tyre management
TRANSCRIPT
TYRE MANAGEMENT
Contents
• Construction• Indentification• Aspect Ratio• Classification• Load Index and Speed Symbol• Load/Pressure• Nitrogen• Liquifill• Fleet inspection
TYRE MANAGEMENT
Tyre Construction
Bias Ply ConstructionThe casing ismade up several criss-crossed fabric plies.
The crown is not stabilized.
Bias Ply Disadvantages:• Fast Wear• Minimal Puncture Protection• Increased Fuel Consumption• Less Traction
The crown and sidewalls are formed by the same rigid fabric ply construction.
- The tread flexes and squirms as the tire flexes.
- The casing plies rub against each other causing accelerated wear and heat.
Radial ConstructionThe crown isstabilized by several steel belts.
The casing has one steel radial casing ply.
Magna Radial Advantages:• Long Tread Life• Reduced Punctures & Cuts• Excellent Traction• Increased Fuel Efficiency
The tread is stabilized and unaffected by sidewall flexing.
There is no rubbing of carcass plies allowing the tire to run cool.
The steel construction protects the carcass far better than fabric.
MAGNA Radial Tires
Increased Productivity Increased Tread Life Steel Belts to Protect from Punctures Greater Traction Improved Safety and Comfort Retreadability Repairability Increased “Up Time” Lower Cost/Hour to Operate Better Fuel Economy
Benefits Over Bias Ply Tires
Tire Cutaway depicting the various layers of an Earthmover Tire
Radial or Carcass Ply
First Working Ply
SecondWorking Ply
FirstProtector Ply
SecondProtector Ply
Sidewall Area
Shoulder Area
FE Zone
Bead Toe
Negative Tread
Sidewall ReinforceInner Liner
Crown Area
Sidewall Area
Bead Heel Bead Sole
Turn up ply
Bead Protector
Positive Tread
Protector plies
Working plies
Casing plies
Bead Wire
Bead Area
Radial Tyre - Cross Section
TYRE MANAGEMENT
Tyre Identification
Radial Contruction
35: Nominal section width in inches (S=35) (in some case, it can be a metric marking).
65 : Aspect ratio H/S.
R : Radial construction.
33 : Nominal bead seat diameter in inches.
X : Michelin Radial.
LD : Tread pattern.
D2 : Tread depth.
A : Type of tire.
TL : Tubeless.
* : Strength index(it is an indication of strength).
L5: Standardized identification code T: Michelin complementary
Example of Michelin marking: 35/65 R 33 XLD D2 A TL * L5T
Databook Dimensions
e = maximum overall section width
D = external tire diameter (2R)
Ø = nominal bead seat diameter
S = section width on measuring rim (this rim is indicate in bold faced type)
E = minimum dual spacing (on measuring rim)
H = section height
R = free radius
R' = static loaded radius
OverallDiameter
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
R
R’
Overall Diameter = 2 x Free RadiusOD = 2 x R
Free Radius
Static Loaded Radius
The Measurement of Tire Characteristics
Vertical Deflection = Free Radius less Static Loaded Radius VD = R - R’
TYRE MANAGEMENT
Tyre Families
by Aspect Ratio
Earthmover Aspect RatiosThe 100 series or standard tire (narrow base)
The H/S aspect ratio is approximately equal to 1.00.The section width, given in inches, is a whole number.
