙYh-Pj-ßu ˙Ljß G‡m CPj-ßp YW-XÙ-fl
LÙQÙR Y˚L-´p 24 U¶-˙S-Wj-ßp 820 ™p≠ ¡h-Po U˚Z
˘Tn-R-’. ˘Nu˚] EVo-øß Uu-\m Ai-˚U-´p A∞jR
Ej-R-W-Æp ""øX-°¨ UÙYh-Pj-ßp Nh-Pj-ßt-œl ◊\m-TÙL UWe-
L˚[ ˘Yh-P-˙YÙ, UQp Ut-flm Lp-œ-YÙ¨ ˙RÙiP˙YÙ
·PÙ-’'' G]d ·±-Ÿs-[-’.
CkR C⁄ ®Lr-‹-L-fim Yq- Y-\Ù-]˚Y TÙu-fl R -
V-XÙm. B]Ùp, øX-°¨ UÙYh-Pj-ßp SPk-’-s[ ˙L”-L-fid-
œm, C’ Gßo-˘LÙs[ C⁄d-œm £d-Lp-L-fid-œm CkR ®Lr-
‹-L-fi-Pu S⁄d-L-UÙ] RÙPo◊ Ei-”!
øX-°-¨-´p SYm-To UÙRj-ßu CWi-” SÙh-L-∞p 543
®Xf-N- -‹-Ls ®Lrk-R]. 816 ≈”-Ls A•j-’f ˘Np-Xl-Th-P-].
600 Gd-˙Po T´o-Ls SÙN-UÙ-°-]. 145 CPe-L-∞p NÙ˚X-Ls
˙NR-U-˚Pk-R-]. 43 E´o-Ls T≠-VÙ-´-]. 1100 ˙To ≈•-Zk-R-
]o. ◊Lr-˘Tt\ øX-°¨ U˚X ˘RÙPo-Yi-•l TÙ˚R ˙UÙN-
UÙLl TÙßl-T-˚Pk-R-’. C˚Y Gp-XÙm CVt˚Lf ∫t-\j-ßu
Æ˚[‹ Gu-fl TNl-Th-P-’.
B]Ùp, Ei˚U A’-Yp-X. U≤-Ro-Ls ˘NnR RY-fl-
Ls œt-\e-Ls-RÙu CkR ®˚Xd-œ Ei-˚U-VÙ] LÙW-Qm.
CVt˚L U≤-Ro-L˚[j Ri-•d-L-Æp-˚X. ˙TWÙ-˚N-´u
Æ˚[-YÙp, U≤-Ro-Ls RUd-œj RÙ˙U Ht-T-”j-ßd ˘LÙiP
˙L”-RÙu øX-°-¨-´p ˙SokR ˙NÙLm!
CVt-˚L˚V SÙm ®VÙ-V-UÙ] Nd-ß-VÙL Ußl-©P ÿ•-
VÙ-’. H˘]-≤p, U≤-Ru ˘NnR RY-fl-L-fid-œj Ri-P-˚]-
VÙ-Lj-RÙu CVt˚Lf ∫t-\m ß⁄l© A•d-°-\-’ Gu-fl G”j-
’d-˘LÙi-PÙ-¤m A’ œt-\-YÙ-∞-L˚[ Æh-”-Æh-” Al-TÙ-
Æ-L-˚[j Ri-•d-°-\-’. øX-°-¨-´u ®Xf-N-¨-Æp TÙßd-Ll-Th-
˙PÙ-¨p ˘T⁄m-TÙ-XÙ-]-Yo-Ls H˚Z-Ls. øX-°-¨-´u —t-flf-
„-Z˚Xd ˘L”jRYo-Ls AYo-Ls ApX!
CVt˚L Ke-œm
∫t-\e-Ls
A˚Xd-L-Ød-œm WNÙ-V-]d LX-˚Y-Ls
LXeL ˚Yd-œm LØ-‹-øo NÙd-L-˚P-Ls
˘Sg˚N S”d-°-”m ˘O°-Ød œl- T-Ls
Íf˚N Cfld-œm UÙ™-Nd LØ-‹-L-[Ùm
Bt-±u —YÙN ÷˚W-¬-Wp ßQ-±P
£]j-RÙp NX-N-Xj-’ œßj-˘R-›k-’
—Ø-TX „• Gp-XÙm —⁄h-•-V-•j-’
˘N• ˘LÙ•-L˚[ ˙Y˘WÙ-” ©”e°
YVp YWl-◊-L˚[ AØd-°u-\-]-˙YÙ?
LPp A˚X-L-˚[j Ái-• Æh-”
Ái-•p LÙWo-L- [j ˘RÙ˚Xj-’d Lh-•
˘LÙs-ÿ-Rp-LÙ-Wo-Ls ÿR˚X AØj-’
FØl ˙TW-˚X-L-[Ùn E⁄˚YUÙt± F˚W˙V £˚Rj-’Bh-L- [d LÙp-¤- UÙ?
£±V ˘T¨V YÙL-]e-Ls ˘Y∞-Æ-”m
L¨-V-™X YÙŸ ◊˚L Ui-P-Xe-Ls
˘RÙØp NÙ˚X-Ls-Rsfim L⁄m-◊- L-Ls
ænkR œl-˚Td ·[e-Ls A›°
˘Y∞-Y-⁄m Æ`m LXkR YÙŸ
Es-∞p C›j-’ Efll-◊-Ls E˚XV
Íf-—d œZp Cfl° ˙SÙn RÙd-°V
LÙt-fl ˘Ym© Æ˚Wk-’ ∫t-\-U-˚Pk-’
◊V-XÙnj RÙd-°Pl ˘T⁄-U-We-L˙[ NÙŸm
H˚Zd ·˚WLs K”-Ls T\d-œm!
89
LÙW-Qm Gu-]?
øX-°¨ UÙYh-Pj-ßp ˙Sok-’-s[ ®Xf-N-¨‹ Ut-flm A’
˘RÙPo-TÙ] Æ˚[-‹-L-fid-œ Íu-fl ÿRu-˚U-VÙ] LÙW-Qe-L-
˚[d ·\-ÿ-•-Ÿm. 1. ◊Æ-˘Yl-Tm Aß-L-UÙ-Y-’. 2. —t-flf-„-Zp
∫o-˙L-”, 3. ÿu-˘]f-N-¨d˚L SP-Y-•d˚L Cp-XÙ-R-’ B°-V-
]˙Y LÙW-Q-UÙ-œm.
YZd-Lj-˚R-ÆP Aß-L-UÙ] U˚Z, AßL YLj-ßp ◊Vp,
YW-XÙ-fl LÙQÙR Y\h£ ˙TÙu-fl CVt˚Lf ∫t-\e-L-∞u ˙YL-
ÿm A[-‹m Aß-L-¨l-T-Rt-œl ◊Æ ˘Yl-T-U-˚P-Y-’-RÙu LÙW-
Qm G] A±-Æ-V-XÙ-[o-Ls ·fl-°u-\-]o. Cj-R-˚LV "YZd-Lj-
ßt-œ UÙ\Ù]' Ap-X-’ "YW-XÙ-fl LÙQÙR' CVt˚Lf ∫t-\e-Ls
EX-Lm ÿ›-Y-’˙U Aß-L-UÙ-°-Æh-P-]. AkR Y˚L-´p øX-°-¨-
´p YW-XÙ-fl LÙQÙR U˚Zl ˘TÙØ-‹d-œl ◊Æ ˘Yl-T-U-˚P-
Rp-RÙu LÙW-Qm G]d ·\-XÙm.
◊Æ ˘Yl-T-U-˚P-Ÿm ®Lr‹ Gu-T-’ G¨-˘TÙ-
⁄s TVu-TÙh-•u Æ˚[-YÙL S⁄-°-\-’. ·P-˙Y,
LÙP-Ød-Ll-T-”-Y-’m CRt-œ J⁄ LÙW-Q-UÙ-œm. È™-
´p ˘Yl-Tm C⁄l-T-Rt-œd L¨-V-™X YÙŸ-RÙu
ÿRu-˚U-VÙ] LÙW-Qm. „¨-V-≤-≠-⁄k-’ È™-´p
Æ›m ˘YlT Ndß ¡i-”m Al-T-•˙V YÙu-˘Y-
∞d-œj ß⁄m©f Np-XÙ-R-YÙ-fl L¶-N-UÙ] Yl-
Tj˚Rd L¨-V-™X YÙŸ ©•j-’ ˚Yj-’d˘LÙs-°-
\’. Y∞ Ui-P-Xj-ßp L¨-V-™X YÙŸ-‹m Cu-‡m
£X T—- U-- pX YÙŸd-L-fim(Green house gases)
Cp-XÙ-Up ˙TÙ]Ùp È™ L”m œ∞-¨p E˚\k-’
˙TÙ -⁄d-œm.
È™-´u Y∞-Ui-P-Xj-ßu ˙Ut-T-Wl-©p LÙXÙ-LÙ-X-UÙL
J˙W A[-YÙ] L¨-V-™X YÙŸ-RÙu C⁄k-’ Yk-R-’. ARt-˙LtT
È™-´u Rh-T-˘YlT ®˚X-Ÿm J˙W A[-YÙ-Lj-RÙu C⁄k-R-’.
LÙX ®˚X-´p ˘T¨V UÙt-\m G’-‹m TX B´-Wm Bi-”-L-
[ÙL Cp-˚X.
