SPONSOR DS IP

TYRES AND TUBES

I RODUCT I O N TN

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AIM

To teach student offrs about the construction of tyres , tread patterns and lasest trends

SEQ

STAGE 1

TYRE CONST

TREAD PATTERNS,

TYPES OF TYRE AND TUBES

TYRE MARKING

LOADING INDEX AND SPEED RATING 5

6

STAGE 2

LATEST TRENDS

SAFETY MEASURES

RECOMMENDED TYRES

CONCL

SEQ

TYRE BASICS

A tyre is a ring-shaped covering that fits around a

wheel rim to protect it and enable better vehicle

performance by providing a flexible cushion that

absorbs shock while keeping the wheel in close contact

with the gr

The fundamental materials of modern tires are

synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric and wire

They consist of a tread and a body. The tread provides

traction while the body ensures support7

TYRE CONST

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TYRE CONST

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SIPESSmall, slit-like grooves in the tread blocks that allow the blocks to flex. This added flexibility increases traction by creating an additional biting edge. Sipes are especially helpful on ice, light snow and loose dirt

GROOVESCreate voids for better water channeling on wet road surfaces. Grooves are the most efficient way of channeling water from in front of the tyres to behind it.

BLOCKS Segments that make up the majority of a tyre's tread.

RIBSStraight-lined row of blocks that create a circumferential contact "band."

DIMPLESThese are the indentations in the tread, normally towards the outer edge of the tyre

SHOULDERSProvide continuous contact with the road while maneuvering. The shoulders wrap slightly over the inner and outer sidewall of a tyre.

TYRE CONST

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TREAD PATTERNS

Rib Shape

Block Shape

Zig Zag Shape

V Shape

TREAD PATTERNS

NON-DIRECTIONALMUD AND SNOW

DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW

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GrooveThe groove is the hollow part or the tread.The grooves are cut which makes the tyre pattern. The hollow part (the groove) is designed to channel the water out and away.When tread wears the groove becomes less hollow and apparent.Design of the groove effects the performance and the quality of the tyre.

Pitch:- The pitch/cuff is the small tread at the edge of both sides of the tyre, as shown in the picture on the left. The pitch often wears out before the wrest of the tyre. The function of the pitch is to enhance the performance providing better steering and stability. The pitch is mostly visible on winter tyres, the pitch functions to byte the road and grip the ice.Pitch:- The pitch/cuff is the small tread at the edge of both sides of the tyre, as shown in the picture on the left. The pitch often wears out before the wrest of the tyre. The function of the pitch is to enhance the performance providing better steering and stability. The pitch is mostly visible on winter tyres, the pitch functions to byte the road and grip the ice.

PitchThe pitch/cuff is the small tread at the edge of both sides of the tyre.

The function of the pitch is to enhance the performance by providing better steering and stability.

The pitch is mostly visible on winter tyres, and it functions to byte the road and grip the ice

NON-DIRECTIONALMUD AND SNOW

DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW

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Rib Shape The design of this pattern is

like a rib shape with the grooves running from the centre to the edges like rib pattern.

This pattern aids faster water drainage and hence gives

good traction on wet roads. It is commonly found and

suitable for all car types. The disadvantage of this

type of design is that it is rotational pattern

TREAD PATTERNS

NON-DIRECTIONALMUD AND SNOW

DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW

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Assymetric Pattern It has a diff design on the

inside to the outside. It looks like two different tyres joined in the middle.

The sides differ in pattern to give different functionality

The inside offers better cornering traction while the outside is designed to channel water away.

TREAD PATTERNS

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Block Shape This pattern has a block

shape design. The grooves are very small and the tread pattern is very tight and close.

The advances in tread design have seen this tyre less in use, it was very common on passenger cars up till the 90’s.

Today it is mostly seen on winter and all season type tyres.

