Types of Fire Extinguishers

(a) (b) (c)

Screw Drivers

Open-end spanner Ring spanner

http://www.suryaforge.com/Dutch/HandTools.html http://www.suryaforge.com/Dutch/HandTools.html

Spanners (Wrench)

Combination spanner open-ring spanner Shifting spanner

http://dir.indiamart.com/jalandhar/ring-spanner.html http://www.mitrax.com.au/store/product/16-5-piece-stanley-tool-kit-with-fatmax-linesman-pliers-cutters-locking-pliers-and-a-shifting-

spanner.html

Spanners (Wrench)

http://www.architexa.com/images/thumbnails/ http://www.robbprecisiontool.com/electronic-torque-wrenches.html

Pipe wrench Torque wrench

Spanners (Wrench)

Needle Nose pliers Round Nose pliers

Pliers

Diagonal pliers Slip Joint pliers

http://www.eastwood.com/channellock-reg-337-7in-diagonal-pliers-lap-joint.html

http://toolguyd.com/tektons-usa-pliers-deal-072014/

http://www.suggest-keywords.com/bGluZW1hbiBwbGllcnM/

Lineman's pliers

Pliers

Ball pen hammer Sledge hammer

http://www.implantedword.com/forced-by-the-court-to-support-sinhttp://www.wellforce-osk.com/detail.aspx?itemno=91116&productid=1874&pfourmenu=10

Hammer

Hacksaw

Chisel

Bench Vice

Try Square

Spade bit

Lip & spur bit

Masonry bit

Twist drill bit

Drill Bits

Allen Key

Neon Tester MalletCrimping Tool

http://www.cits.net.au/rg58-rg174-crimp-tool-for-sma-smb-connectors

The process of joining two or more metal wires by melting and putting a solder metal into the joint.

Solder wire Solder iron

Soldering

https://www.bluesea.com/products/category/15/46/Fuses/AGC_Fuses

Fuse

Source: http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jeee/Papers/Vol9-issue5/Version-1/G09514449.pdf

Types of Fuse

Cartridge Fuse

Totally Enclosed or Cartridge Type In this type of fuse has a completely closed container and there are contacts (metal) on either side. The level of sub division in this case includes, D type, Link Type.

HRC Fuse

High rupturing capacity fuse of highly heat resistant material (such as ceramic) body having metal-end caps, which is welded by silver current carrying element. The fuse body internal space is completely packed with a filling powder. The material, which has filled the insider space, may be plaster of Paris, quartz, chalk, marble, dust and cooling mediums etc.

Source: https://electroniclevel3.wikispaces.com/HRC+Fuses

Miniature Circuit breaker (MCB)

Source: http://www.electricalsindia.com/prod4.html

It is a device which automatically switches off the circuit during short circuit condition or abnormal signal

Moulded Case Circuit breaker (MCCB)

An MCCB provides protection by combining a temperature sensitive device with a current sensitive electromagnetic device. Both these devices act mechanically on the trip mechanism.

Moulded case circuit breakers can range in size from 32amperes up to 3000 amperes.

Source: http://www.studyelectrical.com/2015/01/moulded-case-circuit-breakers-mccb.html

Earth Leakage Circuit breaker (ELCB)

ELCB is short form of Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker which is a Residual Current device (RCD). Its is designed toprovide protection against electrocution or electrical fires by cutting off the flow of electric automatically when it senses a'leakage' of electric current from a circuit.

Source: http://www.studyelectrical.com/2015/05/residual-current-circuit-breakers-elcb-rccb-rcbo-working-principle.html

• Sensitivity - Milli Amperes (mA)• Current Rating - Amperes (A)• Short Circuit Rating - Kilo Amperes (kA)

Residual Current Devices have the following Specifications

Types of Wires

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire

Solid wire, also called solid-core or single-strand wire,consists of one piece of metal wire. Solid wire is useful forwiring breadboards. Solid wire is cheaper to manufacturethan stranded wire and is used where there is little need forflexibility in the wire.

Solid wire

Stranded wire is composed of a number of smallwires bundled or wrapped together to form alarger conductor. Stranded wire is more flexiblethan solid wire of the same total cross-sectionalarea. Stranded wire tends to be a better conductorthan solid wire because the individual wirescollectively comprise a greater surface area.