B]Ùp LPkR 300 Bi-”-L-[ÙL ®Xd-L-¨, ºNp, ˘Th-
˙WÙp, G¨-YÙŸ ˙TÙu\ ˛ È™-´u A• BZj-ßp ◊˚Rk-’
°PkR ◊˚R-T-•Y G¨-˘TÙ-⁄h-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß Yk-R-ßu
Æ˚[-YÙL Y∞-Ui-P-Xj-ßu L¨-V-™X YÙŸ APojß Aß-L-
90
UÙ-°-Æh-P-’. LPkR 300 Bi-”-L-fid-œ ÿu◊ 275 ppm A[-
YÙL C⁄kR L¨-V-™X YÙŸ APojß Cl-˙TÙ-’ 390 ppm
A[-YÙL Aß-L-UÙ-°-Æh-P-’. (J-⁄ ppm Gu-T-’ Tj-’ Xh-Nj-
ßp J⁄ Tœß) CRt-œ HtT È™- u NWÙ-N¨ Ut-T-Wl◊ Yl-
T-®- X-Ÿm LPkR Ë\Ùi-”-L-∞p 0.8 •°¨ Np-£-Vv A[‹
Aß-L-UÙ-°-Æh-P-’.
—t-flf-„-Zp ∫o- L-”
◊Æ ˘Yl-Tm Aß-L-UÙ-Y-’m ARu Æ˚[-YÙLd œfl-
°V LÙXj-ßp AßL A[‹ U˚Z TÙØ-Y-’m øX-°¨ UÙYh-
Pj-ßu TÙßl-◊-L-fid-œ J⁄ LÙW-Qm. G≤-‡m, A’˙Y ÿRu-
˚U-VÙ] LÙW-Qm Ap-X. UÙ\Ù-L, —t-flf-„-Zp ∫o-˙L-” RÙu
Gp-XÙ-Yt˚\ ÆP-‹m ™L ÿd-°-V-UÙ] LÙW-Qm Bœm. œ±l-
TÙ-L, LÙP-Øl-◊, Lp œYÙ-¨-Ls, Y˚W-ÿ-˚\-Vt\ Lh-”-UÙ-]e-
Ls-RÙu ®Xf-N- -‹d-œ A•l-T˚P Bœm. ARÙ-Y-’, øX-°¨l
Tœ-ß-´p U≤-Ro-L-[Ùp ˘Nn-Vl-ThP RY-fl-Ls-RÙu TÙßl-◊-
L-fid-œd LÙW-Q-UÙ-œm.
øX-°¨ U˚Xl-T-œß Gu-T-’ TÙ’-YÙLf —t-fl-XÙ-‹d-LÙ]
CP-UÙ-L-‹m, ˙R´-˚X ˙TÙu\ T´o-L-˚[l T´-¨-”m Tœ-ß-
VÙ-L-‹m RÙu TÙod-Ll-T-”-°-\-’. B]Ùp, A’ ˘Ru-≤k-ß-
VÙ-Æu J⁄ ™Ll -˘T-¨V CVt˚L Y[m Gu-°\ Ei˚U
Li-”˘LÙs-[l-T-”-Y-’ Cp-˚X.
øX-°¨ U˚Xl-T-œß ˘Yflm U˚X-VÙ-Lj ˘R¨k-RÙ-¤m
A’ Ei-˚U-´p Ru-≤k-ß-VÙ-Æu øoj-˙Rd-Lm. Ce-œ Ko
Bi-•p —UÙo 400 •.-Gm.-£. A[-‹d-œ U˚Z TÙØ-Y-RÙLd
·fl-°-\Ùo-Ls. Cq-YÙ-fl °˚Pd-œm U˚Z-ø˚Wd LÙ”m, T—-
˚Ul-T-Wl-◊m, U˚X-Ÿm ˙N™j-’ Bfl-L-fid-œj R⁄-°u-\-].
24 °˚[ Bfl-L-˚[d ˘LÙiP ˙UÙVÙ-fl Y•-®-Xl-T-œß, 26
°˚[ Bfl-L-˚[d ˘LÙiP TYÙ≤ Y•-®-Xl-T-œß C˚Y
-´-Wi-”m øX-°¨ U˚X-´-≠-⁄k-’-RÙu ø˚Wl ˘Tt-fld LÙÆ-
¨d-œj R⁄-°u-\-]. LÙÆ-¨´u °˚[-VÙ] L©≤ Y•-®-Xl-T-
œ-ß-Ÿm ARu 5 °˚[-VÙ-fl-L-fim øX-°- ´p-RÙu ø˚Wl- ˘T-fl-
°u-\-]. ˙LW-[Ù-‹d-œ ø˚Wj-R-⁄m NÙ≠-VÙ-fl Y• ®Xl-T-œ-ß-
Ÿm ARu 6 °˚[-VÙ-fl-L-fim-·P øX-°-¨˚V Sm-©j-RÙu
C⁄d-°u-\-]. ˛ Cq-YÙ-\ÙLj R™r-SÙ-”, ˙LW-[Ù, L⁄-SÙ-PL
UÙ®-Xe-L-fid-œ Bi-”d-œ 400 •.-Gm.-£. Ri-Ωo R⁄m A˚Qd
-Lh” ˙TÙu-fl øX-°¨ C⁄k-’ Y⁄-°-\-’.
Au˚] È™-´u AZ-°V ˘Sg-£p
BŸ-Rm TÙnf£ œj-ßd ∏±d °Øj-’d
Lp-¤m £™ih LX-˚Y-Ÿm ®Wl©
SÙ• SWm-◊-L-∞p ’o-øo TÙnf£d
œl-˚Td ·[e-Ls œØ-L-∞p-Í-•d
L∞-Ui L¨-U-Qp ˙RÙi-•-˘V-”dLl
˘TÙflj-’l TÙoj-’l ˘TÙfl˚U CZk-’
Ap-¤m TL-¤m BZ-UÙn Ap-X-¤t-fl
˘Yk-’ ˘SÙk-’ ˙YR-˚]-Ÿt-fl
˘Sg-Nm Aßok-’ S”e° ÆWd-ß-Ÿt-fld
œ⁄-ß-Ÿm R˚N-Ÿm ø⁄m ˙TÙp
˘Y•j-’f £R± ƨ-Np-Ls YØ˙V
Lp-¤m UQ-¤m ø⁄m ˘S⁄l-◊m
˘Y∞-˙V-fl-Y˙R G¨-U-˚Xf ∫t-\-ÿm
®X Aßo-˘Y-‡m È™ œ¤d-L-ÿm!
˛ ß⁄-˙Y¶
ß⁄˙Y¶
CYo 1954Cp R™rSÙ” JhPu
NjßWjßp ©\kRYo. Rg˚N´p T´u
\Ùo; R™ZÙ£¨Vo. CYW’ LÆ˚RLs
Tp˙Yfl CRrL∞p ˘Y∞Yk’s
[]. "ø¨p G¨Ÿm ˘S⁄l◊Ls' Gu\
LÆ˚Rj ˘Rٜߴ≠⁄k’ G”dLl
ThP’ CdLÆ˚R.
91
U˚Xl-T-œ-ß- p LÙ”-L-fim, ◊p- Y-∞-Ÿm C⁄kRY˚W, Gq-
Y-[‹ U˚Z Tn-RÙ-¤m AR˚]j RÙe° Bfl-L-fid-œm, ARu
ÍXm NU- Y-∞l-T-œ-ß-L-fid-œm ø˚Wj-R-⁄m YW-UÙL C⁄k-’ Yk-
R-’ øX-°-¨. B]Ùp CVt˚L A˚Ul-©p ™Ll-˘T-¨V NRe-
L˚[f NnR ©\-œ A˙R U˚Z-Ÿm ø⁄m LPÙL UÙ±ÆhP’.
Lh-PPe-Ls
Lh-P-Pe-Ls Lh-”-Rp, NÙ˚X-Ls A˚Uj-Rp B°VYt±p
Æß-ÿ-˚\-Ls ¡\l-Th-P˙R ®Xf-N-¨-‹d-œ ÿd-°-V-UÙ] LÙW-Q-
UÙ-œm. øX-°¨ UÙYhP ÿ›-˚Uj ßh-Pm, U˚Xl-T-œß ˙Um-
TÙh-” B˚Q-Vm G]l TX-Æ-R-UÙ] Æß-ÿ-˚\-Ls Lh-P-Pe-
Ls Lh-”-Y-ßp L”-˚U-VÙ] Lh-”l-TÙ-”-L˚[ Æßj-RÙ-¤m,
A˚Y Gp-XÙm LÙt-±p T\dL ÆPl-Th-”s-[-]. 30 Æ›d-LÙ-”
N -‹d-œ Up Lh-P-Pe-L- [d Lh-Pd ·PÙ-’ Gu-°\ Æß-ÿ- \
-Ls C⁄l-©-‡m, 70 Æ›d-LÙ-” N¨‹Y˚W-·Pd LhPPe-Ls Lh-Pl-
Th-”s-[-].
Y•-LÙp
œfl-°V LÙXj-ßp AßL A[-YÙL U˚Z
˘TÙØ-Ÿm ˙TÙ’ A’ YØk-˙RÙP Y•-LÙp AY-£-
Vm. NU- Y-∞-L-∞- X˙V Y•-LÙp AY-£-V-UÙL C⁄d-
œm-˙TÙ-’ U˚Xl-T-œ-ß-´p C’ Cu-±-V-˚U-VÙ-R-’.
GpXÙ U˚Xl-T-œ-ß-L-∞-¤m Y•-LÙp-Ls CVt-˚L-
VÙL A˚Uk-’s-[-]. UW-ÿm, LÙ”m, ◊p-˘Y-∞-Ÿm
©•j-’ Yl-T˚R ÆP Aß-L-UÙL U˚Z TÙØ-Ÿm
˙TÙ’ A˚Y-RÙ-]Ù-L˙Y YØk-˙RÙP CVt˚L YØ
˘Nn-’s-[-’. B]Ùp, øX-°¨l Tœ-ß- p T⁄m-TÙ-
XÙ] Y•-LÙp-L˚[ U±j-’d Lh-P-Pe-Ls Lh-Pl-Th-”s-[-].
