twombly & iqbal assesment on mtd hoffman abstract

7/31/2019 Twombly & Iqbal Assesment on MTD Hoffman Abstract

1/36

4

D{shmfj

SRALKFXDNCHTKDF] LJD]Z[J9 DND]]J]]LJNS AO SEJ OJCJ[DF IZCHMHDF

MJNSJ[] ]SZCX AO LASHAN] SA CH]LH]]

Fannx Eaooldn)

DK]S[DMS

Seh} pdpj{ p{avhcj} sej oh{}s malp{jejn}hvj d}}j}}ljns ao sej Ojcj{df Izchmhdf

Mjnsj{} fanb,dnshmhpdsjc }szcx ao lashan} sa ch}lh}} oa{ odhfz{j sa }sdsj d

mfdhl dosj{ sej Z.]. ]zp{jlj Maz{s} cjmh}han hn D}em{aos v. Htkdf. Se{jj

p{hld{x d}}j}}ljns} d{j ldcj ao sej OIM} }szcx. Oh{}s& sej OIM} ohnchnb} ca

nas hnchmdsj seds sej Maz{s} cjmh}han} edvj edc na joojms an ch}lh}}df p{dmshmj.

Sa sej mans{d{x& sej OIM oaznc seds dosj{Htkdf& d pfdhnshoo rd} srhmj d} fhgjfx sa

odmj d lashan sa ch}lh}}. Seh} }hyjdkfj hnm{jd}j hn sej {dsj ao [zfj 4;%k(%?(

lashan dmshvhsx {jp{j}jns} d ld{gjc cjpd{sz{j o{al sej }sjdcx ohfhnb {dsj

ak}j{vjc avj{ sej fd}s }jvj{df cjmdcj} dnc ljdn}& dlanb asej{ man}jtzjnmj}&

dccjc ma}s} oa{ pfdhnshoo}. ]hlhfd{fx& sej cdsd {jbd{chnb a{cj{} {j}afvhnb

ch}lh}}df lashan} cjlan}s{dsj} sej man}jtzjnshdf hlpdms} ao sej Maz{s} md}j}&d} hn jvj{x md}j sxpj }szchjc sej{j rd} d ehbej{ fhgjfheaac dosj{ Htkdf seds d

lashan sa ch}lh}} razfc kj b{dnsjc. ]jmanc& czj sa sej hnej{jns fhlhsdshan} ao

cahnb jlph{hmdf ra{g ao seh} ndsz{j& sej md}j} ldx kj edvhnb joojms} seds sej

OIM {j}jd{mej{} rj{j zndkfj sa cjsjms. Malpd{hnb ear ldnx lashan} rj{j

ohfjc dnc b{dnsjc kjoa{j Sralkfx rhse dosj{ Htkdf caj} nas hnchmdsj rejsej{

) Bja{bj Kzsfj{ [j}jd{me P{aoj}}a{ ao Fdr& Znhvj{}hsx ao Eaz}san Fdr Mjnsj{.]sjpejn Kz{kdng& Dd{an K{zef& ]jse Medncfj{& Gjvhn Mfj{lans& Jfhydkjse Cjlhmma&]mass Cac}an& Cdvhc Eaooldn& Cdvhc Gdxj& [hmed{c Fjlpj{s& Seal Ldhn& D{sez{ Lhffj{&

Dfjudncj{ [jhnj{s& Ia}jpe ]dncj{}& Med{fj} ]hfvj{& Dcdl ]sjhnldn dnc Sakhd} Rafop{avhcjc malljns} an dn jd{fhj{ c{dos ao seh} pdpj{. ]pjmhdf sedng} d{j arjc sa Iaj Mjmhfoa{ az{ ldnx mallznhmdshan}& oa{ eh} p{aoj}}handfh}l& dnc oa{ eh} }jjlhnbfx jncfj}}pdshjnmj rhse lj. Sej dzsea{ ch}mz}}jc sej pdpj{ d} dn hnvhsjc Pdnjf Ch}mz}}dns ds sejManoj{jnmj an Jlph{hmdf Fjbdf ]szchj} ejfc ds Na{serj}sj{n Znhvj{}hsx ]meaaf ao Fdr anNavjlkj{ 3,:& ;044. Sej pdpj{ rd} df}a p{j}jnsjc ds sej ;044 ]azsejd}sj{n D}}amhdshanao Dlj{hmdn Fdr ]meaaf} dnnzdf ljjshnb hn Ehfsan Ejdc& ]azse Md{afhnd. Seh} p{aijmsrd} ozncjc kx sej Znhvj{}hsx ao Eaz}san Fdr Oazncdshan.


2/36

; OJCJ[DF MAZ[S] FDR [J_HJR W_afzlj ?94

sej Maz{s} md}j} d{j cjsj{{hnb }alj mfdhl} o{al kjhnb k{azbes& rejsej{ sejx

edvj hnm{jd}jc ch}lh}}df} ao malpfdhns} an odmszdf }zoohmhjnmx b{aznc}& a{ ear

ldnx lj{hsa{haz} md}j} edvj kjjn ch}lh}}jc d} d {j}zfs ao sej Maz{s} }s{hmsj{

pfjdchnb ohfsj{. Ohndffx& sej cdsd sej OIM {j}jd{mej{} bdsej{jc ldx kj

hnmalpfjsj& pd{shmzfd{fx d} sa sej ohfhnb {dsj. D} d {j}zfs& sej }szcx ldx kjp{avhchnb dn hnmalpfjsj phmsz{j ao dmszdf [zfj 4;%k(%?( dmshvhsx.

SDKFJ AO MANSJNS]

HNS[ACZMSHAN .......... 3

H. REDS SEJ OIM]SZCHJC DNC OAZNC........................................................ 8

D. ]szcx Cj}hbn ..................................................................................... 8

K. Ohnchnb} [jbd{chnb sej Ohfhnb [dsj ................................................. 40

M. Ohnchnb} [jbd{chnb Ch}pa}hshan} ao Lashan} .................................. 4;

HH. HNSJ[P[JSHNB ]SZCX SA OHNC FHSSFJ J_HCJNMJ AO SRALKFXDNCHTKDF] JOOJMS] LH][JDC] GJX OHNCHNB] AO MD]J]HLPDMS9SEJ

J_HCJNMJ [JBD[CHNB OHFHNB] ............................................................... 4:

HHH. HNSJ[P[JSHNB ]SZCX SA OHNC FHSSFJ J_HCJNMJ AO SRALKFXDNCHTKDF] JOOJMS] LH][JDC] GJX OHNCHNB] AO MD]J]HLPDMS9SEJ

J_HCJNMJ [JBD[CHNB CH]PA]HSHAN] ..................................................... 42

D. Sej [j}jd{mej{} ]eazfc Edvj Mfd{hohjc Reds d Ohnchnb ao Na]hbnhohmdnmj Ljdn} ......................................................................... 42

K. Mfd{hoxhnb sej Ma}s} ao ]jsshnb dn Hndpp{ap{hdsjfx Ehbe

Se{j}eafc oa{ ]sdsh}shmdf ]hbnhohmdnmj sej [j}jd{mej{} ]eazfc

Edvj Mfd{hohjc Reds d Ohnchnb ao Na ]hbnhohmdnmj Ljdn} ............. ;4

M. [dh}hnb Pfdz}hkfj [jd}an} Rex sej Ak}j{vjc Chooj{jnmj}Lhbes Nas Edvj Kjjn ]sdsh}shmdffx ]hbnhohmdns .............................. ;;

4. Sej ]szcx ]eazfc Edvj Jlped}hyjc seds ]alj ao sej

D}}zlpshan} Zncj{fxhnb sejh{ Jlph{hmdf Lacjf} Ldx Nas

Edvj Kjjn Ma{{jms .................................................................... ;;

;. Sej Ak}j{vjc Chooj{jnmj} Lhbes Nas Edvj Kjjn

]sdsh}shmdffx ]hbnhohmdns Kjmdz}j ao sej ]hyj ao sej ]dlpfj

]szchjc ........................................................................................ ;=

=. Sej ]szcx ]eazfc Edvj [jpa{sjc sej Dmszdf Sj}s [j}zfs}

dnc& ]jpd{dsjfx& Ldcj Mfjd{ seds ds d Farj{ Fjvjf Ldnx ao

sej Joojms} Ak}j{vjc Razfc Edvj Kjjn ]sdsh}shmdffx

]hbnhohmdns ................................................................................. ;:

3. Sej ]szcx ]eazfc Edvj Ch}mz}}jc sej Chooj{jnmj Kjsrjjn

Anj,Sdhfjc v. Sra,Sdhfjc Sj}s} dnc Pahnsjc Azs seds d

Pfdz}hkfj D{bzljns Mdn kj Ldcj hn seh} Mansjus oa{ Z}hnb

sej Anj,Sdhfjc Sj}s .................................................................... ;?

H_. REDS SEJ [J]JD[MEJ[] MAZFC NAS CJSJMS ..................................... ;2


3/36

;044\ SRALKFXDNC HTKDF] LJD]Z[J =

D. Sej OIM ]szcx Mazfc Nas Ljd}z{j Ear Ldnx P{a}pjmshvj

Mfdhldns} Rj{j Cjsj{{jc kx Sralkfx dnc Htkdf o{al

]jjghnb [jfhjo ............................................................................ ;5

K. Sej OIM ]szcx Mazfc Nas Ljd}z{j Ear Aosjn Lj{hsa{haz}

Md}j} Edvj Kjjn Ch}lh}}jc Zncj{ sej Sralkfx!Htkdf Sj}s ..... =0

M. Sej OIM ]szcx Mazfc Nas Cjsjms Rejsej{ Sralkfx dnc

Htkdf Edvj ]hbnhohmdnsfx Hnm{jd}jc Ch}lh}}df} ao

Malpfdhns} oa{ Kjhnb Odmszdffx Hn}zoohmhjns .............................. =0

_. HNMFZ]H_JNJ]] MANMJ[N]9 CHC SEJ OIM MDPSZ[J DFF AO SEJ

[JFJ_DNS DMSH_HSX1.............................................................................. =4

D. Ch}m{jpdnmhj} Kjsrjjn sej Ohfhnb [dsj Oaznc hn sej ;044

]szcx dnc Sra P{ha{ ]szchj} ao [zfj 4;%k(%?( ........................... =4

K. ]alj Pa}}hkfj Jupfdndshan} oa{ sej Ch}m{jpdnmhj} .................... =;

4. Sej 80,Cdx Mzsaoo ................................................................. ==

;. Jumfz}han ao P{h}anj{ dnc P{a ]j Md}j} ................................ =;

=. Asej{ Pa}}hkfj Jupfdndshan}9 Machnb J{{a{} dnc ]jd{me

Sj{l Fhlhsdshan} .................................................................... =3

MANMFZ]HAN .................................................................................................... =?

HNS[ACZMSHAN


4/36

3 OJCJ[DF MAZ[S] FDR [J_HJR W_afzlj ?94

Sej la}s mansjnshaz} kdssfjb{aznc sacdx hn mhvhf fhshbdshan manmj{n} sej

pfjdchnb,}zoohmhjnmx }sdncd{c hn ojcj{df maz{s. Sej Maz{s} kafc {jvh}han ao

sej pfjdchnb sj}s hnKjff Dsfdnshm Ma{p. v. Sralkfx4

dncD}em{aos v. Htkdf;

ldx

edvj hnhshdffx {dh}jc la{j tzj}shan} sedn dn}rj{}& kzs gnarfjcbjdkfj

ak}j{vj{} {jmabnhyjc hlljchdsjfx seds lzme la{j rd} ds }sdgj sedn lj{jsjmenhmdf {jtzh{jljns} oa{ hnhshdshnb }zhs. Sej ma{nj{}sanj ao sej ojcj{df{zfj}& d} sej d{mehsjms ao sej jnsh{j }s{zmsz{j mdffjc hs&

=pfjdchnb h} sej jns{x

pahns hnsa sej }x}sjl. Cjmhchnb ear rhcj a{ nd{{ar sa ldgj sej pd}}dbjrdx

njmj}}d{hfx ljdn} cjmhchnb ear sa }s{hgj sej kdfdnmj kjsrjjn dmmj}} sa iz}shmj&an sej anj ednc& dnc apj{dshandf joohmhjnmx& an sej asej{.

3

Hn Sralkfx dnc Htkdf sej Maz{s jnca{}jc la{j {akz}s ohfsj{hnb ds sejpfjdchnb }sdbj sa kfamg mj{sdhn md}j} o{al bahnb oz{sej{ hn sej fhshbdshan

p{amj}} seds p{jvhaz}fx pd}}jc znmejmgjc. Sej cjojn}j kd{ dnc kz}hnj}}

mallznhsx edvj dppfdzcjc sej z}j ao seh} fj}} pj{ljdkfj }hjvj9 o{al sejh{vdnsdbj pahns& hnsj{mjpshnb rjdg mfdhl} jd{fx hn sej md}jseds h}& kjoa{j

anj{az} ch}mavj{x kz{cjn} edvj sa kj ka{njh} vhsdf sa sej joohmhjns

ldndbjljns ao mhvhf fhshbdshan. Asej{}& hnmfzchnb d ldia{hsx ao dmdcjlhm}

r{hshnb an sej }zkijms& edvj m{hshmhyjc sej cjmh}han} oa{ z}z{phnb sej [zfj}Jndkfhnb Dms p{amj}}7

:oa{ dcchnb manoz}han dnc znp{jchmsdkhfhsx hnsa sej sj}s

oa{ pfjdchnb }zoohmhjnmx7?

oa{ facbhnb saa lzme ch}m{jshan hn izcbj}&2

rehme

4 ::0 Z.]. :33 %;002(.; ::? Z.]. ??; %;008(.= Med{fj} J. Mfd{g& Sej Hnofzjnmj ao Ojcj{df P{amjcz{df [joa{l& 4= FDR /MANSJLP.

