Pavol Szabo

Introduction to macro- and microscopic

anatomy of the bones and joints

Endo- vs exosceleton

Long

Short

Flat

Pneumatic

Long bone-schematic presentation

http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/02701ooa.htm

Grim et al. Základy anatomie, Galén, 2001

Epiphysis

Spongióza

Compact

Diaphysis

Spongiform

Epiphysis

Architecture of femoral head and neck

hsc.unm.edu/…/histology/lab1/laboratory_1.html

Direction of trabecules as

reponse to forces – gothic arch

Compact bone-concentric cylindric osteons,

superficial lamellas, periosteum

Facstaff.bloomu.edu/jhranitz/courses/APHNT/html

Grim et al. Základy anatomie, Galén, 2001

11

1. Cylidric osteon

2. Coat lamellas

3. Periosteum

12

23

3

Compact bone-osteon

classroom.sdmesa.edu/…/connective.htm

Haversův kanál

Concentric bone

lamellas with

Haversian canal in

center. Osteocytes in

lacunas have long

branches

Bone cells-osteoblasts

http://www.histologia.cm-uj.krakow.pl/Tk_podporowe/osteoblasty2.jpg

Osteoblasts are located

on surface of bone

trabecules and produce

new bone matrix

Bone cells-osteocytes

www.bioengn.auckland.ac.nz

Osteocytes are originated from

osteoblasts. They are responsible

for bone metabolism and fine

exchange of bone matrix. They are

are also participating in the control

of calcemia

Bone cells-osteoclasts

http://www.gcarlson.com/images3/osteoclast_activity.jpg

http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/HistoImages/hl4B-76.jpg

Osteoclasts are formed by fusion of mononuclear precursors similar

to monocytes. They resorb the bone matrix.

Foreign body giant multinucleate cells

These cells are similar to osteoclasts. Theory of bone as depo

„toxic calcium?

Bone extracellular matrix and minerals

http://mayoresearch.mayo.edu/mayo/research/bone_histo

morphometry_lab/images/tph1084206_08.jpg

http://133.100.213.46/photo/T-Collagen.jpeg

Collagen represents a site of

formation of crystals of

hyroxyapatite. Using pulse of

tetracycline we can

demonstrate a site of

mineralisation.

Calcemia

2,25-2,75 nMol/L

Hypocalcemia: paresthesy, tetanism

Hypercalcemia: indispositing, vomitting, arrythmia

Osteogenesis imperfecta

http://www.humpath.com/IMG/jpg/osteogenesis_impe

rfecta_type2__21w_07_3.jpg

Mutation of gene coding

collagen in chromosome 17

is responsible for failure of

mineralisation and

increased fragility of bones.

Bone vessels

http://www.lcusd.net/lchs/mewoldsen/AP103-02.JPG

The most important

vessels pass to bone

via periosteum to

chanels of Volkman

Bone remodelling

http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/gebs/faculty/Images/puzasimg.gif

The resorption and formation of

new bone must be ballanced. If

not, the risk of osteoporosis or

osteopetrosis is increased

http://www.parathyroid.com/images/boneD

ensity.gif

http://www.mef.hr/Patologija/ch_26/c26_s26.jpg

Bone scan

www.med.harvard.edu/JPNM/TF99_00/April18/BoneScan.gif

Detection of bone metastases using

radioisotope

Ossification chondrogenic

desmogenní

Desmogenic

http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab

8/Images/CTL36.JPG

Osteo-progenitor cells are formed from mesenchym,

finally cells differentiated to osteocyts,

Matrix mineralisation

Growth cartilage

Reserve layer –margine between epiphisis and growth layer, spheroid cells, vessels direction to proliferation layerFunction: synthesis and storage of nutrition

Proliferation layer – formation of chondrocytes to column, mother cells on base of layer, lot of collagen fibres, cell proliferation, production of ECM

Hypertrofic layer – prepare of ECM to calcification

http://www.szote.u-szeged.hu/radio/csont/csont4c.gif

http://7e.devbio.com/images/ch06/4cdysplasia.GIF

Chondrodystrophy

Bone marrow

http://www-sdc.med.nagasaki-

u.ac.jp/n50/disaster/BMFum-b-big.gif http://nmf.jax.org/images/bone_marrow_normal_copy.jpg

http://neurobio.mcphu.edu/FischerWeb/images/bone%20marrow%20stromal%20cells.jpg

Bone marrow- site of stem cells

Conclusions

• Bone is the main supporting system of body

• Bone is highly metabolically active

• Bone is responsible fo the control of

calcemia

• Bone is in the regimenn of permanent

remodelling

Common arthrology

Fibrous joint – syndesmosis, sutura, gomphosis

Cartilaginous joint – synchondrosis, symphysis

Oseous joint - synostosis

Syndesmosis

Sutura

Synchondrosis

Symphysis

Synovial joint

Development of synovial joint

Hyaline cartilge

http://histologyolm.stevegallik.org

arthritis-research.com

http://www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english?co

ntent&nd=857170059

netterimages.com

Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1505–1515.

doi:10.1136/ard.2007.076430

Synovial membrane

Types of joints

• numbers of elements:

- simple /art.simplices/ - 2 bones

- multiple /art. compositae/ more than 2 bones,

2 bones + discus or meniscus

• range of moving:

- amphiarthrosis

- movable

• shape of articulation area

Joint movements

• movements by axis – 1axis, 2axis, 3axis

•basic pose – same like basic anatomical pose

• central pose – relax of joint sheath