Lp-œ-YÙ¨
LÙ”-L˚[ AØl-T-’m, Lh-P-Pe-Ls Lh-”-Y-’m Nh-Pj-ßt-
œl ◊\m-TÙL SPl-T-’ ˙TÙu-fl ˛ CVt-˚Ld-œ Gß-WÙLd Lp-œ-
YÙ-¨-Ls, UQp œYÙ-¨-Ls øX-°¨l Tœ-ß-´p E⁄YÙdLlTh”
˘UÙj-Rjßp U≤-R-≤u TWÙ- Nd-œ øX-°¨ UÙYh-Pm T≠-VÙd-
Ll-Th-”s-[-’. Gp-XÙ-Æ-R-UÙ] —t-flf-„-Zp ∫o- L-”-L-fim ®Lrj-
Rl-Th-P-Ru Æ˚[-YÙL øX-°¨ UÙYh-Pm ®Xf-N-¨-‹d-œl
T≠- -Pl-Th-”s-[-’.
92
ÿu-˘]f-N-¨d˚L SP-Y-•d-˚L-Ls
CVt˚Lf ∫t-\e-L-∞u A[-‹m RÙd-L-ÿm C≤ RÙPok-’
Aß-L-UÙ-œm Gu-T-’ A±-Æ-V-XÙ-[o-L-∞u Efl-ß-VÙ] L⁄j-
RÙ-œm. Y∞-Ui-PX L¨-V-™X YÙŸ Aß-L-¨l-T-Ru Æ˚[-
YÙLl ◊Æ-´u ˘Yl-T-®-˚X-´p 0.8 •°¨ ˘Np-£-Vv ˘Yl-
Tm EVok-’-s-[-’. C’ ˘RÙPok-’ Ru-≤f-˚N-VÙL 1.5 •°¨
˘Np-£-Vv Y˚W Aß-L-UÙ-œm G] I.-SÙ. LÙX-®˚X A˚Ul◊
·fl-°-\-’. C’ U¤m Aß-L-UÙ° 2 •°¨ Np-£-V-˚Nd LPk-
RÙp È™-´p U≤R C]˙U YÙZ CV-XÙ-’ Gu-T-RÙp ˛ AR-
˚]j R”dL I.-SÙ. LÙX®˚X UÙt\ UÙSÙ-” Jufl ˘Pu-
UÙod-°u ˙LÙTu-˘a-Lu SL-¨p SPjßV’.
ARÙ-Y-’, C’-Y˚W Aß-L-UÙ-°-Ÿs[ 0.8 •°¨ ˘Np-£-
Vv ·”-Rp ˘Yl-Tj-RÙp Ht-Th-”s[ CVt˚L ˙TW-Ø-‹-
L˙[ Sm˚U Af-—-flj-’-°u-\-]. Ck-®- X- p C’ RÙPok-’
1.5 •°¨ ˘Np-£-Vv Y˚W Aß-L-UÙ-Y-’ ®f-N-Vm Gu-T-RÙp ˛
UÙ-±-Y-⁄m ◊ßV „Z-¤d-œ HtTj RL-Y-˚Uj-’d ˘LÙs-Y-’
AY-£-V-UÙ-œm.
UÙ±-Y-⁄m LÙX-®- Xd-œ HtT CVt˚Lf ∫t-\e-L˚[f
NUÙ-∞d-œm Y˚L-´p ÿu-·h-•˙V ßh-P-™P ˙Yi-”m
GuT-’ EX-°u GpXÙ SÙ”-L-fim Ht-fld- LÙiP LÙs- L.
øX-°¨l Tœ-ß˚V J⁄ —t-fl-XÙl Tœ-ß-VÙL Uh-”˙U
TÙol-T˚R ®fljR Yi-”m. A’ J⁄ CVt˚L Y[m; Ru-
≤k-ß-VÙ-Æu øoj-˙Rd-Lm Gu-T˚R LY-]j-ßp ˘LÙs[
˙Yi-•-V-’ AY-£-V-UÙ-œm. øX-°¨ UÙYh-Pj-ßp S˚P- Tt-fl
Y⁄m A˚]j-’ Y˚L-VÙ] —t-flf-„-Zp ∫o-˙L-”-L-˚[-Ÿm
EP-]-•-VÙ-Lj R”j-’ ®flj-’-Y-’ EP-]-•-VÙ-Lf NnV Yi-
•-V-RÙ-œm. AkR Y˚L-´p, 1997-Bm Bi-•p E⁄-YÙd-Ll-
ThP ÿ›- Uj ßh-Pj˚R (Master Plan) ¡i-”m Ud-Ls
Te- Lt-◊-Pu Ufl Bn‹ Nn-’ ◊ß-RÙL ®˚\- Yt\ Yi-
”m. A’ —t-flf-„-Zp TÙßl-◊-L˚[f ∫W-˚Ul-T-RÙL A˚UV
˙Yi-”m.
˛ CW. A⁄s
CdLh”˚W 2009 Bm Bi” •NmTo UÙRm Y∞VÙ]
T—˚UjRÙVLm —tflf„Zp œ±jR CRØ≠⁄k’ G”dLl
Th”s[’.
93
Li-Pp UWe-L-[pX; LWe-Ls!N’l◊ ®Xd LÙ”-
L˚[ Y[ol-T-ßp SÙmAd-L˚\ LÙh-• -]ÙpCVt-˚Ll ˙T¨-Po-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ SÙm Rl-©d-L-XÙm.CkR ÆØl-◊-Qo‹ LP-˙XÙW UÙYh-Pe-Ls ÿ›-Y-’m LPkR (_¯˚X 26)YÙWm Gß- WÙ-≠j-R-’. Li-Pp UWe-L˚[ Y[ol-T-ßu AY-£-Vm œ±j-’f£Rm-T-Wm, TWe-°l-˙Th-˚P-´p Es[ Ai-QÙ-U- Xl Tp-L-˚Xd-L-ZLLPp-YÙr E´-¨] EV-WÙn‹ UV ER-Æl TWÙ-£-¨-Vo ÿ˚]-Yo •. WÙU-SÙR≤Pm T£- ]Ùm.
""—]Ù™ ˙TW-Ø-Æu˙TÙ’ ˘T⁄m-TÙ -XÙ]E´o ˙NRj˚Rj R”j-’,Tp-XÙ -´-Wd -L -Qd-LÙ]E´o-L-˚[d LÙjR ˘T⁄-˚U-˙VÙ-” LPp ø¨u˙Up ·h-P-UÙnd LWm˙LÙoj-’ ®t-T˚Y Li-Pp UWe-Ls, A˚X-VÙjßLÙ”-Ls Gu-\-˚Zd-Ll-T-”m C˚Y LP-¤m BflmLXd-œm EYo øo ®˚X-L-∞p Y[-⁄m Ru˚U˘LÙi-P- Y.
LPp A˚X-L -∞u˙YLj-˚RLÛ Lh-”l-T-”j-’m Bt-\p LÙi-P- Y-
VÙ-R-XÙp A˚X-VÙj-ßdLÙ”-Ls Gu\ LÙW-Ql- T-V-˙WÙ-” Æ[e-œ-°u-\-].
EX-°u ™Ll- ˘T-¨VN’-l◊ ®Xd- LÙ-”-Ls Ut-œ Ye-LÙ-[j-ßp Es[ —k-R-W-Y-]d LÙ”-L-[Ù-œm.C˚Y RÆ-W, Ck-ß-VÙ-Æpœ_-WÙj, Ak-R-UÙu, ®d-˙LÙ-TÙo, Bk-ß-WÙ, J¨-NÙ,ULÙ-WÙx-•-WÙ, LW-[Ù, Lo-SÙ-P-LÙ, R™r-SÙ-”, ◊’f-˙N¨ Tœ-ß-L-∞p Cd-LÙ-”-Ls TW-Æ-Ÿs-[-].
R™r-SÙh-•p £Rm-T-Wm A⁄˙L Ye-Ld LP˚XJh-•V Tœ-ß-VÙ] ©f-NÙ-Y-Wj-ßp 2800 Hd-L-¨pA˚X-VÙjß LÙ”-Ls Es-[-]. U¤m R™-Z-Lj-ßpÿj-’l- Th- P, LÙ•-Vd-L- W, Ts-∞d-L-W- Q, TZ-
˙Yt-LÙ-” Tœ-ß-L-∞-¤mCd-LÙ-”-L- [d LÙQ-XÙm.
L›˚R ÿu-≤, S¨d-Li-Pp, ˘Yi-Li-Pp,Tu-‡d-œj-ß, L⁄e-Li-Pp, £fl-Li-Pp, ßp-˚X,ßl-T-Wk-˚R, ˘Sh-˚P, —W-◊u-˚], œh˚P —W-◊u-˚], UXh-” —W-◊u-˚],˙NÙÿk-ߨ Es-∞hPUWe-Ls Cd-LÙ-”-L-∞pAß-L-UÙL Es-[-].
C˚Y ˘Nl-Pm-ToÿRp SYm-To Y˚W Èd-œm Ru˚U LÙi-P- Y.Cm UWe-L-∞u U⁄j-’-Yl TVu-Ls EX-°t-œCu-‡- UÙo Aß-N-V-UÙ-LjßLr-°u-\ -]. Gnhv,˘RÙ›-˙SÙn Es-∞hPE´od-˘LÙp≠ ˙SÙn-L-˚[-Ÿm Lh-”l-T-”j-’m
Yp-X˚U ˘LÙiP˙Yßl -˘TÙ -⁄s -L˚[(Secondary Metabo-lites) Es-[-Pd-°-V˚YC˚Y.