TREAD PATTERNS

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Zig Zag Shape It’s a classic tread design

for passenger vehs Today most van tyres are

still using this zigzag design

Success of this design in commercial use is

because of the grooves that are cut in a zigzag giving the tyre low rolling resistance, low heat generation

It’s ideal for the long journeys that commercial

TREAD PATTERNS

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V type pattern

The tread pattern ensures that they grip well to the rd remaining as rigid as possible at all times

TREAD PATTERNS

NON-DIRECTIONALMUD AND SNOW

CROSS CTY ROCK SVC

DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW

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TREAD PATTERNS

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Radial tyres

Bias Tyres

Performance tyres

All round tyres

Wet-weather tyres

Winter or snow tyres

All terrain tyres

TYPES OF TYRESTruck or Van tyres

Combat tyres

Passenger tyres

Rock svc tyres

Earthmover tyres

Grader tyres

RADIAL AND BIAS TYRES

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A Radial-ply tire is a particular design of vehicular tyre.

In this design, the cord plies are arr at 90 deg

to the dir of travel, orradially (from the cen of the tire)

Series of plies of cord reinforces a tire

The radial cords in the sidewall allow it to act like a spring, giving flexibility and ride

comfort

BIAS PLY TYRE

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TYPE OF TYRES

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Performance tyres Performance tyres are designed for grip

and driving performance rather than longevity, and use softer rubber compounds

The tread pattern utilised in performance tyres will often utilise an asymmetric

pattern, as the outside tread pattern is designed to channel water away and the inside pattern offers better handling.

They are often wider than the normal tyre and are used on larger rim size whs

TYPE OF TYRES

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All-Round tyresAll round tyres are found on most cars and are designed to handle most of the weather and rd conds that motorists will encounter except for the extremes such as snow, ice, mud and dirtWet-Weather tyresWet weather tyres are especially designed for driving in wet conds. Tread pattern is deep and designed to spill water away from the tyre. The rubber compound is even softer than performance tyres and is designed to heat up quickly and provide more grip on the rd

TYPE OF TYRES

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Snow tyresSnow tyres are designed for rds with regular snow and ice. The tread pattern is much larger than normal tyres and as a result is much noisier. Snow tyres should only be used in snow and ice conds as the tyres wear quickly on dry rds and damage the rd surface

TYPE OF TYRES

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All-terrain tyres All terrain tyres are used on 4WD vehs Designed for handling a wide range of on-rd

and off-rd conds They have stiffer sidewalls and large tread

patterns Soft off rd tyres are designed primarily to be

used on sealed rds, with the tread patterns resembling normal car tyres. They are engineered to handle some off-rd conds like gravel, dirt and sand

Off-rd tyres are designed to handle unsealed rds and off-the-beaten trs .Off-rd tyres are

noisy and wear more quickly on dry, sealed rds

TYPE OF TYRES

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Truck or Van tyres

Tyres used in commercial vehs will often employ a classic zig zag pattern and are designed to offer low rolling resistance and low heat generation, which makes them ideal for the long dist that commercial vans and trks travel.

The disadvantages of the zig zag pattern include poor cornering and a lack of grip in wet conds

TYPE OF TYRES

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Earth Mover TyresRock Svc Tyres

Truck Tyres (4x4 Vehs)

Solid Tyres

Earthmover TyresGrader TyresCbt Tyres

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TYPES OF TUBES

BULLET RESISTING TUBE Cbt Tubes

Std Tubes

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TYPES OF TUBES

Std Tubes Std tubes are circular rubber containers

that fit inside the tire and hold the air that sps the veh

It is strong enough to with stand few lbs of air pressure

It is easily chafed, punctured , pinched or damaged

It is made up of butyl and synthetic rubber They are used reg for std tyres

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TYPES OF TUBESCbt Tubes Same as std tubes Relatively thicker material used Smaller than std tubes Can only be used with cbt tyres In case of non availability std tube can

be used of same size inside Cbt tyre Bullet resisting Tubes They are made of heavy thicker material Auto seals bullet punctures They can be ident by extra wt and

generally have green painted valve stems In case of non availability std tube can

be used of same size inside Cbt tyre

TYRE MARKINGS

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Manufacturers or brand name, and commercial name or identity

Req pressure marking

Type of Tyre construction

Tyre size , Construction and Speed rating designations.

