UNIT 65 - LIGHTING

Types Of Lighting Equipment

Studio Due – City colour 2500

The city centre light is similar to the wash light as it projects one block of colour, the colour gets brighter as the lamp heats up. The light gets very hot however the heat is distributed so it is not one part of the light getting hot and doing damage to the light. This light is also water proof so it can be used in any weather conditions. The powerful light beam can create numberless colour shades. The studio due city centre was selected to illuminate the major section of the mast in Australia. I found one if these lights for 1,900 euros for second hand on sourceEurope.com. You would use them outside or in a large venue because they produce a large amount of lights and are very bright and have a large spread.

The difference between the city colour and nova flower are, the city colour stays still and does not move, the nova flower moves in various positions so the nova flower would be better for more exciting lighting.

• SOURCE MSA/DE 2500W Lamp life 2.000 hours Color temperature 6.000 K Luminous flux 260.000 lm • OPTIC COLOR SYSTEM Full CYM color mixing, unlimited variety of colours and shades. High resolution stepper motors The color changer can be drived with 4 different speeds or in real time Shutter + dimmer • BEAM ANGLE (50% intensity) 50°x52° • HEAD ROTATION Up to 260° • CONTROL INPUT Standard interface: RS-485; opto-couplet input Protocol: USITT DMX 512 Software upgrade from DMX line • SETUP AND CONFIGURATION Dynamic menus for customization of all fixture functions • AUTO MODE Stand-alone control: auto mode function master/slave (synchro mode) with internal present • IP 54 RATE • POWER SUPPLY (magnetic ballast) Rated voltage: 230V~ /50Hz

Scenario: I would use this light outside as it is IP rated, I would use it to light up buildings such as a castle, it is very bright due to its 2500 watt lamp and has a wide beam angle of 50°x52° meaning less fixtures could be used.

Comparison: I would use this over a nova flower light because the nova flower does not wash a wall/room, it creates a pattern.

Advantages:• Wide spread• IP rated• Very bright • Full CYM color

mixing• unlimited variety of

colours and shades

Disadvantages:• Heavy which means it

is hard to manœuvre• Expensive to run due

to the high watt lamp• Expensive to buy• Very hot due to the

lamp

The nova flower is a 1200 watt lamp which is waterproof so it can be used in any weather conditions. The light beam projects onto a metal plate and goes up into the sky making a moon flower shape in a vary of colours. The nova flower is weighed about 88kg which means It is too heavy to transport easily so it is placed on a flight case so you can easily wheel it around. The nova flower has 14 channels: 1) colours, all the combinations, 2) colours motors speed, 3) reflectors speed, 4) lamp on/off + reset, 5) shutter, 6) magenta, 7) cyan, 8) yellow, 9) pan 8 beats, 10) tilt 8 beats, 11) pan 16 beats, 12) tilt 16 beats, 13) pan speed, 14) tilt speed. This light has been used at big venues and had a huge impact including the Paul O'Grady show and the x-factor and the mtv awards. I found a nova light second hand for £3,500, however you could double the price if it was brand new.

Comparison: The difference between the nova flower and a moving head are the following: a moving head is a lot smaller and doesn’t produce as much light, the nova flower is a lot brighter and bigger.

Nova Flower Light

Scenario: I would use this light outside as it is waterproof or indoors at a concert or extremely large theatre as they give out a lot of light due to the 1200 watt lamp.

Advantages: • IP rated • 1200 watt lamp• Can be wheeled around

in a case• Variety of colors• Many different features

Disadvantages:• The nova flower

is weighed about 88kg which means It is too heavy to transport easily • Expensive to buy

and run

Moving Head• The ultra-compact MAC 101 LED moving head wash is available in three white light versions

that expand its use to applications where high quality, pure white light is needed. The MAC 101 CT incorporates both cold and warm LEDs instead of RGB for a better white light quality and greater output. Colour temperature calibrated to ensure visual consistency across fixtures, the MAC 101 CT allows for easy changes in colour temperature from crisp cold looks to warm shades, and features simple intensity control.