Li-Pp UWe-L-∞uC˚X, ÷≤, LÙm-◊-LsÿRp Yo Y˚W U⁄j-’-Yj-ßt-LÙ-Ll TVu-T-”-°u-\-].
Ai-QÙ-U- Xl Tp-L-˚Xd-L-Z-Lj-ßu LPp-YÙrE´-¨ -Vp EV-WÙn‹˚UVj-ßu CVd-œ-Soÿ˚]-Yo ˙TWÙ-£-¨-Vo —.Lß-˙W-Nu, N’l◊ ®Xd-LÙ-”-L-∞u TWl-T-[˚Y Aß-L-UÙd-œm ÿVt-£- p D”-Th-”s-[Ùo.
C d - L Ù - ” - L ˚ [Y[odLl Tp-˙Y-fl Ej-ß-L˚[ Cm-˚U-Vm Li-P-±k-’s-[-’. ®Lr-LÙ-Xj-ßpSÙm Y[od-œm N’l◊ ®XUWe-Ls Gßo-LÙ-Xj-ßpSm E´o LÙd-œm LWe-LsG] EQok-’ LP-˙XÙWlTœ-ß-L-∞p Li-Pp UWe-L˚[ Y[oj-’ Y⁄e-LÙXf Nk-R-ß-´-]-⁄d-œY[-UÙ] È™˚Vl T¨-N-∞l- TÙm Gu-\Ùo •. WÙU-SÙ-Ru.
˛ ¥. —kRo-WÙ-_u
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
s U˚XL∞p HtT”m ®XfN¨‹LfidLÙ] LÙWQeL˚[d œ›Æp ÆYÙßj’dœ±l◊j RVÙ¨dL.
s U˚XL∞p UWeL˚[ ˘Yh”Rp ®XfN¨Ætœd LÙWQUÙ? CpXVÙ? GuT’œ±j’l Th•Uu\m SPj’L.
s “CVt˚L Ke-œm ∫t-\e-Ls” ˛ LÆ˚R Tt±V ÆU¨N]dœ±l◊ G›’L.
Cl Tjߨ˚Lf ˘Nnß 4˛8˛2013 Cp ˘Y∞YkR ß]U¶, OÙ´fl ˘LÙiPÙhPjß≠⁄k’G”dLlTh”s[’.
94
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
s U≤R C]m GßoLÙXjßp NkßdLl˙TÙœm CVt˚Ll ˙T¨PoLs Tt±d œ›d
LXk’˚WVÙPp ®Lrj’L.
s BØl˙TW˚X AØ‹ (—]Ù™) ®LrkR HRÙY˘RÙ⁄ F⁄dœf Nufl A‡TYe
L˚[d œ±l◊ Y•Æp R⁄L.
s CVt˚Ll T¨Po R”l◊ UVjßtœf Nufl CVt˚Lf ∫t\eL˚[j R”lTRtLÙ]
YØÿ˚\Ls Tt± A±k’ A±ÆVp CRØp G›YRtLÙ] Lh”˚W Ju˚\jRVÙo ˘NnL.
s CVt˚Lf ∫t\jRÙp TÙßdLlThP J⁄ ST˚W SoLÙQp SPj’YRtœ¨V Æ]Ù
®Wp RVÙ¨dL.
s "—tflf„Zp TÙ’LÙl◊' Gu\ R˚Xl©p L⁄jRWeLm Ju±˚] SPj’YRtLÙ]
HtTÙ” NnL.
s Ai˚U´p CkßVÙÆu Tp˙Yfl UÙ®XeL∞p ®LrkR ®XfN¨‹L˚[dLiP±k’ AYt±tLÙ] LÙWQeL˚[ C˚QVm ÍXm ˙R•j ˘RÙœdL.
s ËXLjßtœf Nufl Bœ˘TVoL˚[j RÙœj’ AYt˚\d LÙXYÙœ˘TVo,
TiTÙœ˘TVo, RÙØXÙœ TVo Gufl Y˚LlT”jßj R™Øp Bœ˘TVoLs
Gu\ R˚Xl©p Lh”˚W G›’L.
¯¯¯¯¯
95
AXœ 5
◊ßRÙLl ◊X⁄m Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘TÙ›ß≠⁄k’m U≤Ru ˘Tflm
A‡TYeLs TX. A˚Y U≤R‡dœl Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL˚[d
Ltflj R⁄°u\]. A‡TYeL˙[ ™Lf £\kR B£¨Vu Gu‡m
˘NÙt˘\ÙPo CR˚] A•˘VÙt± E⁄YÙ]RÙL C⁄dLXÙm.
CqY˚L´p, RÙu ˘Tflm A‡TYeL˚[l ©\˙WÙ” T°ok’
˘LÙsfim ˙SÙd°p Tp˙Yfl CXd°V Y•YeL∞p AYt˚\l
Tß‹˘Nn°\Ùu AYu. TVQ CXd°VeLs, SÙhœ±l◊Ls YÙrd˚L
YWXÙfl G] A˚UkR ClTß‹Ls YÙNL‡dœl TX „ZpL∞¤m
YØLÙh•VÙL A˚U°\’. TXY˚Ll ◊ßV A‡TYeL˚[l
˘Tflm Y˚L´p TVQd Lh”˚W, SÙhœ±l◊, YÙrd˚L YWXÙfl
ÿRXÙ] ˘Nnß Y•YeLs CqYX°p A˚Uk’s[].
ThP±Ül ùThPLmThP±Ül ùThPLmThP±Ül ùThPLmThP±Ül ùThPLmThP±Ül ùThPLm
l ˘Y∞¬h” EjßL˚[l Tp˙Yfl T˚Pl◊L∞u YÙ´XÙL
A±k’ AYt˚\j ReLs T˚Pl◊Ls ÍXm ˘Y∞´”Rp.
l YÙrd˚L YWXÙtfld Lh”˚WLs, TVQd Lh”˚WLs, SÙhœ±l◊
˙TÙu\ T˚Pl◊L∞≠⁄k’ NÍL ÆØl◊Qo˚Yl TflY’Pu,
NÍLl ˘TÙfll◊L˚[ EQok’ ˘NVpT”Rp.
l —V T˚Pl◊L∞p D”T”Rp.
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
96
£m-XÙ-Æp Íu-fl SÙs£m-XÙ-Æp Íu-fl SÙs£m-XÙ-Æp Íu-fl SÙs£m-XÙ-Æp Íu-fl SÙs£m-XÙ-Æp Íu-fl SÙs
B\Ù- -Wm U-p-L-fid-Ll-TÙp C⁄k-’ Yk-ß-⁄d-œm AW-
Nl ©W-ß-®-ß, B\Ù-´-Wm A• EV-Wj-’d-œ ˙U≠-⁄k-’ Ck-
ßV SÙh˚P Bh£ Nn-°-\Ùo. CkR CPj-ßt-œl TVoRÙu
£m-XÙ. C’ ˙LÙ˚PLÙXj-’j R˚X-S-L-Wm.
•p-≠- -≠-⁄k-’ £mXÙ —UÙo C⁄Ët-±-⁄-T-’ Up. CW‹
Tj-’ U¶d-œ •p-≠- -≠-⁄k-’ ◊\l-Th-PÙp Ufl-SÙs LÙ˚X
Ik-’ U¶d- Lp-XÙm LÙpLÙ Gu-‡-™-Pj-ßp ˙No- YÙm. LÙp-
LÙ, •p-≠ -´-≠-⁄k-’ CWi-PÙ-´-Wm A• EV-Wm.
LÙp-LÙ-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ £m-XÙ-‹d-œ Afl-T-’ ˚Up. CRt-œf
£±V U˚X W´p A˚Uj-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls. CkR U˚X W -
≠p Afl-T-’ ˚Up ˘NpX Bfl U¶ ˙SWj-’d-œ ˙UXÙ-œm.
—UÙo Im-T-’ ˙To H\d-·-•V ˘W´p. ˙UÙh-PÙo-Ls SÙu-œ
U¶ ˙SWj-ßp £m-XÙ˚Y A˚Pk-’-Æ-”-°u-\-]. CYt-±p
©W-VÙ-Qm NnV ÿR-XÙ-Y-’ Yœl◊ •d-Lh YÙe-œ-Y-˙RÙ-”,
CPm Noq Nn-Y-Rt-œ Ik-’ ÏTÙn Y˚W TQm LÙ”dL
˙Yi-”m.
LÙp-LÙ-Æ≠⁄k’ £m-XÙ-‹d-œ SpX A⁄˚UVÙ] WÙ”
A˚Uj-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls. SÙu-œ To H\d-·-•V N¸L- -V-UÙ]
YÙP˚L ˙UÙh-PÙo-Ls K”-°u-\-]. ˙UÙh-PÙ-¨p ©W-VÙ-Qm
˘Nn-RÙp Íufl U¶ ˙SWj-ßp £m-XÙ˚Y A˚P-V-XÙm.
J-⁄ U±-Vp
A˙VÙYÙ £•, •Nm-To 8, 1973.