P[AK].& 433& 4:3 %4835(& dvdhfdkfj ds essp9!!chbhsdfmallan}.fdr.xdfj.jcz!o}}Qpdpj{}!=;:=!%Sej ma{nj{}sanj ao sej njr {joa{l h} d }x}sjl ao }hlpfj& ch{jms& dnc znp{afanbjcdffjbdshan} ao mfdhl} dnc cjojn}j} kx sej fhshbdns} . . . .(.

3 P{jpd{jc ]sdsjljns ao ]sjpejn K. Kz{kdng& Ejd{hnb an Rejsej{ sej ]zp{jljMaz{s ed} Fhlhsjc Dlj{hmdn} Dmmj}} sa Maz{s Kjoa{j sej Mallhssjj an sej Izchmhd{x&Znhsjc ]sdsj} ]jndsj ; %Cjm. ;& ;008(& dvdhfdkfj ds rrr.izchmhd{x.}jndsj.bav!pco!4;,0;,08*;0Kz{kdng*;0Sj}shlanx.pco Wej{jhndosj{ IZNJ ;044 [JPA[S SA ]SDNCHNB MALL.\

%Sej cjb{jj} ao pd{shmzfd{hydshan dnc pj{}zd}hvjnj}} ao d malpfdhns} dffjbdshan} seds d}x}sjl {jtzh{j} hlpfhmdsj sej dkhfhsx ao pzsdshvj pfdhnshoo} sa pz{}zj dcizchmdshan aoch}pzsj} an sej lj{hs} . . . . Sejx sez} df}a hlpfhmdsj sej dkhfhsx ao sea}j rea edvj kjjnhniz{jc sa z}j fhshbdshan hn a{cj{ sa }jmz{j malpjn}dshan& dnc sej dkhfhsx ao bavj{nljns saz}j p{hvdsj fhshbdshan oa{ seds pz{pa}j %h.j.& hn pfdmj ao }amhdf hn}z{dnmj(& dnc oa{ sejjnoa{mjljns ao }amhdf na{l} %h.j.& hn pfdmj ao dclhnh}s{dshvj jnoa{mjljns(.(7 }jj df}aFannx ]. Eaooldn& Kz{n Zp sej Medoo rhse Zntzjnmedkfj Oh{j9 Reds Sra Cams{hndfHnsj{}jmshan} Mdn Sjdme Z} Dkazs Izchmhdf Parj{ Avj{ Pfjdchnb}& 55 K.Z. F. [J_. 4;42&4;;; %;005( %}zbbj}shnb seds Sralkfxldx ld{g d ozncdljnsdf mednbj hn rej{j maz{s}}s{hgj sej kdfdnmj kjsrjjn dmmj}} dnc joohmhjnmx(7 }jj df}aPehffhp} v. Mnsx. ao Dffjbejnx&:4: O.=c ;;3& ;=0 %=c Mh{. ;005( %Ojr h}}zj} hn mhvhf p{amjcz{j iz{h}p{zcjnmj d{j la{j}hbnhohmdns sedn pfjdchnb }sdncd{c}& rehme d{j sej gjx seds apjn} dmmj}} sa maz{s}.(.

:]jj& j.b.& Kz{kdng& }zp{dnasj 3 ds4:,4? %Hn hnhshdshnb mednbj se{azbe hs} parj{ sacjmhcj md}j} dnc mans{avj{}hj}& earjvj{& sej Maz{s rd} oa{mjc sa oa{jba sej hnoa{ldshandf&pd{shmhpdsa{x dnc asej{ kjnjohs} seds sej {zfjldghnb p{amj}} dooa{c}.(7 Gjvhn L.Mfj{lans / ]sjpejn M. Xjdyjff& Hnvjnshnb Sj}s}& Cj}sdkhfhyhnb Cjmh}han}& 8: HARD F.[J_.5;4& 5:0 %;040( %Sej {zfjldghnb kachj} }eazfc edvj ea}sjc seds ch}mz}}han. Sralkfxdnc Htkdf }ea{s,mh{mzhsjc dnx }zme ch}mz}}han. Sej}j md}j} ra{gjc sejh{ {joa{l kx dp{amj}}dcizchmdshanseds h} ed{cfx sej p{joj{{jc pdse sa cj}hbn mednbj.(.

?]jj& j.b.& Mfj{lans / Xjdyjff& }zp{dnasj :& ds 5;= %Kx hnvjnshnb d njr dnc oabbxsj}s oa{ sej se{j}eafc }sdbj ao jvj{x fdr}zhs& WSralkfx dnc Htkdf\ edvj cj}sdkhfhyjc sejjnsh{j }x}sjl ao mhvhf fhshbdshan.(7 D. Kjnidlhn ]pjnmj{& Zncj{}sdnchnb PfjdchnbCams{hnj& 405 LHME. F. [J_. 4& 8 %;008( %nashnb seds Sralkfx} zfshldsj lj}}dbj{jbd{chnb pfjdchnb }sdncd{c} h} znmfjd{(7 Eaooldn& }zp{dnasj 3& ds 4;:5 %WD\lkhbzhsxhn sej }sdncd{c oa{ cjsj{lhnhnb rehme md}j} rhff {jmjhvj b{jdsj{ }m{zshnx ljdn} hlpa}hnb


5/36

;044\ SRALKFXDNC HTKDF] LJD]Z[J :

oa}sj{} hnman}h}sjnmx dnc d{khs{d{hnj}}75

dnc oa{ sz{nhnb an hs} ejdc sej kd}hm

p{j}zlpshan ao lacj{n p{amjcz{df fdr oa{ {j}afvhnb md}j} an sejh{ lj{hs}.8

P{alpsjc kx sej}j m{hshmh}l}& }jvj{df khff} rj{j hns{aczmjc hn Manb{j}}

seds razfc edvj {jvj{}jc sej Maz{s} cjmh}han}. O{al sej }sd{s& earjvj{& sej}j

khff} edvj fdmgjc pafhshmdf s{dmshan. Anj hlpa{sdns {jd}an %seazbe nas sej anfxanj( oa{ seh} h} seds sejx rj{j appa}jc kx sej Izchmhdf Manoj{jnmj& rehme ed}sdgjn sej pa}hshan seds fjbh}fdsa{} }eazfc dffar izchmhdf {zfjldgj{} sa }szcx sej

jlph{hmdf joojms} ao sej cjmh}han} dnc sejn& se{azbe sej {zfj,ldghnb p{amj}}&

cjmhcj reds ma{{jmshvj ljd}z{j}& ho dnx& d{j njjcjc. Manb{j}} caj} nas dfrdx}oaffar sej dcvhmj ao sej Izchmhdf Manoj{jnmj& ao maz{}j& kzs rhse la}s

[jpzkfhmdn} df{jdcx p{jch}pa}jc dbdhn}s sej fjbh}fdshan& sej Manoj{jnmj}appa}hshan }zbbj}s} seds sej p{a}pjms} oa{ fjbh}fdshvj {joa{l d{j chl.

Hn sej dk}jnmj ao dnx ljdnhnbozf pa}}hkhfhsx seds Manb{j}} rhff dms& sej

sd}g ed} odffjn sa izchmhdf {zfjldgj{} sa cjmhcj rejsej{ dnc ear sa {j}panc sasej Z.]. ]zp{jlj Maz{s} cjmh}han}. Earjvj{& rehfj {zfjldgj{} edvj ejd{c

dff ao sej seja{jshmdf d{bzljns} dbdhn}s Sralkfx dncHtkdf& sejx edvj nas kjjn

pj{}zdcjc seds dljncljns} sa sej pfjdchnb {zfj} d{j njmj}}d{x sa maznsj{dms

sej Maz{s} cjmh}han}& j}pjmhdffx rhseazs manvhnmhnb jlph{hmdf jvhcjnmj seds

dcchshandf ma}s} an jvj{xanj& sez} md{{xhnb }j{haz} p{dmshmdf dnc }amhdf man}jtzjnmj}.(.2]jj& j.b.& D{sez{ [. Lhffj{& O{alManfjx saSralkfx saHtkdf9D Cazkfj Pfdx an sej

Ojcj{df [zfj} ao Mhvhf P{amjcz{j& ?0 CZGJ F.I. 4& ;8 %;040( %Dfseazbe izchmhdf ch}m{jshanna{ldffx h} sa kj dppfdzcjc& hs }eazfc kj man}s{dhnjc hn sej mansjus ao d se{j}eafc lashanseja{jshmdffx dcc{j}}jc }afjfx sa sej nashmj,bhvhnb tzdfhsx dnc fjbdf }zoohmhjnmx ao sejmalpfdhns.(7 Eard{c L. Rd}}j{ldn& Htkdf& P{amjcz{df Lh}ldsmej}& dnc Mhvhf [hbes}Fhshbdshan& 43 FJRH] /MFD[GF.[J_. 4:2& 422 %;040( %nashnb seds zncj{ SralkfxdncHtkdf& maz{s} jniax k{adc ch}m{jshan sa pd{}j sej malpfdhns dnc hnchvhczdf dffjbdshan} dncsa }m{jjn dbb{j}}hvjfx oa{ d }sa{x seds {j}andsj} rhse sejl(7 Jfhydkjse Sea{nkz{b& Fdr&Odms}& dnc Parj{& 443 PJNN ]S. F. [J_. PJNN ]SDSHL 4& 40 %;040(& dvdhfdkfj dsrrr.pjnn}sdsjfdr{jvhjr.a{b!443!443*;0Pjnn*;0]sdshl*;04.pco %cj}m{hkhnb sej

cams{hndf sj}s hn sej Maz{s} md}j} d} d ldbhm s{hmg seds ed} p{hvhfjbjc izcbj} avj{iz{hj}& dppjffdsj izcbj} avj{ s{hdf izcbj}& dnc pzs sej Maz{s oh{lfx ds sej sap ao sej ejdp(.

5 ]jj& j.b.& Lhffj{& }zp{d nasj 2& ds =0 %ak}j{vhnb seds hnman}h}sjns {zfhnb} anvh{szdffx hcjnshmdf malpfdhns} ldx rjff kj kd}jc an hnchvhczdf izcbj} edvhnb tzhsjchooj{jns }zkijmshvj vhjr} ao reds dffjbdshan} d{j pfdz}hkfj(7 Eaooldn& }zp{d nasj 3& ds4;:5 %Pfdz}hkhfhsx h} nas anfx dn znmj{sdhn }sdncd{c kx rehme sa ljd}z{j rejn b{jdsj{}m{zshnx h} rd{{dnsjc& kzs hs df}a& dnc la{j lh}mehjvaz}fx& hnvhsj} d o{jj,rejjfhnb izchmhdf

izcbljns d} sa sej fjbhshldmx ao mfdhl}. Seds }eazfc bhvj mdz}j oa{ manmj{n& j}pjmhdffxbhvjn sej dnsh,pfdhnshoo hnofzjnmj WaoSralkfx\ . . . dnc maz{s} seds rdns sa juj{mh}j sejh{njrfx,lhnsjc dzsea{hsx sa ch}pa}j ao sea}j md}j} sejx pj{mjhvj sa kj znrjfmalj rhff naslh}} hs.(.

8 ]jj& j.b.& Lhffj{& }zp{d nasj 2& ds ;8,=0 %WSej Sralkfx!Htkdf\ p{amj}} h}znmaloa{sdkfx mfa}j sa d rjhbehnb ao sej jvhcjnmj dnc dn hnvd}han ao sej iz{x} caldhn&}zbbj}shnb seds sej Maz{s} cjmh}han} {jp{j}jns d pasjnshdffx }hbnhohmdns mednbj hn sejchvh}han ao oznmshan} kjsrjjn izcbj dnc iz{x. Hn asej{ ra{c}& d s{hdf,fhgj }m{zshnx ao sejlj{hs} h} kjhnb }ehosjc sa dn jus{jljfx jd{fx pahns hn sej p{js{hdf ped}j.(7 Gjvhn L.Mfj{lans& Se{jj Lxse} DkazsSralkfx,Htkdf& 3: RDGJ OA[J]S F.[J_. 4==2& 4=35 %;040(%Sralkfx,Htkdfmdff} oa{ d izcbj sa rjhbe odmszdf manvhnmhnbnj}} rhseazs dnx jvhcjnshdfkd}h} dnc rhse ojr p{amjcz{df p{asjmshan}. ]zme d p{dmshmj& hn sej dk}jnmj ao jlj{bjnmx a{asej{ }pjmhdf mh{mzl}sdnmj}& aoojnc} az{ ozncdljnsdf p{amjcz{df p{hnmhpfj}.(7 ]zid D.Seald}& Sej Njr ]zlld{x Izcbljns Lashan9 Sej Lashan sa Ch}lh}} Zncj{ Htkdf dncSralkfx& 43 FJRH] /MFD[GF.[J_. 4:& 34 %;040( %d{bzhnb seds sej lashan sa ch}lh}} h}nar sej njr }zlld{x izcbljns lashan& hn }sdncd{c dnc pa}}hkfx joojms dnc sedsWs\ej}j }hlhfd{hshj} ao sej }sdncd{c} dnc pa}}hkfx sej joojms} ao sej lashan} mdff hnsatzj}shan rejsej{ Htkdf dnc Sralkfx rj{j cjmhcjc p{apj{fx(.