• High quality LED white light• Ideal for highlighting skin tones, textiles or set pieces• Variable colour temperature• Tight and punchy beam effects, long throw• Multiple field angle options for a perfect wash• Incredibly fast and precise movement• Less than 125 watt total power requirement• Ultra-compact, low weight design (3.7 kg)• Power and data daisy-chainThis is a great light to wash the stage with, it enables me to have choice over any colour and anywhere on the stage or venue. This light is different to the other moving head because it incorporates both warm and cold LED'S instead of RGB.Scenario: I would use this light to wash the stage with a block colour as it isn’t very big and is easy to place. I would use this light in a concert to create effects for the performance.

Comparison:The difference between a moving head and a Fresnel light are the following: a moving light can be various difference colours and can move at many angles. The Fresnel is set as white or clear and lights up one area as it stays still.

Advantages:• High quality LED white

light• Ideal for highlighting skin

tones, textiles or set pieces• Tight and punchy beam

effects, long throw• Incredibly fast and

precise movement

Disadvantages:• Not as bright as a

lamp• Has a defined edge

so trying to create a wash effect would only be possible by using many fixtures

Types Of LightingIn our lesson today we explored different types of lights other than DMX. We got given a work sheet which had five different types of lights including; Fresnel, profile, PC, flood and parcan. • Fresnel;The Fresnel light uses a circular reflector. The lens is not very precise however it gives a very soft edged beam as well as spreading a great deal of light outside the beam (spill). The light can be focused in order to alter the size of the light beam but it cannot project gobo images. Even though the Fresnel light isn't very efficient, it is a good light for stage lighting, especially at close and medium ranges to the subject

• Packs Small and Light• No Noise.• Low Power Draw• No Spare Bulbs to Buy or Carry• Low Maintenance Cost & Downtime• Very Portable. Use it Anywhere!• Extremely Versatile Light

• Thin & Lightweight Design• High 97+ CRI• Water Resistant IP54 Rating• Continual Focus- Variable Spot-Flood• Completely Silent Operation• Single Shadow Beam Shaping• Fully Dimmable 100 – 0%• 3200K or 5600K Versions• DMX or Wireless Operation• Battery or Worldwide AC Power• Yoke Mount for Pan & Tilt• Sturdy, Durable Aluminum Construction• Made Production Tough in the USA

Scenario: I would use this light to wash a stage for a theatrical production as it is a flood of light and you can put coloured gel in front of it to create a coloured light.

Comparison:The Fresnel is the opposite to a pin spot because the Fresnel lights up a big area and the pin spot only lights up a small area.

Advantages:• Spreading a great deal of

light outside the beam • It is a small and light

fixture• No noise output because

it has no fans

Disadvantages:• High power consumption• High heat output • Not waterproof• You cannot control the

beam of light meaning you have to use barn doors to define the surface needing light

• Only provides one light

Types Of LightingLED Pin spot 2The LED Pin spot 2 includes two front focal lens options to produce hard-edge beams for a variety of applications. The LED Pin spot 2 is extremely lightweight, at less than one pound, and is powered by a 3W white LED. The auto switching power supply allows the fixture to adapt to the voltage provided, ranging from 100V to 240V.

• Light Source: 1 (white) 3W (700mA) LED 50,000hrs• Beam Angle: 6° (installed), 9° (included) • Illuminance (6°): 4,120 lux @ 2m • Illuminance (9°): 1,335 lux @ 2m • Input Voltage: Auto-ranging 100 - 240VAC 50/60Hz• Power and Current: 4W, 0.1A @ 230V 50Hz • Weight: 0.4kg• Size: 193 x 105 x 148mm• Approvals: CE

Comparison:The pin spot is very different to a Fresnel light because it is a very narrow spot light and you could not light up a stage with a pin spot, only a small area of the stage or a person.