E˚\-T≤ ˘Tn-’ TÙ[m TÙ[-UÙLE˚\k-’ °Pk-R-’. S˚P-TÙ-˚R-´p£X CPe-L-∞p E˚\-T-≤˚V YÙ¨jRs-∞-´-⁄k-RÙo-Ls. A’-‹m NÙ˚XS”˙Y ˙UÙh-PÙo LÙo-Ls ˘Np-¤m-˙TÙ-’ £R± Æ›k-’ E˚\-T-≤-Ÿm˙Nok-’ œÆk-’ °Pk-R-]. L]jR˙LÙh-”-L-fim ˚Ld-œ E˚\-L-fimA¶k-’ ˘LÙi-” Ud-Ls Ak-Rdœ∞-¨-¤m SP-UÙ-•d ˘LÙi-•-⁄k-RÙo-Ls. AYo-Ls Íf-— Æ”m-˙TÙ-’m˙T—m-˙TÙ-’m Íd-°-≠-⁄k-’m YÙ´-≠-⁄k-’m ˘Y∞-˙V-±V LÙt-±u øol-T˚N EP˙] œ∞ok-’ ◊˚L ˙TÙXE⁄d-˘LÙi-P-’. SÙt-Nk-ß-L-∞pNÙ˚Xl ˙TÙd-œ-Y-Wj-’ ™uÆ[d-œ-Ls YZd-Lm-˙TÙ-Xl Tf-˚N-Ÿm £Yl-◊m UÙ± UÙ±d LÙh-•d ˘LÙi-•-⁄k-R-]. E˚\ T≤ LÙW-Q-UÙL Yi-•l˙TÙd-œ-Y-Wj-’, £±-’ ˙YLm œ˚\k-R-RÙ-Ld LÙQl-Th-P-’. TX TÙR-NÙ-¨-Ls "SPd-LÙ˙R' £Yl◊ Æ[d˚LANh˚P ˘NnR Yi-Qm NÙ˚X-˚Vd LPk-RÙo-Ls.
Ak-Rd œfl-L-XÙ] S˚P-TÙ-˚R-´-¤mJ⁄ Yh-Pm A˚Uj-’d ˘LÙi-”£X C˚[-Oo-Ls —t-±f —t± Yk-RÙo-Ls. ""@˙TWÙ TÙuh-L-˚[l T°xL¨-Ÿe-Ls'' Gu\ ˙LÙ`m ˘LÙiPAh-˚P-L-˚[f —UkR Yi-QmY˚[V Y˚[V Yk-RÙo-Ls. AYo-L-˚[f ˙NokR Ko C˚[-Ou Y⁄-˙YÙo ˙TÙ˙YÙ-¨-Pm ’i-”l ©W-—-Wm Ju˚\ Æ®-˙VÙ-°j-’d ˘LÙi-•-⁄k-RÙu.
97
˘W´p ©W-VÙ-Qj-˚R-ÆP UÙh-PÙo ©W-VÙ-Qm RÙu ™L-
‹m N¸L-¨-V-UÙ-]’.
£mXÙ U˚Xl-©-W- R-Nm: Tg-NÙl UÙLÙ-Qj- Rf Nok-R’.
£m-XÙ-‹d-œf ˘Np-¤m YØ-´-¤m £m-XÙ-‹d-œl Td-Lj-ß-
¤-UÙL —UÙo ÿl-T-’ —˙RN NUv-RÙ-]e-Ls C⁄d-°u-\].
C˚YL∞p ˘T⁄mTÙXÙ] NUv-RÙ-]e-Ls A[-Æ-¤m
Y⁄-UÙ-]j-ß-¤m ™Lf £±-V-˚Y.
£mXÙ J⁄ ÿ≤-£-TÙ-≠h-•. LÙ˚Pd LÙXj-ßp CRu
_]j-˘RÙ˚L Aß-Lm: œ∞o-LÙ-Xj-ßp ™Ld œ˚\-‹.
˘Pd-^Ùv, ®Î ˘Ud-≥˙LÙ UÙ®-Xe-L-∞p ˘RÙØt-NÙ-˚X-Ls Es[ @˙TWÙ
®fl-Y-]m Bi, ˘Ti, œZk-˚R-L-fid-LÙ] TÙuh-L-˚[j RVÙ-¨d-°-\-’.
Ck-Rl ˙Tuh-Ls A˘U-¨d-LÙ-ÆuGpXÙ UÙ®-Xe-L-∞-¤m Es[ ’¶d-L-
˚P-L-∞p ÆtLl-T-”-°u-\-]. ˘TÙ’-YÙL A˘U-¨d-LÙ-Æp "˘W•-˙Uh' E”l-◊-Ls-RÙm ˘T⁄-U-[‹ Æt-Ll-T-”-°u-\-].J⁄-Yo R≤-VÙ-Lj ’¶ YÙe° E˚P
˚Rj-’d ˘LÙs-Y-’ ™L AÈo-Ym.C’ ™Ll ˘T¨V TQd-LÙ-Wo-L-fid-œj-
RÙu NÙj-ß-Vm. Gl-T-•l-ThP EP-X-˚Ul◊ C⁄l-T-Yo-L-fid-œm ˘W•-˙Uh
E”l-◊-Ls °˚Pj-’-Æ-”m. @˙TWÙTÙuhLs ’¶-´u RWj-’d-œm
˚RVp ˙Uu-˚Ud-œm ˘TVo ˙TÙ]-˚Y.
˙Y˚X ®flj-Rm ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œ E¨˚UEs-[-’ ˙TÙX ˙Y˚Xd-œ Ufl-Bs
˚Yj-’d˘LÙsfim E¨-˚U-Ÿm,A˘U-¨d-LÙ-Æp £X UÙ®-Xe-L-∞p
Ei-”. BR-XÙp @˙TWÙ ˘RÙØt-NÙ-˚X-Ls TX-Yt-±p ˙Y˚X ®flj-Rm
SPk-RÙ-¤m KW-[‹ Et-Tj-ß-Ÿm˘RÙPok-’ SPk-’ ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°-\-’.Nh-Pm ARt-œ-¨V ®RÙ] ˙YLj-ßp˙Y˚X ®fljR YZd˚L BWÙnk-’Y⁄-°-\-’. @˙TWÙ TÙuh ˘RÙØt-NÙ-
˚X-L-∞p T¶-◊-¨-˙YÙ-¨p TXo Lfll-To-L-fim -vTÙ-≤V Ck-ß-Vo-L-fi-UÙ-
YÙo-Ls. TÙßd-Ll-ThP ˘RÙØ-XÙ-[o-LsTÙßd-œ ˙Up ˘Ti-Ls. Ck-Rj
˘RÙØt-NÙ-˚X-Ls A˙VÙYÙ £•-´-≠-⁄k’ B´-Wj-˚Rk-Ë-fl ˚Up-L-fid-œ
Al-TÙp Es-[-].
A˙VÙYÙ £•-´u 50000 Ud-L-fid-œf—UÙo SÙt-T-’ L˚P-L-∞p E”l-◊-Ls
°˚Pd-œm. Cßp Íu-fl L˚P-Ls@˙TWÙ TÙuh-L˚[ Æt-T˚]
˘Nn-°u-\-]. Ak-Rd L˚P-L-∞pÿu-◊-RÙu U±-Vp.
E˚\-T≤ ®˚\kR œ∞o LÙXj-ß-¤m-·-P, £X AW-NÙe-
Ld LÙ¨-VÙ-X-Ve-Ls £m-XÙ-Æ-˙X˙V C⁄d-°u-\-].
_l-TÙ-≤-Vo To-UÙ-˚Yd ˚Ll-Tt-±-V-’m ToUÙ AW-
NÙe-Lj-RÙo, œ±l-©hP £X To™V Aß-LÙ¨Lfi-Pu Ck-
ß-VÙ-Æp Yk-’ œ•-˙V-±-]o.
ToUÙ AW-NÙe-Lm £m-XÙ-Æp œ•-˙V-±-V-’ ÿRp
AqÓ¨p YÙP-˚Ld-œ ≈”-Ls °˚Pl-T˙R LxPUÙ-°-
Æh-P-’. EQ-‹f NÙUÙuLs Æ˚X Aß-L-UÙ-]-˙RÙ-”,
°˚Pl-T-’m A¨-RÙ-°-Æh-P-’. £m-XÙ-‹d-œ A⁄-°-¤s[
£X —˙RN NUv-RÙ-]e-L∞p ˘Sp Æ˚[‹ Ei-”.
B]Ùp A¨-£-´u Æ˚X ™L Aß-L-UÙn C⁄l-T-RÙp,
TX H˚Z Ud-Ls Re-Ls A¨-£˚V Ut-\-Yo-L-∞-Pm AßL
Æ˚Xd-œ Æt-fl-Æh-”, WÙh-•˚V Uh-”˙U NÙl-©h-” Y⁄-
°-\Ùo-Ls.
98
£mXÙÆp SN RNe-L-˚[f Nok-R-Yo-Ls HWÙ-
[-UÙn C⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls. A˘U-¨d-Lo, Be-°-˙X-V-˚W-Æ-
Pl TX UPeœ N¸L-¨-V-UÙL YÙrd˚L SPj-’-°-\Ùo-
Ls. J⁄ ©¨h-•x NÙp-_- Wd LÙh-•-¤m, J⁄ A˘U-
¨dL ˙NÙp-_o Aß-L-UÙ] Nm-T-[m ˘Tfl-Y˙R CRt-
œd LÙW-Q-UÙ-œm. Th-PÙ-[j-RÙo YÙrd˚L ™L-‹m Cu-
T-UÙ-]-’. SpX ∫˙RÙxQ ®˚X; A⁄-˚U-VÙ] NÙl-
TÙ-”; Et-NÙ-L-UÙ] ˘TÙ›-’-˙TÙd-œ. £mXÙÆp C⁄l-
T-Yo-L-fidœ Ÿj-Rm Gu-T-RÙL Ju-fl S˚P-˘T-fl-Y˙R
˘R¨-ŸUÙ Gu-T-’ Nk-˙R-Lk-RÙu.