Cty of Mfr

Mud and Snow Tyre

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LI   KG

 50  190 

51  195

 52  200 

53  206

 54  212 

55  218

 56  224 

57  230

 58  236 

59  243

 60  250 

61  257

 62  265 

63  272

 64  280 

65  290

 66  300 

67  307

 68  315 

69  325

LI   KG

 70  335 

71  345

 72  355 

73  365

 74  375 

75  387

 76  400 

77  412

 78  425 

79  437

 80  450 

81  462

 82  475 

83  487

 84  500 

85  515

 86  530 

87  545

 88  560 

89  580

LI   KG

 150  3350 

151  3450

 152  3550 

153  3650

 154  3750 

155  3875

 156  4000 

157  4125

 158  4250 

159  4375

 160  4500 

161  4625

 162  4750 

163  4875

 164  5000 

165  5150

 166  5300 

167  5450

 168  5600 

169  5800

TYRE SIZE – LOAD INDEX

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STAGE 2

LATEST TRENDS

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Run Flat TyresThese tyres contain an extra lining within the tire that self-seals in the event of a small hole due to a nail or screw. In this way, the loss of air is prevented from the outset such that the tire is either permanently self-repairing or at least loses air very slowly.

EXTRALINING

LATEST TRENDS

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Airless Tyres These tyres are not sp by air pressure

and are used on cbt vehs/ Hy eqpt vehs Airless tyres have higher rolling

resistance and provide much less suspension.Airless tyres are often filled with compressed polymers (plastic) , rather than air

LATEST TRENDS

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Retread Tyres Retreads are basically old recycled

tyres A retread is a new lease of rubber put

on an old tyre without changing the cords or infrastructure

They are more commonly found on off rd 4x4 sizes and truck sizes

SAFETY MEASURES

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Hydroplaning / AquaplaningWhen driving in the rain or over standing water and you temporarily feel the veh is no longer in control.This is a result of hydroplaningHydroplaning is caused by a combination of factors which include the speed the tyre is traveling how much tread is remaining on the tyre, pressure and also depth of the water. When the tyre travels over the water it creates a blocking point similar to a wave which causes the tyre to temporarily float on the water hence loosing contact with the road. This is hydroplaning, to lose traction and glide or hydroplane across the water

SAFETY MEASURES

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Wheel Balancing Steering vibrations is a consequence

of veh’s tyres not being balanced In most cases if you feel the vibration

and shaking on the steering then it’s car front whs that need bal and for those that feel it on their rear then it’s the rear wheels that need bal

If the wheels are not balanced, driving can be very annoying and this

imbalance has a knock on effect on other components including suspension and tyres

SAFETY MEASURES

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Wheel Alignment Wheel alignment refers

to the procedure of lining up the components of steering including the camber, caster and toe

Whs that are not aligned properly can wear out tyres a lot quicker and along with steering and handling issues it can also damage the

suspension sys of veh

SAFETY MEASURES

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Tyre Rotation Tyre wear varies depending

on where it is fitted. If a car is front wh drive then the fronts will wear out a lot quicker than the rear ones

If the car is rear wh drive, then the rears whs will wear

a little faster although there isn't a lot of diff from front

to back with these cars Most commonly it is

suggested you make the switch every 2000 to 3000 miles.

SAFETY MEASURES

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Effects of Tyre Pressure

RECOMMENDATIONS

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Summer tyres are ideal and are basically the best type for Sindh/Bln and Northern region weather conds and rds. They deliver excellent driving and braking performance on wet (rainy) and dry roads. In all the seasons spring, summer, autumn and above freezing winter conds. The tread pattern ensures that they grip well to the road remaining as rigid as possible at all timesWinter tyres have a fine block design with grooves that are deep and wideSome also come with spikes, the rubber compound is perfect for low temperatures so when temperatures are below freezing they provide good friction characteristics. Suitable for extreme weathersAll season tread designs provide good traction and stability but also have good tread wearThe tread pattern is more complex, they have more sips, the tread bites the surface to give grip in freezing conditions

CONCL

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CONCL

Dir Stability

Steering Precisions

Ride Comfort

Wet Braking

Aqua planning

Rolling Resistance

ServiceLife

Tyre Weight

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THANKYOU

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