Advantages: • Very light and small which

means it is easy to move • Variety of applications

Disadvantages:• Cannot create a food of

light• Only has one color

source (white)

Scenario:I would use this light to light up a musician during a gig.

• Flood;The flood is an uncontrolled light which produces a very large area of illumination. It has no lens and relies on a large reflector to direct the light out which results in a cheap and efficient light which produces a large amount of spill.

Types Of Lighting

Technical SpecificationVoltage 110 – 240 Driver IntegralLamp col. 6000K PIR detection angle 120°PIR detection range 8-12mtr Timer 10s – 10minLux level 10 – 100 lux IP Rating IP65

Features• Energy efficient replacement for traditional tungsten

halogen fittings• Available with PIR with built in dusk till dawn sensor• Complete with mounting bracket and 0.9m flex• Built in integral driver

Comparison:The difference between a flood and a pin spot is the flood is a flood of light and produces a large area of light however the pin spot only gives a small spot of light.

Scenario: I would use this light outside or inside as it is water resistant, I would use it to light up a building.

Advantages:• Large area of illumination• Large amount of spill• IP rated

Disadvantages:• Hasn’t got a very high

voltage • It is a flood light which

means you cannot create a precise spot light or shape

Setting Up Equipment

In today's lesson the lighting group looked at our lighting kit list and went into the workshop and got out the equipment we had listed. The lights in these pictures are outdoor fixtures will be used to light up the outside of the Studio school.

Cue Sheets ExplainedA cue sheet can be defined as a sequential list of changes running through a performance. It can be used to document lighting changes, sound changes, special effects and set movement. They are used by technicians to ‘run’ a show and get all the elements of the show in the correct order at the correct time. Large shows have a single cue sheet on which all the cues for all the elements are listed, along with the position in the script at which they happen. This is referred to as the book and is used by the stage manager to call the show, a process by which each cue is relayed back to the various operators running the show.

Cue Number

Act Scene

Cue Point Page

Cue Description

LX 34

Ac I ScIII

The stage left door is shut

19 Hall light is dimmed to 30%

LX 35

AcI ScIII

Stuart says “Shall we go outside?”

20 Lights in lounge dim slowly and lights in bedroom go on.

LX 36

AcI ScIII

Music stops 20 All stage lights dim to black and audience lights come up.

Setting Up LightsToday we went into the warehouse to see what we remember on setting up lights. We got into groups and got given four stratus washes and two moving heads, we then had an hour to make them work. First we collected the cables we needed (dmx and iec) and extension leads, we then plugged them all in, making sure the input and output was correct. We then had to ensure the channels were the correct number, the dot under the number tells us that the numbers go up in 3 so our four stratus washes were channels 1,4,,7,10. However, the moving heads have 14 fixtures which meant they were 13 and 27. We had a few problems when setting up such as: connecting the inputs and outputs incorrect and not remembering how to change the channels. Once we were happy with the lights, Paul checked they were all right we used sunlight software to ensure we had all the channels in the right order and to make sure we had all out channels on the correct fixture. Once the sunlight software had downloaded all the lights worked which meant we had set it up correct.

Cue Number

Act Scene

Cue Point Page

Cue Description

SX 15

Act ISc III

At start of scene when lights go up.

22 Sound of birds and gentle wind which carries on for 5m35s.

SX 16

Act ISc III

5 seconds after lightning is seen on stage.

23 Crack of thunder

SX 17

Act ISc III

Janet says “how are we going to get home now?”

30 Sound of car pulling up and stopping.

Cue number – The number of the next cue. The prefix can be LX, SX, FX or Rail (used for fly cues).

Act/Scene – The act and scene in which the cue takes place.

Cue point – The specific point in the performance at which the cue will take place.

Page – Page number of the script.

Cue Description – Description of what changes will take place during the cue.

UNIT 65 - SOUND

SM58Microphones:The three different types of microphones are the Shure SM58 which is used for vocals as it has a circular pattern. I would use this for a musician when recording vocals.