UÙ˚X ˙SWe-L-∞p TLh-PÙ] E˚P-V-¶kR TX
˘Ti-Ls EXÙ-‹-Y-˚R-Ÿm, "LÙ© a‹-^¯'d-œf ˘Np-
Y-˚R-Ÿm TÙod-L-XÙm. YP SÙh-PÙo Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m R´-
˚X-RÙu NÙl-©-”-YÙo-Ls. LÙ© NÙl-©-”-T-Yo-Ls A¨-
’; £Xo LÙ©˚V U⁄k-˚Rl ˙TÙXf NÙl-©-”-YÙo-Ls.
LÙ©-´u Æ˙WÙßLs ®˚\kR YP SÙh-•p, ÿd-°V
SL-We-L-∞p Gp-XÙm "Ck-ßV LÙ© a‹v' °˚[-L˚[
Ht-T-”j-ß-´-⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls. Ck-Rd LÙ© a‹v-L-∞p
LÙ©-˚Vj RÆW GkR ÆR-UÙ] TÙ]-ÿm °˚Pd-LÙ-’.
Cl- TÙ-›-’ YP SÙh-•-¤s[ LÙ© a‹v-L-s Yflm
LÙ© °[l-◊d-L-[ÙL Uh-”-Up˚X; TX-˚W-Ÿm Nk-ßd-
œm TÙ’ CP-UÙ-L-‹m UÙ±-Æh-P-].
£mXÙ-Æp Íu-fl £≤-UÙj ß˙Vh-Po-Ls C⁄d-
°u-\-]. £X SÙh-L-∞p SÙu-œ LÙh-£-Ls Ei-”. T⁄m-
TÙ-¤m Be-°-Xl TPe-Ls-RÙu LÙh-”-°-\Ùo-Ls. Be-
°-Xl TPe-Ls TÙod-Ld œ˚\kR Lh-P-Qm J⁄ ÏTÙn
CWi-P-QÙ.
£≤-UÙ-‹d-œ Uh-”-UpX;' ¨d`Ù-‹d-œm-·-P,
œ˚\kR Lh-P-Qm J⁄ ÏTÙn CWi-P-QÙ. £mXÙ
¨d`Ùd-Ls SU-’ Fo ¨bÙd-L-˚[l ˙TÙXp-X.
ÿu˙] C-Wi-” ˙To ©•j-ß-›d-L, ©u˙] C⁄k-’
CWi-” To Rs-[, SÙm ©W-VÙ-Qm Nn-V-˙Yi-”m.
£X NU-Ve-L-∞p ¨d`Ù-Æp Eh-LÙok-ß-⁄l-T-Y-˚Wd
LÙh-•-¤m, ¨d`Ù C›l-T-Yo-Ls SpX E˚P A¶k-
ß-⁄l-TÙo-Ls.
Ri-Ωo Lh-•-VÙL E˚\-Ÿm Ak-Rdœ∞-¨-¤m Ak-Rl Tj-’lTß-˚]k’ C˚[-Oo-Ls U±-VpAh-˚P-L-˚[f —Uk-’ ˘LÙi-”SÙ˘[p-XÙm —t-±f —t± Yk-RÙo-Ls.£±-’ ˘Y´p ˘Y∞f-Nm Yk-R- TÙ-’J⁄ ˘Ti AYo-L-˚[l TX˙LÙQe-L-∞p ◊˚Ll-T-PmG”j-RÙs. Au-±-W‹ ¡i-”mL”-˚U-VÙL E˚\-T≤ Æ›k-R-’.
˛ A˙NÙL™jßWu
A˙NÙL™jßWu
1931Cp BkßWUÙ®Xm ˘NLkRWÙTÙjßp ©\kR CYW’CVt˘TVo ßVÙLWÙ_u GuTRÙœm.L˚QVÙØ UÙR CRØu B£¨VWÙLlTX Bi”Ls T¶VÙt±Ÿs[Ùo.CY¨u T˚Pl◊XLm £flL˚R, œflSÙYp, SÙYp, ÆUoN]m, —V A‡TYlTß‹Ls G]l TuÿLl T¨UÙQeLs˘LÙiP’. AlTÙÆu £˙S°Ro Gu\£flL˚Rj ˘RÙœl©tLÙL NÙ°jßVALÙR™ Æ⁄’ ˘Tt\Yo. AV˙YÙTpL˚XdLZLjßp G›jRÙ[oLfidLÙ] T´XWe°p LXk’ ˘LÙiPYo.ClTœß A˙NÙL™jßWu Lh”˚WLs
Ë≠≠⁄k’ G”dLlTh”s[’.
99
œß˚W NYÙ¨ Nn-T-Yo-L-fid-œf £mXÙ Ht\ CPm. J⁄
ÏTÙnd-œ J⁄ U¶ ˙SWm œß˚W NYÙ¨ ˘Nn-V-XÙm.-SÙu-œ
ÏTÙndœ SÙs ÿ›-Y-’m œß˚W NYÙ¨ ˘Nn-V-XÙm.
B´-Wj-’dœ ˙Ut-ThP ˘Ru-≤k-ß-Vo-Ls £m-XÙ-Æp
C⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls. CYo-L-∞p ˘T⁄m-T-œ-ß-´-]o AW-NÙeL
˙Y˚Xd-LÙ-Wo-Ls. "N‹j Ck-ßVÙ °[l' Gu-‡m NeL˘UÙu-
±-⁄d-°-\-’. Cßp SÙÚ-fl Ae-Lj-ß-]o-L-fid-œ ˙Up C⁄d-
°-\Ùo-Ls. ˘Ru-≤k-ßV EQ-‹f NÙ˚X J-u-˚\-Ÿm Cf-Ne-
Lj-RÙo SPj-’-°-\Ùo-Ls.
£m-XÙ, TQm ®˚\kR CPm. G]˙Y TÙe-œLfim
ÆVÙ-TÙW ®˚X-Ve-L-fim Ce-œ Aß-Lm. NÙUÙu-L-∞u-
Æ-˚X-˚Vl TÙoj -RÙp, NÙUÙu YÙe-œm B˚N˙V
TX-⁄d-œl TÙn-Æ-”m.
˛ H. ˙L. ˘Nh•VÙo
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
s £mXÙÆu CVt˚L AZ˚Ld LÆ˚RVÙLl T˚PdL.
s TVQjßu ˙TÙ’ LY≤dL ˙Yi•V ÿu˙]tTÙ”Ls œ±j’d œ›YÙLd
LXk’˚WVÙPp ®Lrj’L.
s ø Nufl YkR TVQ A‡TYjßu A•lT˚P´p CVt˚L Y⁄Q˚] Jufl
RVÙo ˘NnL.
H. ˙L. ˘Nh•VÙo (1911˛1983)
CYo R™rSÙ” LÙh˚PΨp ©\kRYo. CYW’ CVt˘TVo L⁄lTu.
R™Øu TVQ CXd°V ÿu˙]Ù• G]f £\l©dLl T”TYo. ©\
SÙ”Ls ˘Nufl ReLs A‡TYeL˚[ ËXÙd°j RkRYoLfis
CY⁄m J⁄Yo. CYW’ ËpLs ˘Y∞SÙ” ˘NpTYoLfidœ
YØLÙh•VÙL‹m NpX YÙnl©pXÙRYoLfidœ Æ[dL ËXÙL‹m
A˚UT˚Y. CYo A˘U¨dL SÙh•p, L¨©Vu LP¤m LVÙ]Ù‹m, U˙XVÙ ÿRp
L]PÙ Y˚W TÙu\ TVQ ËtL˚[Ÿm G›ßŸs[Ùo. CdLh”˚W EXLm —tflm
R™Zu Gu‡m Ë≠≠⁄k’ G”dLlTh”s[’.
100
YÙrd˚L YWXÙ-flYÙrd˚L YWXÙ-flYÙrd˚L YWXÙ-flYÙrd˚L YWXÙ-flYÙrd˚L YWXÙ-fl
R™rj ˘RÙi-” ◊¨kR VÙrl-TÙQA±-Oo-L-s TX-⁄s œ±l-©-Pj-RdLJ⁄-Yo £. ˚Y. RÙ˙UÙ-R-Wm ©s-˚[.HWÙ-[-UÙ] Ët-L˚[ ÿ˚\-VÙ-LlTßl-©j-’j R™r ˘UÙØ˚V Y[l-T-”j-ß-V-Yo. R™r ˘UÙØ-´p Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up A±-Æ-Vp ’˚\-L-∞-¤m◊X˚U ™d-L-Y-WÙL C⁄k-RYo.
R™r CXd-°-Ve-Ls EXL AWe-°p Cu-fl ˘T⁄m ◊Lr-˘Tt-fl Æ[e-œ-Y-
Rt-œd LÙW-Q-UÙL C⁄kR A±-Oo-Ls TXo. AYo-L-fis ™L-‹m ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]-Yo-
Ls J⁄- £-Xo. AkR J⁄-£-X-⁄s œ±l-©-Pj-Rd-L-Yo £.-˚Y. RÙ˙UÙ-R-Wm ©s˚[.
E.-˙Y.-NÙ. ˙TNl-ThP A[-Æt-œj R™-Zo-L-[Ùp ˙TNl-T-PÙ-R-Yo £.-˚Y. RÙ˙UÙ-R-
Wm ©s˚[. ARt-œl TX LÙW-Qe-Ls C⁄d-L-XÙm. G’ Gl-T-•-VÙ-´-‡m R™-Zo-L-
[Ùp U\d-Ll-T-PÙ-Up, Ufld-Ll-T-PÙ-Up ®˚]-Æp
˘LÙs[lTP Yi-•-V-Yo, £.-˚Y.-RÙ.