e.g.: 18.00 R 33
The 80 series or wide baseThe H/S aspect ratio is approximately equal to 0.80.The section width, given in inches, is a whole number
followed by a fraction.e.g.: 20.5 R 25
Extra-wide base70 series
The H/S aspect ratio is approximately equal to 0.70The section width is given in millimeters (625) followed
by the number 70.e.g.: 625/70 R 25
65 seriesThe H/S aspect ratio is approximately equal to 0.65.The section width is given in inches (35) or in
millimeters (750) followed by the number 65.e.g.: 35/65 R 33 750/65 R 25
Sizes and Work Transport Sizes and Work Transport Sizes and Work Transport
Marking machines machines Marking machines machines Marking machines machines
7.50 R 15 12 17.5 R 25 * 16 33.25 R 29 ** 44
8.25 R 15 12 17.5 R 25 ** 20 24 18.00 R 33 ** 40
18 R 19.5 * 16 18.00 R 25 * 24 33.5 R 33 ** 44
10.00 R 20 16 18.00 R 25 ** 36 35/65 R 33 * 36
C20 Pil (11/80 R 20) 16 20.5 R 25 * 24 37.5 R 33 ** 48
E20 (13./80 R 20) 20.5 R 25 ** 28 21.00 R 35 ** 44
15 R 22.5 * 16 21.00 R 25 ** 40 24.00 R 35 ** 48
18 R 22.5 * 16 23.5 R 25 * 28 29.5 R 35 ** 40
12.00 R 24 *** 24 24 23.5 R 25 ** 32 33.25 R 35 ** 44
13.00 R 24 TG * 14 25/65 R 25 ** 32 37.25 R 35 ** 48
14.00 R 24 TG * 16 26.5 R 25 * 32 37.5 R 39 ** 52
14.00 R 24 24 26.5 R 25 ** 32 40/65 R 39 * 42
14.00 R 24 *** 28 32 29.5 R 25 * 34 40.5/75 R 39 ** 54
15.00 R 24 (17/80 R 24) 28 29.5 R 25 ** 34 45/65 R 39 * (1)
16.00 R 24 TG * 16 16 555/70 R 25 * L2F 16 45/65 R 45 * 50
16.00 R 24 ** 36 555/70 R 25 * L3T or L4T 24 24.00 R 49 ** 48
555/70 R 24 TG * 16 625/70 R 25 * 28 27.00 R 49 ** 54
20 R 24 TG * 16 705/70 R 25 * 32 30.00 R 51 ** 64
13.00 R 25 *** 28 750/65 R 25 * 34 33.00 R 51 ** 68
14.00 R 25 *** 32 26.5 R 29 ** 34 36.00 R 51 ** 74
15.5 R 25 * 16 29.5 R 29 * 34 37.00 R 57 ** (1)
15.5 R 25 ** 20 29.5 R 29 ** 40 40.00 R 57 ** 78
16.00 R 25 ** 36 30/65 R 29 * 28 55/80 R 57 * (1) 80
Ply Ratings
This is a measurement of the strength of the Radial Casing Ply vs. Bias Ply Tires
Tread Depth Types & Compounds1 - DIFFERENT TREAD DEPTH
N = Normal D1 = N x 1.5 D2 = N x 2.5(Traction, rock) (rock, deep tread) (rock, extra deep tread)
(E2 / 3 - L2 / 3 - G2 / 3) (E4 - L4 - G4) (L5)
2 - SEVERAL TYPES OF CONSTRUCTIONType A4 highly resistant to cutting, hacking and abrasion.Type A highly resistant to cutting, hacking and abrasion for use at average speeds higher than type A4.Type B4 a compromise between resistance to abrasion and heat generation for less aggressive
surfaces (from 49 inches).Type B specially designed for low heat generation on long runs and in intensive conditions.Type C engineered to cope with high-speed travel on long hauls.
TYRE MANAGEMENT
Classification
Strength Index
• Load capacity markings of Radial Tyre are in three groups. PR (Ply Rating), used mainly on cross ply tyres eg PR32
– “Star Markings” * , ** or ***– Load indices and Speed Symbols, eg 177E– Load Range, eg LRH
Star Markings and Load Indices/Speed Symbols
• Radial tyres are marked with either :– star symbols *, ** or ***
* tyres are used on working machines (loaders and graders)
** tyres are used on transport machines (dumptrucks, scrapers)
*** tyres are used on transport machines (dumptrucks) Limited number of sizes have ***
TYRE MANAGEMENT
Load Index and Speed Symbol
Load and Speed Indices
• Load capacity is given by a figure– for EM lowest is 133, highest 254
(133=2060kg/tyre, 254= 69000kg/tyre)• Speed symbols letter or letter/figure used on EM are :
– A2, working speed 10 km/h (working machines, loaders)– A8, working speed 40 km/h (working machines, graders)– B, working speed 50 km/h (transport machines, dump
trucks)– E, average speed 70 km/h (mobile cranes)
177E
Load capacity index Speed Index
Load index – speed symbol
Some tyres bear a load index and a speed symbol.
The LOAD INDEX is a numerical code associated with the maximum load atyre can carry at the speed corresponding to its speed symbol, under specified conditions.The SPEED SYMBOL indicates the speed at which the tyre can carry a load corresponding to its load index, under specified conditions.
