Types of Translation

Neslihan Kansu-YetkinerETI 301

R. Jacobson’s Semiotic Classification Semiotic approach to language ('there is no signatum

without signum' (1959:232) - three kinds of translation: Intralingual (within one language, i.e. rewording or

paraphrase)  

Interlingual (between two languages)   

Intersemiotic (between sign systems) interlingual translation (use of synonyms in order to get

the ST message across): i.e.: in interlingual translations there is no full

equivalence between code units

Intralingual translation

ŞERMİN'İN ELİFBESİ Elifbe'ni oku cicim Elif, be, te, se, cim, çim, Ha, hı, dal, zen, sin... yok, zel, rı, Ze, Je, sin, şın, sad, dad, tı, zı, Ayın, gayın, fe, kaf, kem, lâm, Yok, lâmelif; bir de gef var. Bir de üç noktalı kef var. Hangi harfler kalındırlar? Ha, hı, sad, dad, tı, zı, ayın, Gayın. Peki, bir de kaf var. En kalını gayın.

Binary classification

-Free vs. Literal -Covert vs. overt Semantic vs. communicative Documantary vs. instrumental

Sonnet 66

Tired with all these, for restful death I cry,As, to behold desert a beggar born,And needy nothing trimm'd in jollity,And purest faith unhappily forsworn,And guilded honour shamefully misplaced,And maiden virtue rudely strumpeted,And right perfection wrongfully disgraced,And strength by limping sway disabled,And art made tongue-tied by authority,And folly doctor-like controlling skill,And simple truth miscall'd simplicity,And captive good attending captain ill:Tired with all these, from these would I be gone,Save that, to die, I leave my love alone.–William Shakespeare

66. Sone bezdim hepsinden, ölüm gelse de huzur getirse;

hangisini saysam: haklının hakkı hıç verilmez; allı pullu giysi düşer, bes para etmez serseriye; en güvendiğin adam seni aldatmaktan çekinmez. ona buna hayasızca yaldızlı paye dağıtılır, tertemiz genç kıza düşüncesizce damga vurulur. sarsak yönetimlerce becerikli insanlar engellenir, kusursuz adını hak etmişe haksızca leke sürülür. kültürle bilimin dili bağlanir yetkili kişilerce bilgiç geçinen şarlatanlar yönetir bilgili adamı, ıyilik kıskıvrak kul köle edilir kötülüğe, doğru sözlü kişinin aptala çıkartılır adı. bezdim işte bunlardan ve hiç durmam bana kalsa; ölmek, sevdiğimi bir başına bırakıp gitmek olmasa.

Çevirne: Bülent Bozkurt

Vaz Geçtim Bu Dünyadan ( Shakespeare 66.Sone)Vazgeçtim bu dünyadanTek ölüm paklar beniDeğmez bu yangın yeriAvuç açmaya değmezDeğil mi ki çiğnenmiş inancın en seçkiniDeğil mi ki yoksullar mutluluktan habersizEzilmiş hor görülmüş el emeği göz nuruÖdlekler gecmiş başa derken mertlik bozulmuşDeğil mi ki korkudan dili bağlı sanatınDeğil mi ki çılgınlık sahip çıkmış düzeneDoğruya doğru derken eğriye çıkmış adınDeğil mi ki kötüler kadı olmuş yemen'eVazgeçtim bu dünyadanDünyamdan geçtim amaSeni yalnız komak varO koyuyor adama...

Türkçe söyleyen: Can Yücel

Free vs. Literal

Literal: word for word translation, so ungrammatical; the closest possible grammatical translation.

Barhudarov (1993) “the smaller the unit of translation the more literal the result, and the larger the unit, the freer the result.

Covert vs. Overt Translation by J. House Overt Translation where the traces or

features of SL text still remains in the translated text.

Covert Translation: the specifities of the Source culture are assimitlaed in the target language culture via a cultural filter such as the translated text looks like a new one or again as a text which is perefctly integrated into target culture.

Overt: TT addressees not being directly addressed (by

ST); ST tied to SL community and its culture; ST directed towards SL addressees but of interest

to TL readers. Covert:

ST not specifically aimed at SL readers; TT enjoys status of an original in TL culture ST and TT have equivalent purpose.

                                  House (1997)

Newmark’s Semantic vs. Communicative Translation Nida's 'receptor'-oriented approach is 'illusory': The gap between SLT and TLT will always remain a permanent

problem in both TR theory and practice How can the gap be narrowed?:

SEMANTIC vs COMMUNICATIVE translation ... attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close

as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. (cf. Nida's dynamic eq.)

... attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original.

Documentary vs. Instrumental

Classification according to TT function: A documentary translation: A documentary translation is

manifestly a document of another text, it is overtly a translation of something else. Insofar as it presents itself as a report of another communication, it is a bit like reported speech.

An instrumental translation :Instrumental translation, on the other hand, functions as an instrument of communication in its own right, it works independently of a source text, and is judged on how well it expresses its message. So instrumental translation is a bit like direct speech..

 Nord (1997)

Instrumental translating: ST words are of no relevance to TT

readers; What counts is being able to assemble

the equipment; Focus on ‘perlocutionary effect’ or

reader response. Can be co-written instead of

translated.

The language functions: An overview

The language functions are basically established in the bases if what the speaker/writer does, or wants to do, or achieve, with the text in question and on the intended effect on the readership.

The functions are: the expressive function: expresses the speaker/writer's

mind and feelings the informative function: expresses the fact or reality

outside of language, expressed in the text (what Newmark calls the truth and what others call the propositional content of the text)

the vocative function: focusing on the listener/reader and the textual effect on them

the aesthetic function: directed at pleasing the senses through sound and imagery

the phatic function: maintenance of friendly relations, or friendly contact, with the listener/reader without too much focus on information and content

the metalingual function: allowing you to use language to talk/write about language and

communication

The three primary functions

1-The Expressive function The expressive function of language allows one to express one's mind

orfeelings.

Examples of text types that fall under the rubric of the expressive function are:

serious imaginative literature: lyrical poetry, short stories, novels and plays●authoritative statements: texts by authors who are authoritative figures

within the field they●write about such as political speeches and documents by party leaders

legal documents, acknowledged academic works by authoritative figures etc.

autobiographies, essays, personal correspondences etc.

2-The informative function

The informative function of language covers those parts of language that allow you to express a certain factual content or topic. Texts falling under this function are typically textbooks, technical reports, articles in newspapers and periodicals, scientific papers and the like.

Examples:-academic papers: formal, non-emotive, technical in style;

passives, present and perfect tenses, literal language, Latinized vocabulary, technical jargon, nominal compounds, few metaphors

-textbooks: neutral and informal in style: first person plurals, present tenses, dynamic active verbs and basic conceptual metaphors

-popular science texts and art books: informal and warm (WTF?) in style; simple syntactic structures, wide range of vocabulary which is yet simple, stock metaphors

3-The vocative functions

The vocative function, just like the vocative case in Latin and vocative tags in English, is to do with

the effect of language upon the reader/listener, but also the impact of the relation between sender and recipient upon the style of the text.

The following are typically dependent on the relation between sender and recipient:

forms of address (T/V distinctionimperativessubjunctivespassives/activestitles“please”-tags and other politeness markers

The secondary functions the aesthetic function: aspects of

language that please the senses such as metaphors, rhymes,alliterations, onomatopoeia etc., all of which are often extremely difficult to translate.

the phatic function: which allows for the maintenance of friendly contact between

writer/speaker and reader/listener and covers phaticisms like “How are you?”, ”, “You know” as well as certain modal particles.

Reiss (1970s) Functional approach

Classification of texts as: 'informative‘ 'expressive‘ 'operative‘ 'audiomedial'

Reiss (1971) Text types

Reiss > Chesterman (1989) Text types and varieties

To decide on text type and to determine the adequacy of the TT

Check list by K. Reiss:

-Intrainguistic criteria: semantic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic features.

-Extralinguistic Criteria:Situation, field subject, time, place, autho sender’s / receiver’s implications.

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From the Old School M. Stanley Bubien "You're a teacher?" she asked. "What kind of students do you

have?" "Smart ones," I answered with a smile. "Uh... I mean what nationality." "Mostly Hispanic. Mexican Americans, you know? I actually had to

speak Spanish to get my job." "Oh!" "Some African Americans." "Mmm..." "One American Indian." "Ah..." "And a number of Asian Americans." "Yes, but don't you teach any real Americans?"

A Computer-Generated Story Looflirpa [Editors Note: The following was submitted by the creators of

Looflirpa---a sophisticated artificial intelligence which actually writes stories! Though slightly nonsensical, it demonstrates compelling possibilities in the field of computer-generated art.]

Time upon a once, a tried computer to story a write. It words confused, shallow characters had, the plot fouled, and incorporated theme never. Realized finally it, "computer-generated art" was oxymoron an.

Exercises…