Advantages: • Isolates background noise • Good for vocals • Durable construction • Can be used indoors and outdoors

Disadvantages: • Only used for vocals, not

instruments• Technology is not good as it from

the 70’s• In comparison to other

microphones it is quite cheep

Brand - ShureItem Weight - 299 gProduct Dimensions -26.2 x 12.5 x 8.4 cmItem model number - SM58-LCScreen Size - 1 inches

http://www.amazon.co.uk/Shure-SM58-LC-SM58-Vocal-Microphone/dp/B000CZ0R42

Comparison: I would choose this microphone over an SM57 because it has a pop shield.

Scenario: I would use this microphone when a musician is performing.

SM57Shure SM57 which is used for instruments as it has a high sound pressure level.

Advantages:• Picks up all instruments sound because it has a high SPL

(sound pressure level)• Can pick up amplified sound or acoustic • Robust microphone

Disadvantages: • Only used for instruments• Not recommended for vocals• Unlike a condenser it cannot pick up sound from a

distance

Type DynamicFrequency Response 40 to 15,000 HzPolar Pattern CardioidSensitivity(at 1,000 Hz Open Circuit Voltage)Open Circuit Voltage: -56.0 dBV/Pa* (1.6 mV)*(1 Pa = 94 dB SPL)Impedance Rated impedance is 150Ω (310Ω actual) for connection tomicrophone inputs rated low impedance.Polarity Positive pressure on diaphragm produces positive voltage on pin 2 with respect to pin 3.Case Dark gray, enamel-painted, die-cast steel with a polycarbonategrille and a stainless steel screen.Connector Three-pin professional audio connector (male XLR type)Net Weight 284 grams (10 oz)Dimensions 157 mm (6-3/16 in.) L x 32 mm (1-1/4 in.) W at the widest point

Comparison: I would use this microphone over a SM58 to pick up instruments sound because it can withstand a very high SPL (sound pleasure level)

Scenario: I would use those microphone to pick up sound at a gig.

Speakers There are two types of speakers, active and passive. Active speakers have a amplifier built into them, however passive speakers do not which means they have to be plugged into a separate amp.

Active: As active speakers have an amplifier built in they are a lot easier to use as you can only use one or daisy them. Because there is no need for an external amp, active speakers are a lot more convenient for music gigs.

Advantages: • Has a wide range • High frequencies of up to 18

kHz• Has a built in handle which

means it is easy to move

Disadvantages:• You cannot have control of all the

speakers in one place as the amps are external

• To turn them all on you would have to go round to all the speakers

Comparison: I would use this speaker if I was a mobile DJ because they do not need a lot of equipment and it is easier to carry and pack away.

Scenario: I would use this speaker if I was a mobile DJ because it is easier to carry around and I would not need more than 1-2.

Passive SpeakersA passive speaker doesn't have a built-in amplifier; it needs to be connected to your amplifier through normal speaker wire. This speaker level signal has been amplified enough to drive the speakers sufficiently.

Crossover Frequency: 380Hz & 3.8kHzDimensions: H 740mm 29.1" W 330mm 13.0" D 465mm 18.3"Drive Units: LF 250mm PMC Carbon Fibre /Nomex™ piston driver , MF 75mm doped fabric , HF 27mm fabric soft domeEffective ATL™ Length: 2.4m 8ftImpedance: 4 Ohm nominalInput Connectors: 3 Pairs 4mm Sockets (Tri-wire or Tri-Amp)Recommended Amp Power: 120-500WSensitivity: 89dB 1W 1mUseable Frequency Response: 25Hz-25kHz Peak SPL @ 1M: 116dBWeight: 36kg 79.2lbs

Advantages: • You can control them all

at the same time/place• You don’t need lots of

power

Disadvantages:• You need to carry a lot more

equipment • A lot more time consuming

Comparison: I would use these speakers over active speakers in a large venue when more speakers are needed because they are easier to control.Scenario: I would use these speakers in a large theatre because they are easier to control at one time.