6/36

? OJCJ[DF MAZ[S] FDR [J_HJR W_afzlj ?94

sej md}j} d{j hlpdmshnb ch}lh}}df p{dmshmj.40

Sej gjx lachohj{ hn seds fd}s

}jnsjnmj rd} manvhnmhnb jlph{hmdf jvhcjnmj. ]alj p{ha{ }szchj} }zbbj}sjc

Sralkfx dnc Htkdf rj{j ldghnb hs ed{cj{ oa{ ds fjd}s }alj pfdhnshoo} sa

avj{malj sej njr pfjdchnb kd{{hj{& kzs hs rd} nas mfjd{ seds sej}j }szchj}

rehme rj{j c{drn o{al sej }jfjmsjc aphnhan} oaznc hn jfjms{anhm cdsdkd}j}rj{j {jp{j}jnsdshvj ao ch}lh}}df p{dmshmj} bjnj{dffx. Dmma{chnbfx& sej {zfj}mallhssjj} mallh}}hanjc sej Ojcj{df Izchmhdf Mjnsj{ sa zncj{sdgj d la{j

malp{jejn}hvj judlhndshan ao ch}lh}}df dmshvhsx.

[jfjd}jc hn Ld{me ;044&44

sej OIM} }szcx ojdsz{jc d ejdcfhnj seds chc nas}tzd{j rhse dmdcjlhm p{jchmshan} dnc sej p{ha{ jlph{hmdf {j}jd{me9 Sralkfx

dnc Htkdf rj{j nas edvhnb lzme joojms an ch}lh}}df p{dmshmj} a{ azsmalj}&dosj{ dff.

4;Sej m{hshmdf pahns seds sej OIM {j}jd{mej{} jlped}hyjc sa {jdcj{}

rd} seds sejx oaznc na }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns hnm{jd}j hn sej fhgjfheaac seds

d lashan sa ch}lh}} razfc kj b{dnsjc dosj{ Htkdf %jumjps oa{ anj azsfhj{ md}jmdsjba{x(. Sej }szcx} gjx ohnchnb rd} }zlld{hyjc seh} rdx9

WR\j oaznc d }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns hnm{jd}j hn sej {dsj ds

rehme lashan} sa ch}lh}} oa{ odhfz{j sa }sdsj d mfdhl rj{jb{dnsjc anfx hn md}j} medffjnbhnb ohndnmhdf hn}s{zljns}. . . .Rj oaznc na hnm{jd}j hn sej {dsj ds rehme lashan} sa ch}lh}}

rj{j b{dnsjc& rhse a{ rhseazs appa{sznhsx sa dljnc& hn asej{

sxpj} ao md}j}.4=

40]jj& j.b.& LD[G[.G[D_HSY& JS DF.&DC_H]A[XMALL. AN OJC.[. AO MH_.P.&[JPA[SAO SEJ MH_HF [ZFJ] DC_H]A[X MALLHSSJJ SA SEJ ]SDNCHNB MALLHSSJJ AN [ZFJ] AOP[DMSHMJ DNC P[AMJCZ[J 8 %Cjm. ?& ;040( hn4 DBJNCD LDSJ[HDF] O[AL SEJ MALL. AN[ZFJ] AO P[DMSHMJ / P[AMJCZ[J& IDN. ;044& ds 40;& dvdhfdkfj dsessp9!!rrr.z}maz{s}.bav![zfj}DncPafhmhj}!Ojcj{df[zfjldghnb![j}jd{mehnb[zfj}!DbjncdKaag}.d}pu Wej{jhndosj{ IDN. ;044 [JPA[S SA ]SDNCHNB MALL.\ %W]hnmj Sralkfxdnc

Htkdf&\ pfjdchnb }sdncd{c} edvj kjjn lavjc o{al d manshnzhnb kzs hndmshvj }sdsz} an sejdbjncd sa dmshvj man}hcj{dshan. Dmshvj man}hcj{dshan caj} nas hlpfx d pfdn oa{ hllhnjns{zfj} p{apa}df}. Sa sej mans{d{x& hs h} kjssj{ sa rdhs pdshjnsfx rehfj farj{ maz{s} ra{gse{azbe sej rdx} hn rehme pfjdchnb p{dmshmj }eazfc kj dciz}sjc sa ljjs sej manmj{n}jup{j}}jc kx sej ]zp{jlj Maz{s.(7 LD[G[.G[D_HSY& JS DF.&DC_H]A[XMALL. AN OJC.[.AO MH_. P.& [JPA[S AO SEJ MH_HF [ZFJ] DC_H]A[X MALLHSSJJ SA SEJ ]SDNCHNBMALLHSSJJ AN [ZFJ] AO P[DMSHMJ DNC P[AMJCZ[J :3 %Ldx ;& ;044( hn DBJNCDLDSJ[HDF] O[AL SEJ MALL. AN [ZFJ] AO P[DMSHMJ /P[AMJCZ[J&IZNJ ;044& ds ;42&dvdhfdkfj ds essp9!!rrr.z}maz{s}.bav![zfj}DncPafhmhj}!Ojcj{df[zfjldghnb![j}jd{mehnb[zfj}!DbjncdKaag}.d}pu Wej{jhndosj{ IZNJ ;044 [JPA[S SA ]SDNCHNBMALL.\ %Sej WMhvhf [zfj} Mallhssjj}\ dpp{adme sa pfjdchnb p{dmshmj {jldhn} reds hsed} kjjn }hnmj ;002. Sej Mallhssjj rhff mfa}jfx lanhsa{ cjvjfaphnb p{dmshmj& hs rhffjnmaz{dbj dnc ejjc oz{sej{ {hba{az} jlph{hmdf ra{g& dnc hs rhff fh}sjn md{jozffx sa sejvahmj} ao kjnme& kd{& dnc dmdcjlx. P{amjcz{df oj{ljns h} jumhshnb& kzs hs caj} nas iz}shoxdn jumhsjc {j}pan}j.(. Hs }eazfc kj }dhc seds sej Mallhssjj} d{j }shff dmshvjfx man}hcj{hnbasej{ {joa{l} }ea{s ao pfjdchnb {zfj {joa{l& }zme d} ch}mavj{x {zfj dljncljns}.Ch}mavj{x {zfj {joa{l} ldx kj {j}pan}hvj sa }alj manmj{n} {dh}jc kx Sralkfxdnc Htkdf&ds fjd}s oa{ }alj mfdhldns}& kzs hs h} nas mfjd{ seds sejx razfc kj dcjtzdsj sa avj{malj dffmanmj{n}. ]jj }zp{dsjus dmmalpdnxhnb nasj} :,8.

44 IAJ ]. MJMHF& JS DF.& OJC. IZCHMHDF MS[.& LASHAN SA CH]LH]] OA[ ODHFZ[J SA]SDSJ D MFDHL DOSJ[ HTKDF9 [JPA[S SA SEJ IZCHMHDF MANOJ[JNMJ DC_H]A[XMALLHSSJJ AN MH_HF [ZFJ] %;044(& dvdhfdkfj dsessp9!!rrr.oim.bav!pzkfhm!pco.n}o!faagzp!lashanhtkdf;.pco!#ohfj!lashanhtkdf;.pco.

4;]jj hc. ds vhh.4=Hc. ds ;4.


7/36

;044\ SRALKFXDNC HTKDF] LJD]Z[J 2

Rhse sej jvhcjnmj dppd{jnsfx }earhnb seds manmj{n} dkazs Sralkfx dncHtkdf

rj{j p{jldsz{j& sej OIM} ra{g h} nar kjhnb mhsjc d} parj{ozf }zppa{s oa{ sej

md}j dbdhn}s pfjdchnb {zfj {joa{l.43

Sej p{akfjl rhse seh} hnsj{p{jsdshan ao sej }szcx} ohnchnb} h} seds hs h}

b{jdsfx& ho znhnsjnshandffx& lh}fjdchnb. Kx }zlld{hfx dnnaznmhnb seds sejak}j{vjc hnm{jd}j} rj{j nas }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns& kzs nas jupfdhnhnb redsseds sjmenhmdf sj{lhnafabx ljdn} %dnc& d} hlpa{sdnsfx& reds hs caj} nas ljdn(&

sej }szcx manoz}j} {jdcj{} hnsa sehnghnb seds hs cjlan}s{dsjc sej Maz{s}

cjmh}han} edc na hlpdms an ch}lh}}df p{dmshmj. Sej }szcx p{avjc na }zmesehnb. Sa kj p{jmh}j& sej {j}jd{mej{} odhfjc sa ohnc }s{anb }sdsh}shmdf jvhcjnmj

seds sej cjmh}han} rj{j mdz}dffx {jfdsjc sa sej mednbj} seds rj{j oaznc sa edvjammz{{jc. Sej odhfz{j sa p{avj sej cjmh}han} edc dn joojms h} nas sej }dlj d}

p{aao seds sej cjmh}han} edc na joojms. Ds la}s& rejn cjsjmsjc joojms} d{j nas

}sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns& hs sjff} z} anfx seds rj mdnnas {zfj azs sej pa}}hkhfhsxseds sejx ldx edvj kjjn sej {j}zfs ao {dncal mednmj dnc nas d {jdf

d}}amhdshan.4:

La{javj{& }dxhnb sej ak}j{vjc joojms} rj{j nas }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns

mj{sdhnfx caj} nas ljdn seds sej {j}jd{mej{} ak}j{vjc na joojms}. Earjvj{&kjmdz}j ao sej oamz} an }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj& dnc sej ammd}handf z}j aohlp{jmh}j fdnbzdbj& sej }szcx ldx fjdc ds fjd}s }alj {jdcj{} sa avj{faag sej

man}hcj{dkfj mednbj} hn ch}lh}}df p{dmshmj} dnc azsmalj} sej {j}jd{mej{} chc

ak}j{vj hn malpd{hnb ch}lh}}df lashan} dnc a{cj{} kjoa{j Sralkfx rhselashan} dnc a{cj{} dosj{Htkdf. Oa{ }sd{sj{}& sej {dsj ao ch}lh}}df lashan} seds

rj{j ohfjc hnm{jd}jc }zk}sdnshdffx. Dosj{Htkdf& d pfdhnshoo rd} srhmj d} fhgjfx

sa odmj d lashan sa ch}lh}} d} malpd{jc rhse sej pj{hac kjoa{j Sralkfx& d

ld{gjc hnm{jd}j hn sej {dsj ao [zfj 4;%k(%?( lashan dmshvhsx o{al sej }sjdcx

ohfhnb {dsj ak}j{vjc avj{ sej fd}s }jvj{df cjmdcj}. D} oa{ ch}lh}}df a{cj{}& sejOIM oaznc seds hn jvj{x md}j mdsjba{x seds rd} judlhnjc sej{j rj{j la{j

a{cj{} b{dnshnb ch}lh}}df dosj{ Htkdf sedn sej{j rj{j kjoa{j Sralkfx& kase

rhse dnc rhseazs p{jizchmj. La}s hlpa{sdnsfx& hn jvj{x md}j mdsjba{xjudlhnjc hs rd} la{j fhgjfx seds d lashan sa ch}lh}} razfc kj b{dnsjc. Sej

ehbej{ }zmmj}} {dsj jusjncjc anfx sa lashan} b{dnsjc rhse fjdvj sa dljnc& kzs

sej {j}jd{mej{} df}a oaznc seds sej lavdns} }zmmj}} {dsj rd} }hbnhohmdnsfx

ehbej{ rejn sej pfdhnshoo edc p{jvhaz}fx edc d mednmj sa dljnc ej{ malpfdhns.

Nas anfx h} seh} sa kj jupjmsjc& kzs hs df}a }zbbj}s} {jd}an} sa kj manmj{njc

seds d ch}lh}}df b{dnsjc pz{}zdns sa Sralkfx dnc Htkdf an sej kd}h} seds

dffjbdshan} d{j manmfz}a{x& hlpfdz}hkfj& a{ kase& h} nas jd}hfx mz{jc lj{jfx

kx dffarhnb dn appa{sznhsx sa dljnc dffjbdshan} seds edvj df{jdcx kjjn ldcj.