H”-L-∞p C⁄kR ©W-ß-L-˚[ Af-—l ©W-ß-L-[ÙL
UÙt± YW-XÙt-±p CPm-˘T\ ˚Yj-R-Yo-L-fis £.-˚Y.-
RÙ.-‹m J⁄-Yo. AY-W-’ YÙr-‹m T¶-Ÿm YW-XÙt-±p
AØdL ÿ•-VÙ-R-˚Y. Tp-’-˚\l-◊-X˚U E˚P-V-Y-WÙL
Æ[e-°-V-Yo £.-˚Y.-RÙ. A˚Y-VÙ-Yt-±-¤m EV-¨-V-’
AY-¨u R™rl-T-¶.
Ck-ß-VÙ-Æu Y˚W-T-Pj˚R ˙SÙd-œ-°\˙TÙ’
ARu ˘Ru-T-œ-ß-´p £±V æYÙ-Ld LÙh£ A∞l-T-’
CXe-˚L. RÙ´u A⁄-°p AUok-ß-⁄d-œm ˙N˚Vl ˙TÙu-fl Ck-ß-VÙ˚Y Jh-•
CXe˚L A˚Uk-’s-[-’. Cu- \V ®˚X- p TÙWÙh-Pl È™-VÙ-Ld LÙh£ A∞d-
œm CXe˚L J⁄ LÙXj-ßp A˚U-ßl Èe-LÙ-YÙL A˚Uk-ß-⁄k-R-’.
CVt˚L Aß-N-Ve-L-fis D” C˚Q-Vt-\-RÙL Æ[e-œm BØ-´u S”-Æp
AZ-œ GØp ˘LÙg-—m È™-VÙL Æ[e-œ-Y-’ CXe-˚L. cXeLÙ Gu-fl A˚Zd-
Ll-T-”m CXe-˚Lj æÆp R™-ZoLs YÙ›m Tœß VÙrl-TÙ-Qm Gu-‡m SL-Wm.
AR-]-⁄˙L ◊j-Áo Gu-‡m Fo A˚Uk-’s-[-’. AR-˚]f NÙokR £t-Òo £fll-
©h-• Gu-T-RÙ-œm. Ck-Rf £t-Ò-¨p YÙrk-’ YkR ˚YW-Y-SÙ-Ro Gu-T-Y-⁄d-œm
HZÙ˚X F˚Wf ˙NokR ˘T⁄k-˙R-Æ-VÙo Gu-T-Y-⁄d-œm ÍjR UL-]Ù-Lf £.-˚Y.
RÙ˙UÙ-R-Wm ©s˚[ ©\k-RÙo. 12.9.1832 Bm Bi-” ©\kR CY-⁄d-œl-©u Bfl
Rm-©-Vo ©\k-R-]o.
£.- Y.-RÙ.-Æu Rk˚R R™rl-◊-X˚U ™d-L-Yo; B£-
-V-WÙL Æ[e-°-V-Yo. ˘RÙPd-Ld Lp-Æ-˚Vj Rm Rk-˚R-
VÙ-¨-P˙U £.-˚Y.-RÙ. Lt-\Ùo. Ad-LÙX YZd-Ll-T-•, A\-
Ëp-Ls, ˘NÙt-˘TÙ-⁄s-·-flm ®Li-” Ëp-Ls B°-V-
Yt-˚\d Lt\ ©u-]o, ˙U¤m £X R™r Ëp-L˚[ £.-
˚Y.-RÙ. LtL Æ⁄m-©-]Ùo. £fll-©h-•d-œ A⁄-°-X- UkR
—u-]Ù-Lm Gu-‡m F¨-¤s[ ÿj-’d œUÙ-Wd LÆ-WÙ-V-
101
¨-Pm CXd-°V CXd-L-Qe-L˚[ Su-œ T´u-\Ùo. Be-°-X-ÿm Lt-œm Bo-Y-
ÿ-˚P-V-Y-WÙnj ˘Rp-≠-Vm-Tß A˘U-¨dL ™Nu LXÙ-NÙ-˚X-´p Be-°-Xm
Lt-\Ùo. AR-˚]j ˘RÙPok-’ VÙrl-TÙQ Yh-”d-˙LÙh-˚Pl Tp-L-˚XdLp-Ì-
¨-´p T´ufl L¶Rm, Rj’Ym, YÙ]ÆVp ÿRXÙ]Yt±¤m ˙RokRÙo.
ARu ©\œ VÙrlTÙQl TpL˚Xd Lp̨´p Gh-” Bi-”-Ls T´u-
fl Rm C⁄-T-RÙm YV-ßp £\kR Lp-Æj ˙Rof£ ˘Tt-\Ùo. CY-¨u ◊X-˚U-
˚Vd LiP R™-ZÙ-£-¨-V-WÙ-°V ˘SÆu-— Gu-T-Yo £.-˚Y.-RÙ.-˚Yl "Ti-•-Ro'
Gu-fl ˙TÙt-±-]Ùo. Tp-’˚\ A±‹ ˘Tt-±-⁄kR £.-˚Y.-RÙ. R™-Øp Aß-Ll
◊X˚U ™d-L-Y-WÙL Æ[e-°-]Ùo.-A-Ru ©\-œ 1857 Bm Bi-” ˘Nu-˚]l
Tp- Ld-L-Z-Lm RÙPe-Ll Tt-\-‹-Pu SPj-Rl- Tt\ ©.-H. Th-Pj-ßt-œ- V Ro-
Æp ÿRp UÙQ-Y-WÙ-Lj ˙R±-]Ùo.
©.-H. Th-Pm ˘Tt\ £.-˚Y.-RÙ. Nh-Pd-LpÆ T´u-fl 1871 Bm Bi-”
©.-Gp Ro-Æp Yt± Tt-\Ùo. C˚Y-VÙ-‹m £.- Y.-RÙ. Th-Pj-ßt-LÙ-Ll T•jR
T•l-◊-Ls. B]Ùp AYo YÙr-SÙs ÿ›-Y-’m R™r CXd-L-Qe-L-˚[-Ÿm,
CXd-°-Ve-L- [-Ÿm, T´u-flm BWÙnk-’m Yk-RÙo. ˚NY-WÙ-Ll ©\kR £.- Y.-RÙ.
Lp-Æd-LÙ-L, °±j-’Y URm UÙ±-]Ùo. ˙U˚X SÙh-”d LpÆ LtL Æ⁄m-©-V-
˙TÙ-’ AYo LÙXj-ßp °±j-R-Yo-L-fid˙L ˙U˚X SÙh-” Be-°-Xd LpÆ
Lt-©d-Ll ˘Tt\ ®˚X C⁄k-’ Yk-R-’. AR-]Ùp, RÙÿm °±j-R-Y-WÙL URm-
UÙ-±, ˙U˚Xd-Lp-Æ- Vl ˘Tt-\Ùo. B -‡m ˚NY-N-U-Vd LÙY-X-WÙ] Bfl-ÿL
SÙY-X-¨u RÙPo◊ Ht-Th-P-‹-Pu £.-˚Y.-RÙ. °±j-R-Yf NU-Vj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ NY
NU-Vj-’d˙L UÙ±, Cfl-ß-Y-˚W-´-¤m Af-N-U-Vj-˚R˙V NÙok-ß-⁄k-RÙo. °±j-R-
Y-WÙL UÙ±-V- TÙ-’ £.-Gp.P-◊s-Î. °edv-T¨ (C.L.W. Kingsbury) Gu\ TV- p
LpÆ T´u-\Ùo. Bfl-ÿ-L-SÙ-Y-Xo ˘Np-YÙd-LÙp ¡i-”m ˚NY-WÙL UÙ±-V-©-\-œ
£.-˚Y.-RÙ-˙UÙ-R-Wm ©s˚[ Gu\ ˘TV-˚W˙V RÙe° C⁄k-RÙo.
£.- Y.-RÙ. Rm C⁄-T-RÙm YV-ßp LpÆ KW-[‹ ÿ•k-R-‹-P˙] VÙrl-TÙ-Qd
˙LÙl-TÙn B£- -Vo T´t-£l Ts-∞- p B£- -V-WÙ-œm YÙnl-©- ]l Tt-\Ùo.
AYo-Rm ◊X-˚U-˚V-Ÿm, ß\-˚U-˚V-Ÿm ˙Ls-Æl-ThP ˘To-£-Yp TÙß-¨-VÙo
RÙm SPj-ß-YkR "ß]-Yoj-R-UÙ≤' Gu\ YÙW CR-›d-œj ’˚Q-VÙ-£-¨-V-WÙL
C⁄d-œ-UÙ-fl Æ⁄m© Yi-•-]Ùo. AYo Æ⁄m-©-V-YÙ˙\ £.-˚Y.-RÙ-‹m Aq-
Æ-R-Øu ’˚Q B£- -V-WÙ-Ll T¶-VÙt-\j RÙPe-°-]Ùo. ß]-Yoj-R-UÙ≤ YÙWk-
˙RÙ-flm ÆVÙ-Zd-°-Z-˚U-´p ˘Y∞-Yk-R-’. Nÿ-RÙ-Vf ˘Nn-ß-Ls, CXd-°-Vm,
A±-ÆVp ÿR-≠V ˘Nn-ß-Ls Aq CR-Øp CPm-˘Tt-\-]. ˘To-£-Yp ß⁄j-
Rk- R, Bfl-ÿL SÙY-X- Wd LÙi-” °±j-R-Yj ß⁄-U- \-VÙm ÆÆ-≠-Vj˚R
˘UÙØ-VÙd-Lm ˘Nn-R-Yo. AYo AqÆR-Ø-≠-⁄k-’ Kn‹ ˘Tflm-˙TÙ-’
£.-˚Y.-RÙ. ˚Y AqÆR-Øu B£-¨-V-WÙ-Ll T¶j-RÙo. AR-]Ùp £.- Y.-RÙ-Æu
A±- Y-Ÿm G›j-RÙt-\- X-Ÿm EX-Lm A±k-R-’.