Mixing Desk While being compact and light enough for one person to move and set up easily, this model includes features that have been field-proven in previous Yamaha digital consoles as well as outstanding sonic quality.

Advantages: • High-quality components and exceptionally

rugged construction ensure long life• Long-wearing 60 mm logarithmic-taper faders

and sealed rotary controls

The Behringer XL3200 features 28 state-of-the-art XENYX Mic Preamps plus 4 stereo Line inputs with ultra-high RFI suppression designed for live applications. ALso Neo-classic "British" 4-band EQs with 2 semi-parametric mid bands for a warm and musical sound.

Disadvantages:• Hard to manoeuvre • Expensive to buy

Scenario: I would use a mixing desk at a theatre performance.

Comparison: I would pick this piece of equipment as it has saved scenes and effect and the Alon and Heith ZED 436 doesn’t.

VIDEO EQUIPMENT

Video Equipment Panasonic HC-MDH2 AVCHD Shoulder Mount Camcorder (PAL)

• 1/2.33" MOS Full HD Sensor• Intelligent Auto Mode• Illuminated Ring Indicates Camera Status• Transfer Files Without a Computer• Manual Control of Lens Functions

Scenario: I would use this at a large festival which is being filmed because it is shoulder mount which means the camera operator can have it on their shoulder and film the best bits.

Advantages: • Full HD recording• Intelligent zoom• Wide-viewing angle • Auto and manual focus

Disadvantages:• Small hand held which means

it can be dropped and broken easily

• No interchangeable lenses

Comparison: I would use the Panasonic HC-MDH2 over the HC-V130EB-K for outdoors use because it has a better zoom.

Canon Cinema EOS C300Features: • Compact body• SDI output• Full manual output • 8.3 megapixel

Advantages:• Exposure and focus are both

manual • Compact and lightweight• Three built-in ND filters

Disadvantages: • Doesn’t have a built in

mic • Menu options are

confusing

Comparison: I would use a Canon Cinema EOS C300 over a Canon Legria HF G30 camcorder because it has built in ND filters (neutral density where the other doesn’t.

Scenario: I would use this piece of equipment for filming outdoors because due to the ND filters the lighting of the footage would be balanced without too much exposure.

Long Throw Projector • Some come in HD • Can do live feed from a video camera • Can play DVD’s • The further away you put the projector the less defined the projection will be• To prevent shadows you can invert the image and put the projector behind the back

drop• You use a long throw projector over a short throw projector if you have a large space

and throwing the projection a long wayScenario: You would use a long throw projector in a large space like a Christmas show in a hall.

Comparison: You would use a long throw projector over a short throw projector if you have a large space. This is because the close this projector is to what is projecting on, the smaller the image.

Advantages: • You can have it far away from

where you are projecting • You can produce a larger image

Disadvantages:• You cannot use it close as it will

be distorted and too small of an image

Short Throw Projector Advantages: • You can manually focus the image • Can play DVD’s• Has a USB input• Has a flip out mirror• You can invert the image to prevent

shadows

Disadvantages: • You cannot use it in a large space

otherwise it will be pixelated Comparison:You would use a short throw projector over a long throw projector if you only had a small space because you can only ‘throw’ the image being projected a certain distance before it starts to become pixelated.

Scenario:I would use a short throw projector in a small space because it cannot be projected far.

Qlab

Mac

Matrix

Projector

Advantages:• Qlab is a software which only works on Macs • It allows you to play multiple videos with Matrix• Using qlab can project more than one image or stretch a

single image across three screens • You can use this to project something for a school play ect• You can pre programme a show with sound, lighting and

video cues

Disadvantages:• Qlab is a software which only works on Macs

Comparison: I would use Qlab over a Green Hippo Hippotizer HD Media Server because it takes up less room and is cheaper.

Scenario: I would use Qlab when a big perfomance was happening which includes many different sound, lighting and video ques.