43 Ds sej Iznj ;044 ljjshnb ao sej ]sdnchnb Mallhssjj %sej la}s {jmjns ljjshnb ao{zfjldgj{}& d} ao seh} r{hshnb(& sej OIM }szcx ohbz{jc p{alhnjnsfx hn sej {jpa{s}zklhssjc sa sej ]sdnchnb Mallhssjj kx sej Mhvhf [zfj} Dcvh}a{x Mallhssjj. ]jjIZNJ;044[JPA[S SA ]SDNCHNB MALL.&}zp{dnasj40&ds ;4:,4? %WS\ej farj{,maz{s cjmh}han}ldx }zbbj}s seds nas lzme ed} mednbjc hn dmszdf p{dmshmj. Seds expasej}h} ohnc} }zppa{shn sej oh{}s cjsdhfjc }szcx canj kx sej Ojcj{df Izchmhdf Mjnsj{. . . .(. ]jj df}a hc. ds ;4?%Sej OIM }szcxdnc sej p{alh}j ao hs} njus }szcxmalkhnj} rhse sej {jvhjr ao izchmhdfcjmh}han} sa }zbbj}s sej{j h} na z{bjns njjc oa{ hlljchdsj dmshan an pfjdchnb }sdncd{c}.Sej maz{s} d{j }shff }a{shnb sehnb} azs. Sej{j h} {jd}an sa eapj seds sej mallan,fdrp{amj}} ao {j}panchnb sa dnc {johnhnb sej ]zp{jlj Maz{s} hnvhsdshan sa {jman}hcj{pfjdchnb p{dmshmj} rhff d{{hvj ds baac p{dmshmj}.(.

4:]jj hno{dPd{s HHH.


8/36


Bhvjn sej}j }hyjdkfj chooj{jnmj} hn ch}lh}}df p{dmshmj} dnc azsmalj} o{al

sej pj{hac kjoa{j Sralkfx sa sej pj{hac dosj{ Htkdf& reds {jdcj{} njjcjc sa

zncj{}sdnc rd} reds hs ljdn} sa }dx seds sej ak}j{vjc chooj{jnmj} rj{j nas

}sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns. K{adcfx }sdsjc& lx d{bzljns h} seds sej }szcx odhfjc sa

ejfp {jdcj{} dn}rj{ seds m{hshmdf tzj}shan. [dsej{ sedn }zlld{hfx dnnaznmhnbseds sej cjsjmsjc joojms} rj{j nas }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns& sej {j}jd{mej{}}eazfc edvj dhcjc s{dn}pd{jnmx dnc zncj{}sdnchnb kx jupfhmhsfx ch}mz}}hnb

ear sa hnsj{p{js sej }szcx} {j}zfs}. Sej njjc oa{ mfd{hsx rd} pd{shmzfd{fx dmzsj

rhse seh} }szcx kjmdz}j la}s ao hs} {jdcj{} fhgjfx rhff nas pa}}j}} kdmgb{azncs{dhnhnb hn }sdsh}shm}. Hncjjc& sej {zfj} mallhssjj seds mallh}}hanjc sej }szcx

ed} }earn seds sejx {jfx ejdvhfx an sej {j}jd{mej{} cj}m{hpshan ao sej }szcx}ohnchnb} hn ldghnb sejh{ pafhmx cjmh}han}.

4?

Anj hlpa{sdns rdx seds {j}jd{mej{} mazfc edvj dhcjc s{dn}pd{jnmx rd} kx

pahnshnb azs seds cjldnchnb d ehbe cjb{jj ao manohcjnmj& d} sej {j}jd{mej{}chc& kjoa{j manmfzchnb seds mednmj mdn kj {zfjc azs d} dn jupfdndshan md{{hj}

{jdf man}jtzjnmj} oa{ pafhmxldghnb. Sej p{hld{x man}jtzjnmj h} seds hs ldgj}

dn hlpfhmhs %kzs nas akvhaz}( pafhmx izcbljns seds az{ ehbej}s manmj{n }eazfc

kj sa dvahc kjhnb bzffhkfjseds h}& sehnghnb seds sej izlp hn pa}s,Htkdfch}lh}}df a{cj{} rd} mdz}jc kx sej Maz{s} cjmh}han} rejn& hn odms& hs rd} nas.Earjvj{& sej ma}s ao ra{{xhnb }a lzme dkazs seh} sxpj ao j{{a{ h} seds hs ldgj}

hs la{j fhgjfx seds pafhmxldgj{} rhff ldgj d chooj{jns& jtzdffx ra{{h}alj

lh}sdgjseds h}& sehnghnb sej cjmh}han} d{j edvhnb na joojms rejn& hn odms& sejxd{j. Kase ghnc} ao j{{a{} ldssj{& dnc& ds d lhnhlzl& sej {j}jd{mej{} }eazfc

edvj mfd{hohjc seds sejx rj{j ljd}z{hnb anfx sej fhgjfheaac ao sej oh{}s ghnc aoj{{a{. Kjssj{ }shff& sej {j}jd{mej{} }eazfc edvj s{hjc sa j}shldsj sej dpp{ap{hdsj

fjvjf ao }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj kx sdghnb hnsa man}hcj{dshan sej ma}s} ao kase

sxpj} ao j{{a{}.Hn dcchshan sa mfd{hoxhnb sej ma}s ao }jsshnb dn hndpp{ap{hdsjfx ehbe

se{j}eafc oa{ }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj& sej OIM {j}jd{mej{} }eazfc df}a edvj

ldcj mfjd{ sa hs} bjnj{df {jdcj{} seds }sdsh}shmdf sj}shnb h} dn d{s& nas d }mhjnmj&a{ d} [abj{ Gh{g ed} pzs hs& nas }alj akijmshvj& }mhjnshohm p{amjcz{j oa{

rehme sej{j h} na jfjljns ao }zkijmshvhsx.42

Sa seh} jnc& sejx }eazfc edvj

pahnsjc azs seds sej ak}j{vjc joojms} lhbes nas edvj kjjn }sdsh}shmdffx

}hbnhohmdns oa{ d nzlkj{ ao {jd}an}& hnmfzchnb seds sej lacjf} z}jc rj{jhnma{{jmsfx man}s{zmsjc& a{ seds sej r{anb }sdsh}shmdf sj}s rd} jlpfaxjc a{& d}

nasjc dkavj& seds dn hndpp{ap{hdsjfx ehbe fjvjf ao }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj rd}

z}jc. Dnx ao sej}j pa}}hkhfhshj}& rehme H ch}mz}} hn b{jdsj{ cjsdhf hn Pd{s HHH&mazfc {jd}andkfx jupfdhn rex sej chooj{jnmj} sejx ak}j{vjc kjsrjjn sej p{j,

4? ]jj& j.b.& C{dos Lhnzsj} ao Mhvhf [zfj} Dcvh}a{x Mallhssjj Ljjshnb& Dp{hf 3,:&;044& hn DBJNCD LDSJ[HDF] O[AL SEJ MALL. AN [ZFJ] AO P[DMSHMJ / P[AMJCZ[J&IZNJ ;044& ds =00,0?& dvdhfdkfj dsessp9!!rrr.z}maz{s}.bav![zfj}DncPafhmhj}!Ojcj{df[zfjldghnb![j}jd{mehnb[zfj}!DbjncdKaag}.d}pu %{jofjmshnb sej jusjncjc ch}mz}}han ao sej OIM} Htkdf]szcx ds sej Dp{hf ;044ljjshnb ao sej Dcvh}a{x Mallhssjj an Mhvhf [zfj}(. ]jj df}aSEALD] J.RHFFBHNB&OJC.IZCHMHDF MS[.& Z]J AO [ZFJ 4;%k(%?( HN SRA OJCJ[DF CH]S[HMS MAZ[S] = %4858(&dvdhfdkfj ds essp9!!rrr.oim.bav!fhk{d{x!oimQmdsdfab.n}o %nashnb seds& kd}jc an }szcxohnchnb}& sej Dcvh}a{x Mallhssjj an Mhvhf [zfj} cjmhcjc nas sa dms an d p{ha{ p{apa}df kxP{aoj}}a{ Md{{hnbsan& sejn sej {jpa{sj{ oa{ sej Mhvhf [zfj} Mallhssjj& sa dk{abdsj [zfj4;%k(%?((.

42 [abj{ J. Gh{g& P{alashnb Baac ]sdsh}shmdf P{dmshmj}9 ]alj ]zbbj}shan}& ?4 JCZM./P]XMEAF.LJD]Z[JLJNS ;4=& ;43 %;004(.


9/36


Sralkfx dnc pa}s,Htkdf pj{hac chc nas {jdme sejh{ cjohnjc fjvjf ao }sdsh}shmdf

}hbnhohmdnmj. Rhse seh} drd{jnj}} ao sej fhlhs} ao }sdsh}shmdf sj}shnb& {jdcj{}

lhbes edvj kjssj{ zncj{}saac ear sa hnsj{p{js sej }szcx} fhlhsjc {j}zfs}.

Sej pdpj{ h} a{bdnhyjc d} oaffar}. Pd{s H kjbhn} rhse d k{hjo }zlld{x

dnc ch}mz}}han ao sej }szcx} ohnchnb}. Pd{s HH judlhnj} dnc m{hshtzj} sej}szcx} ohnchnb} {jbd{chnb chooj{jnmj} hn sej {dsj ds rehme cjojncdns} ohfjcch}lh}}df lashan} hn sej p{j,Sralkfx dnc pa}s,Htkdf pj{hac}. Pd{s HHH& rehme

oamz}j} an sej OIM} ohnchnb} {jbd{chnb ch}pa}hshan} ao ch}lh}}df lashan}&

p{avhcj} sej p{hld{x m{hshtzj} ao sej }szcx. Lx d{bzljns h} seds sej{j}jd{mej{} mazfc edvj dhcjc s{dn}pd{jnmx dnc zncj{}sdnchnb kx %4( mfd{hoxhnb

reds d na }hbnhohmdnmj ohnchnb ljdn}7 %;( ch}mz}}hnb sej ma}s ao }jsshnb dnhndpp{ap{hdsjfx ehbe se{j}eafc oa{ }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj7 dnc %=( {dh}hnb rhse

{jdcj{} pfdz}hkfj {jd}an} rex sej chooj{jnmj} sejx ak}j{vjc hn ch}lh}}df

azsmalj} lhbes nas edvj {jdmejc sejh{ cjohnjc fjvjf ao }sdsh}shmdf}hbnhohmdnmj.

45Kx odhfhnb sa mfd{hox sej {j}zfs} hn sej}j rdx}& sej }szcx

znhnsjnshandffx manoz}jc {jdcj{} hnsa sehnghnb seds hs p{avjc seds Sralkfx dnc

Htkdf rj{j nas {j}pan}hkfj oa{ sej ch}lh}}df hnm{jd}j} ak}j{vjc dnc ldcj hs

la{j fhgjfx seds sej man}hcj{dkfj jvhcjnmj ao joojms} seds sej }szcx rd} dkfj saak}j{vj razfc kj avj{faagjc.

Pd{s H_ sejn d{bzj} seds sej{j ldx kj asej{ joojms} sej md}j} d{j edvhnb

seds sej OIM {j}jd{mej{} razfc nas edvj kjjn dkfj sa ak}j{vj bhvjn sej }szcx}

cj}hbn. Ohndffx& Pd{s _ jupfa{j} sej pa}}hkhfhsx seds sej cdsd sej OIM{j}jd{mej{} bdsej{jc ldx kj hnmalpfjsj& pd{shmzfd{fx d} sa sej ohfhnb {dsj. D} d

{j}zfs& sej }szcx ldx kj p{avhchnb dn hnmalpfjsj phmsz{j ao dmszdf [zfj4;%k(%?( dmshvhsx. H jnc rhse d }ea{s manmfz}han dnc dppjdf seds {jdcj{} ao seh}

vhsdffx hlpa{sdns dnc hnofzjnshdf }szcx& dnc pafhmxldgj{} hn pd{shmzfd{& }eazfc

md{jozffx {jd}}j}} sej }szcx} ohnchnb} hn fhbes ao sej m{hshmh}l} dnc d}}j}}ljns}aooj{jc.

H. REDS SEJ OIM]SZCHJC DNC OAZNCD. ]szcx Cj}hbn]jvj{df dssjlps} edvj kjjn ldcj sa }szcx sej joojms} ao sej Maz{s}

cjmh}han}.48

Czj sa {j}az{mj dnc hnoa{ldshandf man}s{dhns}& la}s }szchj} edvj

oamz}jc jumfz}hvjfx an aphnhan} oaznc hn jfjms{anhm cdsdkd}j}& }zme d}

Rj}sfdr. Sej gjx chooj{jnmj kjsrjjn sej OIM} }szcx dnc p{ha{ jlph{hmdf

}szchj} aoSralkfx dnc Htkdf h} seds sej OIM faagjc ds dff ch}lh}}df dmshvhsx&

45 D} ao seh} r{hshnb& sej cdsd}js sej OIM judlhnjc rd} nas pzkfhmfx dvdhfdkfj.Dmmj}} sa ojcj{df maz{s {jma{c} oa{ dmdcjlhm {j}jd{me pz{pa}j} h} aosjn fhlhsjc kx sej ojj}d}}amhdsjc rhse z}j ao sej Pzkfhm Dmmj}} sa Maz{s Jfjms{anhm [jma{c} %PDMJ[( }x}sjl hnojcj{df maz{s& d} rjff d} oznmshandf man}s{dhns}. ]jj bjnj{dffxFxnn L. FaPzmgh& Maz{s,]x}sjl S{dn}pd{jnmx& 83 HARD F.[J_. 354 %;008(.