Load index ( LI ) and maximum load ( kg )
LI maximum load LI maximum load LI maximum load LI maximum load LI maximum loadkg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb
120 1,400 3,090 150 3,350 7,390 180 8,000 17,640 210 19,000 41,890 240 45,000 99,210121 1,450 3,200 151 3,450 7,610 181 8,250 18,190 211 19,500 43,000 241 46,250 101,960122 1,500 3,310 152 3,550 7,830 182 8,500 18,740 212 20,000 44,100 242 47,500 104,720123 1,550 3,420 153 3,650 8,050 183 8,750 19,290 213 20,600 45,420 243 48,750 107,470124 1,600 3,530 154 3,750 8,270 184 9,000 19,840 214 21,200 46,750 244 50,000 110,250125 1,650 3,640 155 3,875 8,540 185 9,250 20,390 215 21,800 48,070 245 51,500 113,540126 1,700 3,750 156 4,000 8,820 186 9,500 20,940 216 22,400 49,390 246 53,000 117,950127 1,750 3,860 157 4,125 9,090 187 9,750 21,500 217 23,000 50,700 247 54,500 120,150128 1,800 3,970 158 4,250 9,370 188 10,000 22,050 218 23,600 52,040 248 56,000 123,480129 1,850 4,080 159 4,375 9,650 189 10,300 22,710 219 24,300 53,580 249 58,000 127,890
130 1,900 4,190 160 4,500 9,920 190 10,600 23,370 220 25,000 55120 250 60,000 132,300131 1,950 4,300 161 4,625 10,200 191 10,900 24,030 221 25750 56,780 251 61,500 135580132 2,000 4,410 162 4,750 10,470 192 11,200 24,690 222 26,500 58430 252 63,000 138,890133 2,060 4,540 163 4,875 10,750 193 11,500 25,360 223 27,250 60,070 253 65,000 143,300134 2,120 4,670 164 5,000 11,020 194 11,800 26,020 224 28,000 61,740 254 67,000 147,710135 2,180 4,810 165 5,150 11,350 195 12,150 26,790 225 29,000 63,940 255 69,000 152,120136 2,240 4,940 166 5,300 11,690 196 12,500 27,560 226 30,000 66,150 256 71,000 156,530137 2,300 5,070 167 5,450 12,020 197 12,850 28,330 227 30,750 67,790 257 73,000 160,930138 2,360 5,200 168 5,600 12,350 198 13,200 29,100 228 31,500 69,460 258 75,000 165,340139 2,430 5,360 169 5,800 12,790 199 13,600 29,990 229 32,500 71,660 259 77,500 170,660
140 2,500 5,510 170 6,000 13230 200 14,000 30870 230 33,500 73,870 260 80,000 176400141 2,575 5,680 171 6,150 13,560 201 14,500 31,970 231 34,500 76070 261 82,500 181,880142 2,650 5,840 172 6,300 13,890 202 15,000 33,070 232 35,500 78,280 262 85,000 187,390143 2,725 6,010 173 6,500 14,330 203 15,500 34,180 233 36,500 80,480 263 87,500 192,900144 2,800 6,170 174 6,700 14,770 204 16,000 35,280 234 37,500 82,690 264 90,000 198,450145 2,900 6,390 175 6,900 15,210 205 16,500 36,380 235 38,750 85,430 265 92,500 203,920146 3,000 6,610 176 7,100 15,650 206 17,000 37,480 236 40,000 88,200 266 95,000 209,440147 3,075 6,780 177 7,300 16,090 207 17,500 38,590 237 41,250 90,940 267 97,500 214,950148 3,150 6,950 178 7,500 16,530 208 18,000 39,690 238 42,500 93,710 268 100,000 220,500149 3,250 7,170 179 7,750 17,090 209 18,500 40,790 239 43,750 96,470 269 103,000 227,370
Symbol A2 A6 A8 B C D E F G
Speed (km/h)
10 30 40 50 60 65 70 80 90
Speed (mph)
6 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Speed Symbol
Examples of tyre marking23.5 R 25 MA02 TL 185 B: this tyre is able to carry 9.250 kg at a maximum speed of 50 km/h (20.390 lb at 30 mph)
Types of Tread compounds
TYRE MANAGEMENT
Load/Pressure
Optimal Load & Air Pressures
• Longer Tire Life• Fewer Cuts & Punctures• Increased Traction & Productivity• Increased Flotation
AIR PRESSURE CHECK MUST BE DONE WITH THE DAILY INSPECTION
ADVANTAGES:
Pressure maintenancePressure maintenance
Potential of tyre loss due to incorrect running pressure
x % of under / over inflation = y % tyre life loss
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
% Inflation Pressure
% P
erfo
rman
ce
UNDER INFLATION OVER INFLATION
Influence of Inflation Pressure on Average Tread Life
(Constant Load & P = Inflation Pressure)
100
85
70
50
0102030405060708090
100
P nom P nom+10%
P nom+20%