Stranded wire

Application Cable/Wire Type Remarks

Array Wiring USE-2, TC(THWN-2 or THWN) UV and Temp Resistant, Multi Stranded flexible cable

Battery Cables RHHW-2 Flexible Multistranded

External Outdoor usage Use-2 Moisture & Sunlight resistant suitable for high temperature (90 °C)

Interconnect PV Modules Tray Cable Energy transmission cable which is sunlight resistant

PV to Inverter Wiring UF (Underground Feeder) Good conductivity, can easily bend, not suitable for direct sunlight

PV to Inverter Wiring THHN (Dry Location)THWN (Wet Location)

Good conductivity, suitable for very high temperature and moisture, difficult to bend

Interior Exposed/ Indoor Wiring over short distance

NM/NMC/UF (Non-Metallic, Multiconductor) Wire

For short distance wiring in the house

Types of Wires for PV location

Insulation Defines three :1. Max. operating Temperature

2. Application & Environmental Resistance

3. Safety

Protect personal/Equipment from Shock

Conductor from rain, temp.

A system Efficiency parameter

Cable insulation

Alternating Current (AC) Wiring Direct Current (DC) Wiring

Color Application Color Application

Red Live Red Positive

Black Neutral Black Negative

Green Earthing/Grounding/Equipment Ground

Green Earthing/Grounding/Equipment Ground

Colour Code of Wires

Wire Size(mm2)

Ampacity (amps.) Voltage Loss Factor(Volt/amp/foot)

2.5 32 0.0084864

4 42 0.0052881

6 54 0.0034434

10 73 0.0021112

16 98 0.0013206

25 129 0.0008371

35 158 0.0005614

50 198 0.0004183

70 245 0.0003151

95 292 0.0002406

120 344 0.0001907

150 391 0.0001518

Wire Size (AWG Standards)

Electrical Wire Sizing

Wiring Accessories

Others

Cable LugsCable TiesConduits

Wiring Accessories

Bend Couplers Saddles Clamps

Simple Electric Circuit

Source: https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/electrotech/toolbox1204/resources/01principles/05circuits/04circuit.htm, https://www.teachengineering.org/view_lesson.php?url=collection/cub_/lessons/cub_electricity/cub_electricity_lesson05.xml

Open Circuit Closed CircuitShort Circuit

Ohm’s Law

The potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is proportional to the current through it.

The constant of proportionality is called the "resistance", R.Ohm's Law is given by:

V (voltage) = I (Current)* R (Resistance)

where V is the potential difference between two points which include a resistance R. I is the current flowing through the resistance. For biological work, it is often preferable to use the conductance, g = 1/R; In this form Ohm's Law is: I = g V

Source: https://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/tutorials/ohm/Q.ohm.intro.html

Series Circuit

Source: http://www.pcbheaven.com/wikipages/Connecting_Resisto

Resistance adds up when connected in series.

R= R1 +R2 +R3 +…….. Rn

Parallel Circuit

Sources: http://www.ducksters.com/science/physics/resistors_in_series_and_parallel.php

Resistance reduces when connected in parallel

1/R= 1/R1 +1/R2 +1/R3 +…….. 1/Rn

Series Parallel Circuit

Source: http://people.sinclair.edu/nickreeder/eet1150/mod08.htm

Rheostat

Its is a variable resistor device usually used to measure voltage and current over variable resistance

Source: http://www.steadresistors.com/products/wire-wound-rheostats.htm

Common Electrical Accessories

Source: http://www.londonelectriciansdirect.co.uk/electrical-services/extra-sockets/

Switch

Socket

Plug

Source: http://www.londonelectriciansdirect.co.uk/electrical-services/extra-sockets/

Common Electrical Accessories

Bulb

Source: http://www.londonelectriciansdirect.co.uk/electrical-services/extra-sockets/

Common Electrical Accessories

Tube light

Work is product of force applied to move an object by a distance s in the direction of force

Work done= Force* Distance

Force = Mass* acceleration

SI unit of work is joules (J)

Mechanical work is product of force on an object with object’s velocity

Mechanical Work = Force * Velocity

Work

Mechanical Work

When electric current is made to pass through an element with high resistance, it produces heat. Most common application of heat from electric current are electric heaters

Heating effect of electric current