48 ]jjPds{hmhd R. Edsdlxd{& Sej Sda ao Pfjdchnb9 Ca Sralkfx dncHtkdf Ldssj{Jlph{hmdffx1& :8 DL. Z. F. [J_. ::=& :53,?== %;040(7 Ia}jpe D. ]jhnj{& PfjdchnbCh}dkhfhsx& :4 K.M. F. [J_. 8:& 44?,;8 %;040(7 Ia}jpe D. ]jhnj{& Sej S{azkfj rhseSralkfx9 D P{apa}jc Pfjdchnb ]sdncd{c oa{ Jlpfaxljns Ch}m{hlhndshan Md}j}& ;008 Z.HFF. F. [J_. 4044& 40;2,=;7 Gjncdff R. Ednnan& Nasj& Lzme Dca Dkazs Sralkfx1 D]szcx an sej Hlpdms ao Kjff Dsfdnshm Ma{p. v. Sralkfx an 4;%k(%?( Lashan}& 5= NAS[JCDLJ F.[J_. 4544& 45;5,3? %;005(.


10/36


rejsej{ a{ nas sej a{cj{} dppjd{jc hn Rj}sfdr. Faaghnb ds dmszdf dmshvhsx hn

sej ch}s{hms maz{s} h} d la{j malp{jejn}hvj dpp{adme sa bdsej{hnb sej }azbes,

dosj{ cdsd sedn fhlhshnb anj} cdsd maffjmshan jooa{s} sa anfx sea}j aphnhan}

pzkfh}ejc an Rj}sfdr. Aphnhan} pzkfh}ejc an Rj}sfdr man}shszsj fj}} sedn dff

ch}s{hms maz{s cjmh}han}& dnc sej manmj{n h} seds {jfxhnb an pzkfh}ejc aphnhan}ldx nas kj {jp{j}jnsdshvj ao dff ch}lh}}df a{cj{}.;0

La{j p{jmh}jfx& sej OIM }szcx malpd{jc lashan dmshvhsx hn ;= ojcj{df

ch}s{hms maz{s} kjoa{j Sralkfx dnc dosj{Htkdf.;4

Sej cdsdkd}j rd} bjnj{dsjc

kx {jfxhnb an macj} jnsj{jc kx sej maz{s mfj{g} ao sej hnchvhczdf ch}s{hms} hnsa dohfj ldndbjljns }x}sjl z}jc kx sej ojcj{df maz{s} mdffjc Md}j

Ldndbjljns!Jfjms{anhm Md}j Ohfhnb}& a{ ML!JMO d} hs h} gnarn. SejML!JMO macj} jnsj{jc kx sej mfj{g} {jfdsj sa lashan} ohfjc kx fdrxj{} dnc

a{cj{} h}}zjc kx izcbj} hn hnchvhczdf md}j}.;;

Sej kd}hm man}s{zms ao sej OIM

}szcx rd} sa malpd{j sej p{j,Sralkfx dnc pa}s,Htkdf {dsj ds rehme lashan} sach}lh}} oa{ odhfz{j sa }sdsj d mfdhl rj{j ohfjc dnc sej }zmmj}} {dsj ao sej}j

lashan}.

K. Ohnchnb} [jbd{chnb sej Ohfhnb [dsjCahnb d }s{dhbesoa{rd{c malpd{h}an ao ohfhnb {dsj}& sej OIM oaznc seds&

avj{dff& lashan} sa ch}lh}} oa{ odhfz{j sa }sdsj d mfdhl rj{j k{azbes la{j aosjn

dosj{Htkdf %seds h}& hn md}j} ohfjc o{al Amsakj{ ;008 sa Iznj ;040( sedn kjoa{j

Sralkfx %md}j} ohfjc o{al Amsakj{ ;00: se{azbe Iznj ;00?(. Hn sej jd{fhj{

pj{hac& sej OIM oaznc seds cjojncdns} ohfjc lashan} sa ch}lh}} oa{ odhfz{j sa}sdsj d mfdhl hn 3* ao dff mhvhf md}j}. Dosj{Htkdf& sej {dsj hnm{jd}jc sa ?.;*.

Sej avj{dff hnm{jd}j rd} {jpa{sjc d} }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns ds sej .04 fjvjf.;=

Hs rd} df}a {jpa{sjc seds sej{j rd} d }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns hnm{jd}j hn sejohfhnb {dsj oa{ dff hnchvhczdf mdsjba{hj} ao md}j} jumjps mhvhf {hbes} md}j}.

;3

Sdkfj 4 o{al sej OIM }szcx hffz}s{dsj} sej ohfhnb,{dsj ohnchnb} d} sa sej }hu ldhn

;0 MJMHF& JS DF.& }zp{d nasj 44& ds ;& =2 n.32. Earjvj{& {jmjns ra{g kx Pds{hmhdEdsdlxd{ Laa{j }ear} seds a{cj{} b{dnshnb 4;%k(%?( lashan} d{j iz}s d} fhgjfx sa kjpzkfh}ejc hn Rj}sfdr d} a{cj{} cjnxhnb 4;%k(%?( lashan}. ]jjPds{hmhd R. Edsdlxd{&

Dn Zpcdsjc Tzdnshsdshvj ]szcx aoHtkdf} Hlpdms an 4;%k(%?( Lashan}& 3: Z. [HME.F.[J_.%Dzb. 5& ;044( %oa{semalhnb(& ds 4,3 dvdhfdkfj dsessp9!!pdpj{}.}}{n.mal!}af=!pdpj{}.mol1dk}s{dmsQhc


11/36


md}j mdsjba{hj}9

Sdkfj 49 Pj{mjnsdbj ao Mhvhf Md}j} rhse d Lashan sa Ch}lh}} oa{ Odhfz{j sa

]sdsj d Mfdhl Ohfjc Rhsehn 80 Cdx} ao sej Ohfhnb ao sej Md}j %JumfzchnbP{h}anj{ dnc P{a ]j Md}j}(

;00:;00?

Pj{mjnsdbj %dnc

Nzlkj{( ao Md}j}

;008;040

Pj{mjnsdbj %dnc

Nzlkj{( ao Md}j} Chooj{jnmj

Sasdf 3.0* %38&33=( ?.;* %:;&8;:( ';.;*)

Mans{dms :.?* %5&?:4( 5.=* %8&4=8( ';.2*)

Sa{s} ;.=* %40&?03( 3.4* %8&832( '4.5*)

Jlpfaxljns

Ch}m{hlhndshan

?.8* %=&28:( 8.0* %=&524( ';.4*)

Mhvhf [hbes} 8.2* %3&;43( 40.4* %3&82?( '0.3*

Ohndnmhdf Hn}s{zljns 3.=* %4&:;3( 8.?* %3&280( ':.=*)

Asej{ ;.:* %;0&?:2( 3.4* %;0&;0;( '4.?*)

)p 6 0.04.

Sdkfj 4 h} {jp{hnsjc o{al OIM ]szcx ds 8.

Dosj{ {jb{j}}han dndfx}h}& sej {j}zfs} ao sej}j }s{dhbesoa{rd{c malpd{h}an}rj{j manoh{ljc. Sej fhgjfheaac seds d lashan sa ch}lh}} razfc kj ohfjc hn dnx

hnchvhczdf md}j hnm{jd}jc dosj{ Htkdf& d} malpd{jc rhse d kd}jfhnj seds rd}

man}s{zmsjc sa ljd}z{j mednbj} hn sej ohfhnb {dsj avj{ shlj dnc dm{a}} chooj{jnsghnc} ao md}j}. Hn sej pa}s,Htkdf pj{hac hs rd} srhmj d} fhgjfx seds d pfdhnshoo

razfc odmj d lashan sa ch}lh}}.;:

Sej ohfhnb {dsj df}a s{jncjc zp& an d lansefx

kd}h}& hn sej pa}s,Htkdf pj{hac& hn mans{d}s sa sej lansefx s{jnc fhnj hn sej

;00:,0? shlj pj{hac& rehme {jldhnjc j}}jnshdffx ofds.;?

M. Ohnchnb} [jbd{chnb Ch}pa}hshan} ao Lashan}

Hn dcchshan sa faaghnb ds ohfhnb}& sej OIM df}a judlhnjc ear aosjn lavdns}

rj{j }zmmj}}ozf hn aksdhnhnb ch}lh}}df. Sej }szcx oaznc seds sej{j rd} dn

hnm{jd}j hn sej nzlkj{ ao a{cj{} b{dnshnb ch}lh}}df hn sej pa}s,Htkdf pj{hac&

kase rhse dnc rhseazs p{jizchmj sa dljnc& kase avj{dff dnc hn jvj{x md}j

mdsjba{x judlhnjc. Dfseazbe sej {j}jd{mej{} chc nas oamz} dssjnshan an sej

;:Hc. ds 8,40 / skf.;.;? Hc. ds 40,44 %nashnb seds sej pj{mjnsdbj ao md}j} rhse anj a{ la{j lashan} sa

ch}lh}} oa{ odhfz{j sa }sdsj d mfdhl rd} ehbej{ hn jdme lanse ao ;008;040 sedn hn jdmelanse ao ;00:;00?7 dnc hn ;008;040 sej{j dppjd{jc sa kj d lacj}s hnm{jd}j avj{shlj hn sej pj{mjnsdbj ao md}j} rhse }zme lashan}(. ]jj df}ahc. ds 44 ohb.4.


12/36

4; OJCJ[DF MAZ[S] FDR [J_HJR W_afzlj ?94

hnm{jd}j}& sejx d{j {jofjmsjc hn Sdkfj 3 ao sej }szcx. Kjfar h} dn jumj{ps o{al

sej sap pd{s ao Sdkfj 3& rehme }ear} sej avj{dff hnm{jd}j hn ch}lh}}df a{cj{}9

Sdkfj 39 Azsmalj ao Lashan} sa Ch}lh}} oa{ Odhfz{j sa ]sdsj d Mfdhl

Dmshan an Lashan ;00?

Na. ao

A{cj{} ;040

Na. ao

A{cj{} Chooj{jnmj

Sasdf Cjnhjc =3.4* %;=8( ;:.0* %=0:(

B{dnsjc Dff a{ ]alj

[jfhjo ?:.8* %3?4( 2:.0* %84?( '8.4*)

Rhse Dljncljns ;0.8* %43?( =:.=* %3=4( '43.3*

Rhseazs Dljncljns 3:.0* %=4:( =8.2* %35:( ,:.=*


Sej sasdf nzlkj{ ao a{cj{} b{dnshnb ch}lh}}df oa{ jdme md}j mdsjba{x

judlhnjc& kase rhse dnc rhseazs fjdvj sa dljnc& hnm{jd}jc hn sej pa}s,Htkdf

pj{hac.

Sej{j rd} dn hnm{jd}j hn md}j ohfhnb} hn sej fdsj{ pj{hac& kzs hs rd} nas njd{fx d}

fd{bj d} sej hnm{jd}j hn ch}lh}}df a{cj{} b{dnsjc. Mhvhf md}j ohfhnb} hnm{jd}jc

anfx 2* hn sej ;= ojcj{df ch}s{hms maz{s} o{al rehme sej OIM} cdsd rd} c{drn.

Seh} mednbj mdn kj mans{d}sjc rhse sej pj{mjnsdbj hnm{jd}j hn sej sasdf nzlkj{ao a{cj{} b{dnshnb ch}lh}}df& d} cjphmsjc hn Ohbz{j 4.

Ohbz{j 49 Pj{mjnsdbj [h}j dosj{ Htkdfhn Sasdf Nzlkj{ ao A{cj{} B{dnshnbCh}lh}}df rhse Fjdvj sa Dljnc

Ohbz{j 49 Mafzln} cjphms sej pj{mjnsdbj {h}j hn sej sasdf nzlkj{ ao a{cj{} b{dnshnb d cjojncdns}

lashan sa ch}lh}} oa{ odhfz{j sa }sdsj d mfdhl rhse fjdvj sa dljnc sej malpfdhns. [j}zfs} d{j mdfmzfdsjc

o{al cdsd {jpa{sjc hn OIM ]szcx ds 4;,43 dnc Sdkfj 3. Jumfzcjc d{j sej ohnchnb} oa{ OhndnmhdfHn}s{zljns} md}j}.