P nom+30%
Average Tread Life
Influence of Load on Average Tire Life
(Constant Inflation Pressure & Z = Load Carried)
100
85
70
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Z nom Z nom+10%
Z nom+20%
Z nom+30%
Tread Life
Influence of Inflation Presssure on Tread Cuts
(Constant Load & RPN = Recommended Pressure)
50
100
200
0
20
4060
80
100
120
140160
180
200
RPN -20% RPN RPN +20%
Tread Cut
Vulnerability
Influence of Load on Tread Cut Vulnerability
(Constant Inflation Pressure & Z = Load Carried)
100
110
120
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
Z nom Z nom +10% Z nom +20%
TREAD CUT
VULNERABILITY
Influence of Inflation Pressure on Chunking
(Constant Load & RPN = Recommended Pressure)
75
100
120
150
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
RPN -20% RPN RPN +20% RPN +30%
Chunking
Vulnerability
TYRE MANAGEMENT
Nitrogen
NITROGEN
• Nitrogen is used in tyres to avoid air leaking through the tyre wall, which results in under-inflation. The reason why nitrogen is used is because it is easy to produce, does not support combustion, has no smell and is also a component of atmospheric air.
• Correct inflation is highly significant when considering tyre life and performance. It is not always possible to look at a tyre and detect under-inflation. However, under-inflation can cause many tyre-related problems. As inflation pressure largely determines a tyre’s load capacity, under-inflation results in an overloaded tyre.
BENEFITS NITROGEN
• More stable tyre pressuresThe tyre pressure is maintained due to the molecules of nitrogen being 4 x times larger than that of oxygen therefore leaking through the tyre casing at a rate three times less than normal compressed air.
• Increased levels of grip and handlingAs the tyre pressure is maintained, the tyre maintains the correct contact with the road, ensuring the grip characteristics of the tyre are fully utilized.
• Improved fuel economyAs air is lost through the tyre, the contact point with the road increases, therefore increasing engine load and fuel usage. With nitrogen filled tyres, the correct tyre pressure is maintained ensuring the tyre’s contact point with the road remains constant.
BENEFITS NITROGEN
• Extended tyre lifeAs correct pressure is maintained in the nitrogen filled tyres, the tyres do not experience excessive wear due to deformation, under or over inflation, increasing the life of the tyres. For commercial operators, as there is no oxidation in the rim and case bands, there is much less chance of blowouts, and extended case life for retreadability.
• Enhanced safetyWith the tyre maintaining the correct pressure and contact with the road, handling and safety for the driver are greatly improved.
• No oxidation in rim and tyreAs nitrogen does not contain water vapour there is no oxidation with the rim, which can cause leakage through the valve core and an uneven surface for the bead to seat, and seal. Nitrogen does not bleed through the case wall of the tyre, and due to the absence of water vapour, does not corrode the steel strands in the tyre.
EFFECTS NITROGEN
TYRE MANAGEMENT
Liquifill
Liquifill Tyre Sealant
Seals punctures up to 0,5 cm No loss of air
OBJECTIVES
The fleet inspection will tell you :
• the condition of the tires in service, • which tires are due for front rotation, • If there are any front end problems on the haul trucks, • estimate of how many spares will be needed for the
next month.
The fleet survey should be performed on a weekly or monthly basis.
TYRE MANAGEMENT
Fleet inspection
Inspect tyres on machine
REASONS :• Assess the wear, pressures and tyre condition
• Detect the beginnings of tyre damage so the tyre can be removed for repaired or recapped before to severe.