102
CR-ZÙ-£-¨-Vo T¶-Ÿm, LpÆ Lt-©d-œm B£-¨-Vl T¶-˚V-Ÿm £.-˚Y.RÙ
J⁄e˙L Bt± Yk-RÙo. R™-Ø-¤m Be-°-Xj-ß-¤m YpX AYo, ˙TWÙ-£-¨-Vo
To-]p. No Yp-Po G≠-Vh, Ì£e-Pu ÿR-XÙV Be-°-Xl ˘T⁄-Ud-L-fid-œj
R™r Lt-©j-’ Yk-RÙo. Cf-˘Nnß AW-—d-œ Gh-•-V-’. AR-]Ùp AW-— CY-˚Wf
˘Nu˚] UÙ®-Xd Lp-Ì-¨j R™-ZÙ-£-¨-V-WÙ-Ll T¶-V-Uoj-ß-V-’. ARu-©-\-œ
AY-⁄d-œd Ls-∞d-˙LÙh˚P AW-£-]o Lp-Ì-¨j R™-ZÙ-£-¨-V-WÙ-œm YÙnl-◊d
°˚Pj-R-’. Ad-Lp-Ì-¨-´p £.-˚Y.RÙ ß\m-T-Pl T¶-VÙt-±-]Ùo. BL-˙Y,
˘Nu˚] AW-NÙeL YW‹ ˘NX‹ LQd-œj ’˚\-´p A¤-Y-X-WÙ-œm T¶
°˚Pj-R-’. Al-˙TÙ-’ J⁄ SÙs Aq A¤-Y-X-Lj R˚X-Yo Æ˚Wk-’ ÿ•dL
˙Yi-•V J⁄ LQd-˚Lj RÙ˙UÙ-R-Wm ©s-˚[-´-Pm ˘LÙ”j-RÙo. ""CR˚]
VÙ˙] ÿ•l-T-RÙ-´u H› SÙh-L-[Ù-œm. øo Tj-’ SÙs-L-∞p ÿ•j-’j R⁄-Æ-
˘W] Sm-◊-°-˙\u'' Gu-\Ùo. Al-T-¶˚V Ht-fld ˘LÙiP £.-˚Y.RÙ SÙu˙L
SÙ∞p ÿ•j-’j Rk-RÙo. A¤-Y-X-Lj R˚X-Yo £.-˚Y.-RÙ-˚Yl TÙWÙh-•-V-’-Pu
TRÆ EVo-‹m YZe-°-]Ùo. Al-T-R-Æ˚V Y°j-’d ˘LÙi˙P Nh-Pd-LpÆ
T´u-fl 1871- Bm Bi-” Nh-Pj ˙Ro‹ G›-ßj ˙Rof£ ˘Tt-\Ùo. ARu-©u-
]o 1882 -Bm Bi-” Rm Im-T-RÙm YV-ßp AW-— A¤-Y-≠-≠-⁄k-’ Kn‹
˘Tt-fl ER-Æj-˘RÙ˚L ˘Tt-fl Yk-RÙo.
ARu-©-\-œ ◊’d-˙LÙh˚P AW-£u A˚Uf-N-WÙL Æ[e-°V ˙N˚N-Vo
Gu-T-Yo £.-˚Y.-RÙ. ‹d-œd L≠j-˘RÙ-˚L-˚Vl Tßl-©d-Ll ˘TÙ⁄s ER-Æ-V-’
Uh-”-Uu-±, £.-˚Y.RÙÆPm ˙TWu◊ Èi-” AkR Bi˙P ◊’-d-˙LÙh˚P
ÿ˚\Uu\ S”-Yo-L-∞p J⁄-Y-WÙ-Lf £.˚YRÙ˚Y ®V-™j-’ U°rk-RÙo. Al-
˘TÙ-fll-©˚] SÙu-LÙi-”-Ls Nq-Y˙] Ht-fl, 1880- Cp Al- TÙ-fll-©-≤uflm
ÆX-°-]Ùo. ARu-©u, ˘Nu-˚]l Tp-L-˚XdLZ-Ll TÙPj-ßh-Pd œ›-Æu
Efll-©-]-WÙ-L-‹m, Ro-‹j ßh-Pm Yœd-œm œ›Æt-œj R˚X-Y-WÙ-L-‹m Æ[e-
°]Ùo. Al-˙TÙ-’, A-Yo T¶-VÙt±V ß\m œ±j-’m CYo-Rm £\l-©-˚]d
œ±j-’m NÙu-˙\Ùo TÙWÙh-•-]o.
RÙ˙UÙ-R-Wm ©s- [- u T¶-Ls, ˘RÙPdL®˚X B£- -V-o, R™-ZÙ-£- -V-o,
CR-ZÙ-£- -V-o, E˚W-VÙ-£- -V-o, EVo A¤-Y-X-o, TÙP-Ëp œ›-Æu R˚X-Y-o, ÿ˚\-
Uu\ S”-Y-o G]l Tp-˙Y-fl-Th-P-RÙL A˚Uk-ß-⁄k-R-].
£.-˚Y.RÙ AØ-Ÿm ®˚X-˚V-V-˚Pk-R A¨V Ti-˚Pj R™-Ø-Xd-°V CXd-
LQ Ëp-L˚[ Af-£-˙Xt-±, Tßl-◊-˚W-L˚[ G›-ßl Tßl-©j-RÙo. Rm YÙr-
SÙs ÿ›-Y-’m, RÙm Bt-±V Tp-˙Y-fl T¶-L-fid-°-˚P-˙V-Ÿm R™rl T¶-
˚Vj RY-\Ù-Up Bt± Yk-RÙo.
£.-˚Y.-RÙ-˙UÙ-R-Wo ˘Nn-’ YkR R™rj ˘RÙi-”, Lp-Æj-˘RÙi-”, ÿ˚\-
Uu-\j ˘RÙi-” B°-V-Yt˚\ Su-L-±kR AW-— AY-˚Wf £\l-©d-Ld L⁄ß
"CWÙq TL-Áo' Gu-‡m Ußl-◊-fl Æ⁄-ß˚] 1885- Bm Bi-” YZe-°-V-’.
103
AR˚] A±kR ˚U„o AW-— RÙ˙UÙ-R-W˚W A˚Zj-’l TÙWÙh-˘P-”j-’l
T -— YZe-°-V-’. Be-°-Xl ˘T⁄-Ud-Ls, ˘Np-Yo-Ls, ß⁄-U-Pj R˚X-Yo-Ls
B°-˙VÙ-˘Wp-XÙm RÙ˙UÙ-R-Wo ˘Tt\ £\l-©˚] YW-˙Yt-fll TÙWÙh-•-]o.
£.˚Y.RÙÆu R™rl-T¶
£.-˚Y.RÙ AØ-Ÿm ®˚X-˚V-V-˚Pk-R Ti-˚Pj R™-Ø-Xd-°V CXd-
LQ Ëp-L˚[ Af-£-˙Xt-±, A¨V Tßl-◊-˚W-L˚[ G›-ßl Tßl-©j-RÙo.
RU-’ ˘NÙkR YÙrd-˚L-´p TX Cu-]p-L-˚[f Nk-ßjR £.-˚Y.RÙ ’u-Te-L-
fid-°-˚P-´-¤m Aß-N-´d-Lj-RdL Y˚L-L-∞p R™rl-T¶ ˘Nn-’s-[Ùo.
RÙ˙U ˘NÙk-R-UÙ-Ll TX Ëp-L˚[ G›-ß-Ÿm TX Ëp-L-˚[l Tßl-©j-’m
R™r CXd-°V YW-XÙt-±p J⁄ ˚Up Lp-XÙL Æ[e-°-]Ùo.
£.-˚Y.-RÙ-Æu Tßl-◊-Ls C⁄-Y-˚Ll-T-”m. A˚Y-L-∞p Ju-fl CXd-L-
Ql Tßl-◊-Ls. Ut-˘\Ùu-fl CXd-°-Vl Tßl-◊-Ls Bœm. RÙp-LÙl-©-Vm
˘NÙp-X-ß-LÙ-Wm ˙N]Ù-Y-˚W-Vo E˚W (1868), ≈W-˙NÙ-Ø-Vm ˛ ÍX-ÿm ˘T⁄k-
˙R-Y-]Ùo E˚W-Ÿm (1881), C˚\-V-]Ù-W-Ll ˘TÙ⁄s ˛ Sd-∏-Wo E˚W (1883),
˘RÙp-LÙl-©-Vm ˛ ˘TÙ⁄-[-ß-LÙ-Wm Sf-£-]Ùod-°-≤-Vo E˚W (1885) (3 Tœ-ß-
Ls), CXd-LQ Æ[d-Lm (1889), ˘RÙp-LÙl-©-Vm ˛ G›j-R-ß-LÙ-Wm Sf-£-]Ùod-
°-≤-Vo E˚W (1891), ˘RÙp-LÙl-©-Vm ˛ ˘NÙp-X-ß-LÙ-Wm Sf-£-]Ùod-°-≤-Vo
E˚W (1892) ˙TÙu\ Ët-Ls CXd-L-Ql Tßl-◊-L-[Ù-œm.
øß-˘S± Æ[d-Lm (1854), R¶-˚Ll ◊WÙ-Qm (1883), L≠j-˘RÙ˚L ˛ Sf-
£-]Ùod-°-≤-Vo E˚W (1887), „[Ù-U¶ ˛ ÍXm Uh-”m (1889) ˙TÙu\ Ët-
Ls CXd-°-Vl Tßl-◊L-[Ù-œm.
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TpL˚XdLZLj RÙ˚XÁWd LpÆ ®flY]jßu R™rj’˚\ C˚Ql
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G”dLlTh”s[’.
104
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