0*

;0*

30*

?0*

50*

400*

4;0*

Mans{dms} Sa{s} Mhv [s} Jl. Ch}m{. Asej{


13/36

;044\ SRALKFXDNC HTKDF] LJD]Z[J 4=

Sej OIM }szcx df}a oaznc seds& an dvj{dbj& cjojncdns} rj{j la{j

}zmmj}}ozf hn k{hnbhnb lashan} sa ch}lh}} }hnmj Htkdf. Dm{a}} dff md}j}& sej

avj{dff b{dns {dsj rjns o{al ??* hn sej jd{fhj{ pj{hac sa 2:* hn sej fdssj{

pj{hac& d} sej jumj{psjc pa{shan ao Sdkfj 3& dkavj& }ear}. La{j p{jmh}jfx& sej

cdsd {jofjms seds hn sej se{jj fd{bj}s md}j mdsjba{hj} %Asej{& OhndnmhdfHn}s{zljns} dnc Mhvhf [hbes}(& hs rd} lzme la{j fhgjfx dosj{ Htkdf seds d maz{srazfc b{dns d lashan sa ch}lh}} rhse fjdvj sa dljnc. Sej {dsj ds rehme

lashan} sa ch}lh}} rj{j b{dnsjc rhse fjdvj sa dljnc hnm{jd}jc 4;.5& =0.: dnc

44.2 pj{mjnsdbj pahns}& {j}pjmshvjfx. Sej {jldhnhnb se{jj mdsjba{hj} %Mans{dms&Sa{s} dnc Jlpfaxljns Ch}m{hlhndshan( }ear }ldffj{ kzs }shff mfjd{fx

hnm{jd}hnb b{dns {dsj}. H edvj la{j b{dpehmdffx hffz}s{dsjc hn Ohbz{j ; kjfarsej ldbnhszcj ao hnm{jd}j hn sej pj{mjnsdbj ao a{cj{} b{dnshnb ch}lh}}df rhse

fjdvj sa dljnc dosj{ Htkdf oa{ jvj{x md}j mdsjba{x judlhnjc %jumfzchnb sej

Ohndnmhdf Hn}s{zljns} md}j}(.

Ohbz{j ;9 Pj{mjnsdbj ao A{cj{} B{dnshnb Ch}lh}}df rhse Fjdvj sa Dljnc

Ohbz{j ;9 Mfz}sj{jc mafzln} cjphms sej pj{mjnsdbj ao a{cj{} b{dnshnb d cjojncdns} lashan sa ch}lh}}

oa{ odhfz{j sa }sdsj d mfdhl rhse dn appa{sznhsx sa dljnc sej malpfdhns. Dff cdsd d{j c{drn o{al sejOIM ]szcx %ds 4;,43 dnc Sdkfj 3(. Jumfzcjc d{j sej ohnchnb} oa{ Ohndnmhdf Hn}s{zljns} md}j}.

Jvjn la{j }sd{gfx pzs& sej{j rj{j }zk}sdnshdf {h}j} hn sej b{dns {dsj& hnmfzchnb d

?3* {h}j hn md}j} hn sej Asej{ mdsjba{x dnc d ::* {h}j oa{ Mhvhf [hbes} md}j}.

Ohbz{j = b{dpehmdffx cjphms} sej pj{mjnsdbj {h}j} oa{ dff md}j mdsjba{hj}9

0.00*

:.00*

40.00*

4:.00*

;0.00*

;:.00*

=0.00*=:.00*

Mans{dms} Sa{s} Mhv [s} Jl.Ch}m{.

Asej{

P{j,Sralkfx

Pa}s,Htkdf


14/36


Ohbz{j =9 Pj{mjnsdbj [h}j dosj{ Htkdf hn A{cj{} B{dnshnb Ch}lh}}df Rhse

Fjdvj sa Dljnc

Ohbz{j =9 Mafzln} cjphms sej pj{mjnsdbj {h}j hn a{cj{} b{dnshnb d cjojncdns} lashan sa ch}lh}} oa{

odhfz{j sa }sdsj d mfdhl rhse dn appa{sznhsx sa dljnc sej malpfdhns. [j}zfs} d{j mdfmzfdsjc o{al cdsd{jpa{sjc hn OIM ]szcx ds 4;,43 dnc Sdkfj 3. Jumfzcjc d{j sej ohnchnb} oa{ Ohndnmhdf Hn}s{zljns} md}j}.

Nasrhse}sdnchnb sej}j }hyjdkfj pj{mjnsdbj hnm{jd}j} hn sej fhgjfheaac seds dlashan sa ch}lh}} razfc kj b{dnsjc dosj{ Htkdf& sej OIM {j}jd{mej{} z{bjc

mdzshan hn hnsj{p{jshnb sej b{dns {dsj cdsd oa{ sra {jd}an}.

Sej oh{}s {jd}an oa{ nas {jdchnb saa lzme hnsa seh} ohnchnb& sej {j}jd{mej{}ak}j{vjc& rd} seds sej ehbej{ b{dns {dsj rd} anfx oa{ b{dns} rhse fjdvj sa

dljnc. Seh} h} ear sejx pzs hs9

Dn hlpa{sdns {jd}an oa{ mdzshan hn hnsj{p{jshnb sej}j

chooj{jnmj} h} seds hn ;040& a{cj{} b{dnshnb lashan} sa ch}lh}}rj{j od{ la{j fhgjfx sa dffar sej pfdhnshoo sa dljnc sej

malpfdhns& fjdvhnb apjn sej pa}}hkhfhsx seds sej pfdhnshoo lhbesmz{j sej cjojms hn sej malpfdhns dnc sej md}j lhbes p{amjjc sa

ch}mavj{x.;2

Hn asej{ ra{c}& sej {j}jd{mej{} }zbbj}sjc seds ch}lh}}df} rhse fjdvj sa dljnc

ldx kj fj}} ra{{h}alj sedn azs{hbes ch}lh}}df} rhse p{jizchmj. La{javj{&

sejx manshnzjc& dn dcchshandf dnc jvjn la{j m{hshmdf {jd}an sa kj mdzshaz} hn

hnsj{p{jshnb jvjn sej cdsd {jbd{chnb ch}lh}}df} rhse fjdvj sa dljnc h} seds&jumjps oa{ ohndnmhdf,hn}s{zljns md}j}& sej hnm{jd}j} rj{j nas }sdsh}shmdffx

}hbnhohmdns oa{ dnx asej{ md}j mdsjba{x.;5

Sej }szcx} ch}mz}}han }jmshan pzs hs

seh} rdx9

Dosj{ mans{affhnb oa{ hcjnshohdkfj joojms} zn{jfdsjc sa sej

]zp{jlj Maz{s cjmh}han}& }zme d} chooj{jnmj} hn md}jfadcdm{a}} hnchvhczdf ch}s{hms}& rj oaznc d }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns

hnm{jd}j hn sej {dsj ds rehme lashan} sa ch}lh}} oa{ odhfz{j sa}sdsj d mfdhl rj{j b{dnsjc anfx hn md}j} medffjnbhnb ohndnmhdf

;2MJMHF& JS DF.& }zp{dnasj 44& ds 4=.

;5]jjhc. ds 4=,43 / skf.3& ;4.

0*

40*

;0*

=0*

30*

:0*

?0*

20*

Mans{dms Sa{s} Mhvhf [hbes} Jlpf.Ch}m{hl.

Asej{


15/36

;044\ SRALKFXDNC HTKDF] LJD]Z[J 4:

hn}s{zljns}. . . . Rj oaznc na hnm{jd}j hn sej {dsj ds rehme

lashan} sa ch}lh}} rj{j b{dnsjc& rhse a{ rhseazs appa{sznhsx

sa dljnc& hn asej{ sxpj} ao md}j}.;8

Sej {j}jd{mej{} chc nas jupfdhn& earjvj{& reds hs ljdns oa{ sej hnm{jd}j} sejxak}j{vjc hn sej ch}lh}}df {dsj nas sa kj }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns.]jvj{df asej{ b{dns,{dsj ohnchnb} hn sej }szcx df}a kjd{ k{hjo ljnshan. Sej

{j}jd{mej{} oaznc seds d lashan seds }azbes ch}lh}}df ao dn dljncjc malpfdhns

edc d kjssj{ mednmj ao kjhnb b{dnsjc sedn ho ch}lh}}df rd} }azbes ao dn a{hbhndfmalpfdhns.

=0Df}a ak}j{vjc rj{j chooj{jnmj} o{al anj ch}s{hms sa dnasej{ d} sa

a{cj{} b{dnshnb ch}lh}}df lashan}& kase rhse dnc rhseazs fjdvj sa dljnc.=4

Ohndffx& sej {j}jd{mej{} {jpa{sjc na chooj{jnmj dosj{ Htkdf hn ear }pjjchfx

md}j} rj{j sj{lhndsjc dosj{ dn a{cj{ ao ch}lh}}df. Sejx nasjc seds ho sej

ch}s{hms maz{s} rj{j hnsj{p{jshnb Sralkfx dnc Htkdf sa }hbnhohmdnsfx oa{jmfa}jsej appa{sznhsx oa{ oz{sej{ fhshbdshan hn sej md}j& rj razfc jupjms sa }jj dn

hnm{jd}j hn md}j} sj{lhndsjc }aan dosj{ sej a{cj{. Earjvj{& rj oaznc na

}sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns hnm{jd}j hn ;040 hn sej pj{mjnsdbj ao md}j} sj{lhndsjc

hn =0 cdx}& ?0 cdx}& a{ 80 cdx} dosj{ sej a{cj{ b{dnshnb sej lashan.=;

HH. HNSJ[P[JSHNB ]SZCX SA OHNC FHSSFJ J_HCJNMJ AO SRALKFX DNCHTKDF] JOOJMS] LH][JDC] GJX OHNCHNB] AO MD]J] HLPDMS9 SEJ

J_HCJNMJ [JBD[CHNB OHFHNB]

Seh} Pd{s judlhnj} la{j mfa}jfx sej }szcx} ohnchnb} {jbd{chnb sej

o{jtzjnmx rhse rehme lashan} sa ch}lh}} rj{j k{azbes. Sej njus pd{s %Pd{s

HHH( sz{n} sa ch}pa}hshan} ao ch}lh}}df lashan}.

Sej OIM} }szcx manoh{l} jd{fx p{jchmshan} seds Sralkfx dncHtkdf razfchnmjnshvhyj cjojncdns} sa medffjnbj sej }zoohmhjnmx ao sej pfdhnshoo} malpfdhns

la{j o{jtzjnsfx. Sej {j}jd{mej{} oaznc d :0* hnm{jd}j o{al kjoa{j Sralkfx

sa dosj{Htkdf hn sej {dsj ds rehme lashan} sa ch}lh}} oa{ odhfz{j sa }sdsj d mfdhlrj{j ohfjc. [jb{j}}han dndfx}h} sa mans{af oa{ chooj{jnmj} dm{a}} ojcj{df

ch}s{hms} dnc dm{a}} sxpj} ao md}j} manoh{ljc sej }s{dhbesoa{rd{c ohnchnb}9 dosj{

Htkdf& d pfdhnshoo rd} srhmj d} fhgjfx sa odmj d lashan sa ch}lh}}.==

Seh}

}hyjdkfj hnm{jd}j hn sej {dsj ao [zfj 4;%k(%?( lashan dmshvhsx {jp{j}jns} d

ld{gjc cjpd{sz{j o{al sej }sjdcx ohfhnb {dsj ak}j{vjc avj{ sej fd}s }jvj{df

cjmdcj}.=3

[jmdff oz{sej{ seds sej OIM df}a oaznc dn hnm{jd}hnb lanse,sa,

lanse s{jnc fhnj hn sej pa}s,Htkdf pj{hac& p{avhchnb }alj %seazbe pj{edp}

rjdg( jvhcjnmj sa }zbbj}s seds sej ohfhnb {dsj ldx manshnzj sa {h}j avj{ shlj.=:

Ao maz{}j& sej p{jmjchnb ch}mz}}han d}}zlj} sej ohfhnb,dmshvhsx fjvjf} sej

OIM oaznc d{j dmmz{dsj. Hn Pd{s _& kjfar& H ch}mz}} sej pa}}hkhfhsx seds sej cdsd

sej OIM {j}jd{mej{} bdsej{jc ldx kj hnmalpfjsj& pd{shmzfd{fx d} sa sej ohfhnb

{dsj. Ho hn}sjdc ao sej 3* p{j,Sralkfx {dsj sej OIM {jpa{sjc& sej dmszdf ohfhnb

;8Hc. ds ;4 %{joj{jnmhnb {j}zfs} {jpa{sjc hn Sdkfj 3(.=0]jjhc. ds 48.=4Hc. ds 45,48 / skf.5.=;Hc. ds 4? / skf.?.==Hc. ds 40 / skf.;.=3]jjhno{dnasj} 2:,25.=:MJMHF& JS DF.& }zp{dnasj 44& ds 40,44 / ohb.4.


16/36

4? OJCJ[DF MAZ[S] FDR [J_HJR W_afzlj ?94

{dsj kjoa{j Sralkfx rd} mfa}j{ sa 4=,4:* d} p{ha{ OIM }szchj} }zbbj}s hs ldx

dmszdffx edvj kjjn& sejn dppfxhnb sej }dlj :0* hnm{jd}j hn sej ohfhnb {dsj

razfc ljdn seds cjojncdns} dosj{ Htkdf ldx kj ohfhnb lashan}& an dvj{dbj& hn

{azbefx anj azs ao jvj{x ohvj md}j}. La{javj{& gjjp hn lhnc seds sej dkavj

ohbz{j} {joj{ sa sej dvj{dbj ohfhnb {dsj dm{a}} dff md}j}. Sej OIM} ;044 }szcxak}j{vjc ohfhnb {dsj} %kase kjoa{j Sralkfx dnc dosj{ Htkdf( oa{ jlpfaxljnsch}m{hlhndshan dnc asej{ mhvhf {hbes} %nan,p{h}anj{( md}j} seds rj{j rjff dkavj

sej dvj{dbj {dsj.=?