• Diagnose mechanical damage will affect the tyre life. Examples : bend rock ejector, broken valve extention, leak.
INSPECTING THE TYRES
For a thorough and efficient inspection,
1. the tread band , which will give you the initial indications concerning the conditions in whichthe tire has been used.
2. the exterior of the first sidewall3. the interior of the opposite sidewall4. the bead heel of the first sidewall5. the exterior of the opposite sidewall6. the interior of the opposite sidewall7. bead heel of the opposite sidewall
A visual and tactile examination is used to search for possible distortions, tears and rough edges.
7
6
5
1
4
3
2
Vehicle Inspection
Check the AXLES Check the ROCK EJECTORS
Install SPILLAGE DEFLECTOR
Check the WHEEL ALIGNMENT
Check the BRAKESCheck the SUSPENSION
Check for LEAKAGE (fuel, oil, grease…)
Tyre Inpection ChartClient: Fictious MineAddress: Somewhere
MAGNA TYRES BRAZIL BVEARTHMOVER TIRE DIVISION
Tire Inspection ReportDate: 8 January 2009
Tire: MAGNA TYRES 27.00 R 49 MA04 ** TL Machine: CAT 777DOTD: 150 mm hard rock operations
Unit ID Wheel Serial No. Tire Hours RTD Tread Wear Tire Pressure RemarksPos. Manufacturer Type Running mm mm % % recomm. found
F.L. FVA 0940 V2A MA04 3.264 25 25 83% 83% 100 C 110 H451 F.R. CVA 0563 V9A MA04 3.264 22 26 85% 83% 100 C 106 H
R.R.O. BVA 0408 V4A MA04 2.561 23 21 85% 86% 100 C 90 HR.R.I. BVA 0456 V6A MA04 2.641 22 24 85% 84% 100 C 108 H
Hour Meter R.L.I. BVA 0400 V2A MA04 2.641 24 25 84% 83% 100 C 108 H27.622 R.L.O. BVA 0407 V5A MA04 2.641 23 24 85% 84% 100 C 110 H
F.L. XVA 0696 V6A MA04 3.131 18 20 88% 87% 100 C 98 C452 F.R. ZVA 0304 V8A MA04 2.497 24 26 84% 83% 100 C 95 C
truck not R.R.O. CVA 0566 V6A MA04 489 57 55 62% 63% 100 C 95 Coperational R.R.I. FVA 0955 V7A MA04 3.329 15 16 90% 89% 100 C 80 CHour Meter R.L.I. BVA 0400 V2A MA04 3.329 14 11 91% 93% 100 C 93 C
3.722 R.L.O. BVA 0407 V5A MA04 2.965 18 19 88% 87% 100 C 100 C
F.L. ZVA 0297 V5A MA04 4.159 13 22 91% 85% 100 C 98 H453 F.R. ZVA 0321 V1A MA04 4.036 15 26 90% 83% 100 C 100 H
R.R.O. BVA 0408 V4A MA04 85 63 63 58% 58% 100 C 112 HR.R.I. BVA 0456 V6A MA04 85 63 63 58% 58% 100 C 112 H
Hour Meter R.L.I. BVA 0400 V2A MA04 85 63 63 58% 58% 100 C 110 H29.131 R.L.O. BVA 0407 V5A MA04 85 62 62 59% 59% 100 C 98 H
Brand : _______________________ Date : __________________
Size / type : _______________________ Customer : __________________
Serial # : _______________________ Adress : __________________
RTD : ______mm wear : ______ % __________________
ExaminationReason For Removal : _____________________________________________
Reason For Scrapping : _____________________________________________
Additional Damages : _____________________________________________
Remarks : _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Performance# Vehicle Pos. Date fitted Date removed Performance
_ ______ ___ _________ ___________ _________ hrs
_ ______ ___ _________ ___________ _________ hrs
_ ______ ___ _________ ___________ _________ hrs
_ ______ ___ _________ ___________ _________ hrs
Total _________ hrs
Inner LinerRTD
Tyre Examination
CONTACT
• For more information:Berto Beulenkamp
Tel: +31 636 425 294
Elbert van den Brink
Tel: +31 613 499 918
MAGNA TYRES Brazil BV
Meikers 52
6846 HR ARNHEM
The Netherlands