P{ha{ jlph{hmdf }szcx ao lashan} sa ch}lh}} }hlhfd{fx

{jma{cjc ehbej{ ohfhnb {dsj} oa{ sej}j sra hlpa{sdns md}j sxpj} kzs ds jvjnehbej{ {dsj} sedn sej OIM} ;044 }szcx oaznc.

=2

Seds la{j lashan} d{j kjhnb ohfjc md{{hj} {jdf man}jtzjnmj} oa{ fhshbdns}.Hs ljdn} dccjc ma}s} oa{ sea}j rea edvj sa bdsej{ dcchshandf hnoa{ldshan jhsej{

hn dnshmhpdshan ao a{ hn {j}pan}j sa sej}j lashan}. Hs df}a ljdn} dccjc ma}s} hn

edvhnb sa cjojnc dbdhn}s sej}j la{j o{jtzjnsfx ohfjc lashan}& jvjn sea}j sedszfshldsjfx d{j zn}zmmj}}ozf.

=5R{hshnb kjoa{j sej OIM} }szcx& D{sez{ Lhffj{

dnshmhpdsjc seds ojcj{df maz{s} rhff kj {jtzh{jc sa cjvasj lzme la{j shlj sa

jvdfzdshnb odmszdf dffjbdshan} sedn hn sej pd}sshlj seds lhbes kj kjssj{ }pjns

dpp{dh}hnb sej lj{hs} ao d rjff,cjvjfapjc {jma{c p{j}jnsjc ds }zlld{xizcbljns a{ s{hdf& j}pjmhdffx rhse {jbd{c sa znmalpfhmdsjc ldssj{}.

=8

La{javj{& nanj ao sej}j ma}s mdfmzfdshan} sdgj hnsa dmmazns seds }alj fhshbdns}

rhff kj zndkfj sa kjd{ sej dcchshandf jupjn}j}& a{ rhff fdmg dmmj}} sa sej

hnoa{ldshan }azbes& dnc }a jhsej{ rhff kj cjsj{{jc o{al k{hnbhnb }zhs a{ zndkfjsa }sdvj aoo ch}lh}}df. Dff ao sej}j d{j dcchshandf man}jtzjnmj} seds ofar

ch{jmsfx o{al sej b{jdsj{ rhffhnbnj}} ao cjojncdns} sa k{hnb lashan} sa ch}lh}}

%kzs sejx d{j man}jtzjnmj} seds rj{j hnvh}hkfj sa sej OIM {j}jd{mej{} rea rj{j

nas faaghnb oa{ sea}j joojms}& d} ch}mz}}jc oz{sej{ hn Pd{s H_(.30

=?Hc. ds 8 skf.4 %{jpa{shnb& hnsj{ dfhd& d p{j,Sralkfxohfhnb {dsj ao 3* oa{ dff md}j}& d}malpd{jc rhse ?.8* dnc 8.2* oa{ jlpfaxljns ch}m{hlhndshan dnc asej{ mhvhf {hbes} %nan,p{h}anj{( md}j}& {j}pjmshvjfx(.

=2 RHFFBHNB& }zp{d nasj 4?& ds 4; skf.3 %{jpa{shnb 8* ohfhnb {dsj oa{ jlpfaxljnsch}m{hlhndshan md}j} dnc 4;* ohfhnb {dsj oa{ mhvhf {hbes} %nan,p{h}anj{( md}j}(. ]jj hno{dPd{s _.D oa{ d ch}mz}}han ao sej 4858 }szcx.

=5 ]jj Mfj{lans / Xjdyjff& }zp{d nasj :& ds 530,34 %p{jchmshnb dn hnm{jd}j& dosj{Htkdf& hn sej nzlkj{ ao lashan} sa ch}lh}} seds d{j ohfjc dnc ak}j{vhnb seds ldnxpfdhnshoo} rhff kjd{ sej jupjn}hvj kz{cjn ao sej}j lashan}& jvjn ho sej lashan} odhf(.

=8 Lhffj{& }zp{dnasj 2& ds 34,3;.30 La{javj{& d} Iande Bjfkdme ed} d{bzjc& malpd{h}an} ao ch}lh}}df {dsj} kjoa{j dnc

dosj{ sej Maz{s} cjmh}han} hn Sralkfx dnc Htkdf rhff sjnc sa zncj{}sdsj sejh{ hlpdmskjmdz}j sejx hbna{j pd{sx,}jfjmshan joojms}. Iande K. Bjfkdme& Nasj& Famghnb sej Caa{} saCh}mavj{x1 Manmjpszdf Medffjnbj} hn dnc Jlph{hmdf [j}zfs} oa{ D}}j}}hnb sej Joojms} ao Sralkfx dncHtkdf an Dmmj}} sa Ch}mavj{x& 4;4 XDFJ F.I.%Cjm. 48& ;044( %oa{semalhnb( ds;4,=?& dvdhfdkfj ds essp9!!}}{n.mal!dk}s{dms


17/36


HHH. HNSJ[P[JSHNB ]SZCX SA OHNC FHSSFJ J_HCJNMJ AO SRALKFX DNCHTKDF] JOOJMS] LH][JDC] GJX OHNCHNB] AO MD]J] HLPDMS9 SEJ

J_HCJNMJ [JBD[CHNB CH]PA]HSHAN]

Hn seh} Pd{s sej oamz} }ehos} o{al sej ohfhnb {dsj sa sej }szcx} ohnchnb}{jbd{chnb ch}pa}hshan} ao lashan}. D} nasjc dkavj& sej OIM oaznc kase dehbej{ dk}afzsj nzlkj{ ao a{cj{} b{dnshnb ch}lh}}df hn sej pa}s,Htkdf pj{hac

dnc d ehbej{ fhgjfheaac seds lashan} razfc kj b{dnsjc hn jvj{x md}j mdsjba{x

judlhnjc. Rj edvj df}a }jjn& earjvj{& seds sej {j}jd{mej{} oamz}jc fhssfjdssjnshan an sej dk}afzsj hnm{jd}j hn a{cj{} dnc seds& d} od{ d} sej b{dns,{dsj

ohnchnb} d{j manmj{njc& sej {j}jd{mej{} jlped}hyjc seds sej pa}s,Htkdfhnm{jd}j} rj{j nas }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns hn dnx md}j mdsjba{x jumjps oa{

Ohndnmhdf Hn}s{zljns} md}j}.34

Redsjvj{ sej kjnjohs} ao d rjff,man}s{zmsjc }szcx& jlph{hmdf {j}jd{me mdndf}a manoaznc sehnghnb ho sej mea}jn ljseacafabx h} zn}aznc a{ ho jvjn

dcjtzdsjfx maffjmsjc ohnchnb} d{j nas mallznhmdsjc mfjd{fx.3;

Kx jlped}hyhnb

seds nanj ao sej ch}lh}}df hnm{jd}j} hn sej asej{ md}j mdsjba{hj} rj{j

}sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns& sej OIM} }szcx fjdc} {jdcj{} sa d}}zlj seds sej }szcxp{avjc Sralkfx dncHtkdf rj{j nas {j}pan}hkfj oa{ sej ehbej{ nzlkj{ dnc {dsjao ch}lh}}df}& d} rjff d} sa avj{faag sej joojms} seds rj{j ak}j{vjc. Sej

{j}jd{mej{} }eazfc edvj mallznhmdsjc sej }szcx} {j}zfs} la{j mfjd{fx. La{j

p{jmh}jfx& H d{bzj seds sej {j}jd{mej{} mazfc edvj dhcjc s{dn}pd{jnmx dnczncj{}sdnchnb kx %4( mfd{hoxhnb reds d ohnchnb ao na }hbnhohmdnmj ljdn}7 %;(

ch}mz}}hnb sej ma}s ao }jsshnb dn hndpp{ap{hdsjfx ehbe se{j}eafc oa{ }sdsh}shmdf

}hbnhohmdnmj7 dnc %=( {dh}hnb pfdz}hkfj {jd}an} rex sej ak}j{vjc chooj{jnmj}

lhbes nas edvj {jdmejc sej fjvjf ao }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj sejx }jfjmsjc.

D. Sej [j}jd{mej{} ]eazfc Edvj Mfd{hohjc Reds d Ohnchnb ao Na]hbnhohmdnmj Ljdn}

Sej OIM {j}jd{mej{} mazfc edvj b{jdsfx dhcjc zncj{}sdnchnb ao sej }szcx}

{j}zfs} kx mfd{hoxhnb reds d ohnchnb ao na }hbnhohmdnmj ljdn}. Sej odhfz{j sa

gjjp mfjd{ sej fhlhs} ao nzff expasej}h} }sdsh}shmdf sj}shnb ed} kjjn sej }az{mj ao

maznsfj}} p{akfjl} hn sej }amhdf }mhjnmj} dnc khaljchmdf ohjfc}.3=

Sa kjssj{

zncj{}sdnc reds d ohnchnb ao }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj ljdn}dnc }a sa jupfdhn

reds sej dff,parj{ozf p,vdfzj cjnasj} %dnc reds hs caj} nas cjnasj(hs h}

ejfpozf sa mfd{hox rex mdfmzfdshan} ao }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj d{j ldcj.

]sjp azs}hcj sej ohjfc ao fdr dnc man}hcj{ d khaljchmdf {j}jd{mej{ rea h}

hnsj{j}sjc hn cjsj{lhnhnb rejsej{ d mj{sdhn c{zb ed} dn joojms an pjapfj. Sej

ra{g sej OIM chc hn maffjmshnb cdsd an ch}lh}}df {dsj} ldx nas edvj kjjn

}s{hmsfx dndfabaz} kzs sej juj{mh}j ejfp} sa p{avhcj d kjssj{ dpp{jmhdshan oa{

}sdsh}shmdf sj}shnb. D}}zlj seds d {j}jd{mej{ manczms} dn jupj{hljns hn rehme

34 MJMHF& JS DF.& }zp{dnasj 44& ds ;4.3;]jj& j.b.& Fjj Jp}sjhn / Bd{x Ghnb& Jumednbj9 Jlph{hmdf [j}jd{me dnc sej Badf}

ao Fjbdf ]meafd{}ehp& Sej [zfj} ao Hnoj{jnmj& ?8 Z. MEH. F. [J_. 4& 4,45 %;00;(7 FjjJp}sjhn& Dnc{jr C. Ld{shn / Ldssejr L. ]menjhcj{& An sej Joojmshvj Mallznhmdshan aosej [j}zfs} ao Jlph{hmdf ]szchj}& Pd{s H& :8 _DNC.F.[J_. 4544& 454;,4: %;00?(.

3=]jj]SJPEJN S. YHFHDG DNC CJH[C[J N. LMMFA]GJX& SEJ MZFS AO ]SDSH]SHMDF]HBNHOHMDNMJ9 EAR SEJ ]SDNCD[C J[[A[ MA]S] Z] IAK]& IZ]SHMJ& DNC FH_J] ==,34%;005( %ch}mz}}hnb z}j dnc lh}z}j ao }sdsh}shmdf sj}shnb hn chooj{jns ohjfc}(.


18/36


}ej bhvj} d pfdmjka sa }alj }zkijms} dnc sej c{zb sa kj sj}sjc sa asej{}& sej

kd}hm dpp{adme kjhnb sa }jj rejsej{ sej sra b{azp} {jdms chooj{jnsfx. Ao

maz{}j& sej {j}jd{mej{ {jmabnhyj} seds jvjn ho }ej caj} ak}j{vj chooj{jnmj} hn

sej {jdmshan} ao sej sra b{azp} }ej mdnnas kj mj{sdhn seds sea}j chooj{jnmj}

rj{j mdz}jc kx sej c{zb dnc nas }alj asej{ {jd}an%}(. Oa{ hn}sdnmj& sej srapapzfdshan} lhbes kj ch}}hlhfd{ hn rdx} ao rehme }ej rd} zndrd{j. Ho sejxrj{j& sejn anj a{ la{j ao sej}j zngnarn vd{hdkfj}dnc nas sej c{zblhbes

jupfdhn sej chooj{jnmj} ak}j{vjc. Jvjn ho sej sra b{azp} rj{j hcjnshmdf hn

jvj{x rdx& hs lhbes df}a iz}s kj d ldssj{ ao mednmj seds sej {jdmshan} ao sej srab{azp} rj{j chooj{jns.

Az{ c{zb {j}jd{mej{ razfc fhgj sa kj dkfj sa dn}rj{ ear znfhgjfx hs h} sedssej chooj{jnmj} }ej ak}j{vj} d{j sej {j}zfs ao dnx ao sej}j asej{ {hvdf

expasej}j}& hnmfzchnb sej {hvdf expasej}h} mednmj. Earjvj{& oa{ {jd}an} seds

d{j eh}sa{hmdf& malpfhmdsjc dnc nas njmj}}d{hfx cjojn}hkfj& hn khaljchmdf{j}jd{me& d} rjff d} hn sej }amhdf }mhjnmj}& sej dmmjpsjc p{dmshmj h} sa kjbhn kx

d}}j}}hnb sej cjb{jj sa rehme sej {j}jd{mej{ mdn kj manohcjns seds sej {hvdf

expasej}h} mednmj h} nas sej {jd}an oa{ sej {j}zfs}.33

]sdsh}shmhdn} z}j reds h} mdffjc& {dsej{ manoz}hnbfx& nzff expasej}h}}sdsh}shmdf sj}shnb sa bdzbj sej p{akdkhfhsx seds dn d}}amhdshan a{ chooj{jnmjkjsrjjn sra vd{hdkfj} razfc kj oaznc seds h} d} a{ la{j jus{jlj sedn sej anj

ak}j{vjc ho sej d}}amhdshan a{ chooj{jnmj juh}sjc anfx kx mednmj.3:

Sej p,

vdfzj seds h} malpzsjc kx }sdsh}shmhdn} h} sej nzlj{hmdf vdfzj bhvjn sa sedsp{akdkhfhsx.

3?Sej dm{anxl h} manoz}hnb& earjvj{& kjmdz}j }s{hmsfx }pjdghnb

anj mdnnas z}j nzff expasej}h} }sdsh}shmdf sj}shnb sa ljd}z{j sej p{akdkhfhsx seds

sej sj}sjc expasej}h} ao na joojms %sej la}s mallanfx z}jc nzff expasej}h}( h}

s{zj. Sej jlhnjns p}xmeafabh}s Idmak Maejn odlaz}fx pzs hs seh} rdx hn eh}

pdpj{& Sej Jd{se h} [aznc %p 6.0:(9

Reds} r{anb rhse NE]S Wnzff expasej}h} }sdsh}shmdfsj}shnb\1 Rjff& dlanb ldnx asej{ sehnb}& hs caj} nas sjff z}

reds rj rdns sa gnar& dnc rj }a lzme rdns sa gnar reds

rj rdns sa gnar seds& azs ao cj}pj{dshan& rj njvj{sejfj}}

kjfhjvj seds hs caj}$ Reds rj rdns sa gnar h} Bhvjn sej}j

cdsd& reds h} sej p{akdkhfhsx sedsE0 h} s{zj1 Kzs d} la}s ao z}

33]jj [andfc P. Md{vj{& Sej Md}j Dbdhn}s ]sdsh}shmdf ]hbnhohmdnmj Sj}shnb& 35 ED[_.JCZM.[J_.=25& =50& =5; %4825( %]sdsh}shmdf sj}shnb }js} zp d }s{dr ldn& sej nzff expasej}h}& dnc s{hj} sa gnamg

ehl carn. . . . Rejn mdfmzfdshnb sej p vdfzj}& rj d}}zljseds dff sej acc} d{j hn odva{ ao mednmj

mdz}hnb sej {j}zfs}.(.3: [hmed{c Fjlpj{s& Sej ]hbnhohdnmj ao ]sdsh}shmdf ]hbnhohmdnmj9 Sra Dzsea{} [j}sdsj

dn Hnmans{avj{shkfj Mdzshan. Rex d Kaag1& =3 F./]AM.HNTZH[X;;:& ;=; %;008(.3? ]jj bjnj{dffx Md{vj{& }zp{d nasj 33 ds =50 %Rejn sej nzff expasej}h} h} z}jc hn

{j}jd{me& sej gnarn vd{hdkhfhsx hn sej }dlpfjc b{azp} mdn kj z}jc sa j}shldsj sejzngnarn vd{hdkhfhsx hn sej d}}zljc mallan papzfdshan}. Z}hnb seh} j}shldsj ao sejpapzfdshan vd{hdkhfhsx dnc sej gnarn }dlpfj }hyj& rj mdn ldsejldshmdffx mdfmzfdsj earaosjn rj razfc jupjms sa ohnc ljdn chooj{jnmj}}dlpfhnb j{{a{}ao dnx pd{shmzfd{ }hyj.Sej mdfmzfdshan} o{al d ssj}s p{avhcj d p vdfzj. . . d nzlkj{ rehme sjff} z} sejp{apa{shanao sej shlj seds rj mdn jupjms sa ohnc ljdn chooj{jnmj} d} fd{bj a{ fd{bj{ sedn sejpd{shmzfd{ }hyjc chooj{jnmj rj bjs rejn rj d{j }dlpfhnb o{al sej }dlj papzfdshand}}zljc zncj{ sej nzff expasej}h}( %jlped}h} hn a{hbhndf(.


19/36


gnar& reds hs sjff} z} h} Bhvjn seds E0 h} s{zj& reds h} sej

p{akdkhfhsx ao sej}j %a{ la{j jus{jlj( cdsd132

Maejn h} {jlhnchnb z} seds kjmdz}j sej p,vdfzj }dx} }aljsehnb anfx dkazs sej

cdsd& nas dkazs sej expasej}h} kjhnb sj}sjc& hs mdn anfx cjnasj sej p{akdkhfhsxao joojms} {jmz{{hnb hn ozsz{j jupj{hljns}7 dnc kjmdz}j hs h} kd}jc an dn hnhshdfd}}zlpshan seds sej nzff expasej}h} h} s{zj& hs mdnnaskx cjohnhshansjff z}

sej p{akdkhfhsx seds sej nzff expasej}h} h} dmszdffx ma{{jms a{ hnma{{jms.35

Hn

}sdsh}shmhdn} pd{fdnmj& P%CE0( P %E0C(.Ho az{ c{zb {j}jd{mej{ rj{j sa malj zp rhse d p,vdfzj ao .0: a{ }ldffj{&

reds seds sjff} ej{ h} seds sej p{akdkhfhsx h} anj hn srjnsx seds }ej razfc edvj

ak}j{vjc joojms} hn sej }hyj %a{ jvjn fd{bj{ joojms}( ho sej chooj{jnmj kjsrjjn

sej ak}j{vjc dnc s{jdsljns b{azp} rj{j sej {j}zfs ao mednmj vd{hdshan} d} sejxdoojmsjc sej azsmalj} hn sej jupj{hljnsdf dnc mans{af b{azp}. D }ldff p,vdfzj

h} }alj jvhcjnmj seds sej ak}j{vjc joojms} rj{j sej {j}zfs ao d {jdf d}}amhdshan

rhse sej c{zb& dnc nas {dncal j{{a{& kzs h} nas sej }dlj d} }dxhnb seds ej{mdfmzfdsjc p,vdfzj p{avj} d mdz}df {jfdshan kjsrjjn sej c{zb dnc sej joojms} }ej

cjsjmsjc. D} [hmed{c Fjlpj{s ed} pzs hs& W{\jijmshnb d nzff expasej}h} h} nassej }dlj d} p{avhnb d odva{jc anj.

38Sej{j d{j }shff dff ao sea}j asej{ {hvdf

expasej}j} sa man}hcj{rehme sej p,vdfzj& mdfmzfdsjc kd}jc anfx an dn

d}}zlpshan seds sej nzff expasej}h} ao na joojms h} s{zj& sjff} z} nasehnb dkazs.Ma{{j}panchnbfx& rejn d ohnchnb h} nas }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns& seds caj} nas

ljdn seds sej nzff expasej}h} h} s{zj jvjn seazbe& d} Lhmedjf B{jjn ed}nasjc& seh} h} d vj{x mallan lh}manmjpshan.

:0

Kx odhfhnb sa mfd{hox sej ljdnhnb ao d ohnchnb ao na }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj&

sej OIM }szcx manoz}jc {jdcj{} hnsa sehnghnb seds hs p{avjc sej Maz{s} md}j}edc na hlpdms an ch}lh}}df p{dmshmj. D} p{jvhaz}fx }sdsjc& nzff expasej}h}

}sdsh}shmdf sj}shnb mdn ca na }zme sehnb. Kx mfd{hoxhnb reds d p,vdfzj cjnasj}

dnc reds hs caj} nas cjnasj& sej {j}jd{mej{} mazfc edvj dhcjc zncj{}sdnchnb aoear sa hnsj{p{js sej }szcx} {j}zfs}.

Kjxanc manoz}han avj{ sej ljdnhnb ao d na,}hbnhohmdnmj ohnchnb& dpj{}h}sjns j{{a{ dlanb {j}jd{mej{} dnc {jdcj{} dfhgj ed} kjjn sa lh}sdgj

}sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj oa{ p{dmshmdf a{ }zk}sdnshvj hlpa{sdnmj. J}pjmhdffx

dlanb sea}j zns{dhnjc hn }sdsh}shmdf dndfx}h}& sej{j h} d sjncjnmx sa d}}zlj sedsohnchnb} seds d{j nas }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns mdn kj ch}lh}}jc d} zns{zj a{ nas

hlpa{sdns.:4

D }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns {j}zfs lhbes kj }aljsehnb seds rj md{j

vj{x fhssfj dkazsdnc hs caj} nas kjmalj }zk}sdnshvjfx la{j }hbnhohmdns d} sej

32 Idmak Maejn& Sej Jd{se h} [aznc %p 6 .0:(& 38 DL.P]XMEAFABH]S 882& 882 %4883(.35]jj hc. ds 885,887 }jj df}aMd{vj{& }zp{d nasj 33 ds =5;( %jupfdhnhnb seds sej p

vdfzj h} sej p{akdkhfhsx ao bjsshnb sej {j}jd{me {j}zfs} rejn hs h} oh{}s d}}zljc seds hs h}dmszdffx s{zj seds mednmj mdz}jc sej {j}zfs}. Hs h} sej{joa{j hlpa}}hkfj oa{ sejpvdfzj sakj sej p{akdkhfhsx seds mednmj mdz}jc sej ljdn chooj{jnmj kjsrjjn sej sra {j}jd{meb{azp} }hnmj %d( sejpvdfzj rd} mdfmzfdsjc kx d}}zlhnb seds sej p{akdkhfhsx rd} 4.00 sedsmednmj chc mdz}j sej ljdn chooj{jnmj& dnc %k( sej pvdfzj h} z}jc sa cjmhcj rejsej{ sadmmjps a{ {jijms sej hcjd seds p{akdkhfhsx h} 4.00 seds mednmj mdz}jc sej ljdn chooj{jnmj(.

38 Fjlpj{s& }zp{dnasj 3:& ds ;=:.:0 Lhmedjf C. B{jjn& Fjbdf Seja{x9 Jupj{s Rhsnj}}j} dnc ]zoohmhjnmx hn Sauhm

]zk}sdnmj} Fhshbdshan9 Sej Fjbdmx ao Dbjns A{dnbj dnc Kjncjmshn Fhshbdshan& 5? NR.Z.F.[J_. ?3=& ?5;,5= %488;(.

:4]jj Gh{g& }zp{d nasj 42& ds ;43.


20/36

;0 OJCJ[DF MAZ[S] FDR [J_HJR W_afzlj ?94

vdfzj ao p c{ap}.:;

Ma{{j}panchnbfx& dnc ao pd{shmzfd{ {jfjvdnmj rhse {jbd{c sa

sej OIM }szcx ao Sralkfx dnc Htkdf& }dxhnb seds d {jfdshan}ehp kjsrjjn

vd{hdkfj} h} nas }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns caj} nas ljdn seds sej ak}j{vjc joojms}

d{j znhlpa{sdns.

O{dng Xdsj}& anj ao sej fjdchnb }sdsh}shmhdn} ao sej fd}s mjnsz{x }ed{pfxldcj sej pahns la{j sedn d edfo mjnsz{x dba seds nzff expasej}h} }hbnhohmdnmjsj}shnb ed} mdz}jc }mhjnshohm {j}jd{me ra{gj{} sa pdx znczj dssjnshan sa sej

{j}zfs} ao sej sj}s} ao }hbnhohmdnmj sejx pj{oa{l an sejh{ cdsd& dnc saa fhssfj sa

sej j}shldsj} ao sej ldbnhszcj ao sej joojms} sejx d{j hnvj}shbdshnb.:=

Hn fjbdfdmdcjlhd& ldnx jumjffjns }az{mj} jupfdhn seds }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj caj} nas

}dx dnxsehnb dkazs sej }hyj a{ hlpa{sdnmj ao sej {j}zfs} aksdhnjc.:3

Jvjn sejZ.]. ]zp{jlj Maz{s ed} {jdfhyjc sej ch}shnmshan& dfkjhs d} d fdsjmalj{&

{jlhnchnb z} seds %ds fjd}s hn sej mansjus ao [zfj 40k,: }jmz{hshj} dmshan}(

maz{s} }eazfc nas manoz}j }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj oa{ }zk}sdnshvj hlpa{sdnmj.::

Cj}phsj dff ao sej drd{jnj}} seds }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj h} nas sej }dlj d}

p{dmshmdf hlpa{sdnmj& sej mzfs ao }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj pj{}h}s} dnc dppjd{}

vj{x ed{c sa ma{{jms& d} ]sjpejn Yhfhdg dnc Cjh{c{j LmMfa}gjx edvj {jmjnsfx

cjlan}s{dsjc.:? Kx jlped}hyhnb anfx rejsej{ sej chooj{jnmj} sejx ak}j{vjcrj{j }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns& sej OIM {j}jd{mej{} ojff hnsa d mallan s{dp sedsldx edvj fjc ds fjd}s }alj ao hs} {jdcj{} hnsa manoz}hnb }sdsh}shmdf oa{

:; Maejn& }zp{d nasj 32& ds 40047 }jj df}a Dfdn B. ]drxj{ / I. Pdzf Pjsj{& Sej]hbnhohmdnmj ao ]sdsh}shmdf ]hbnhohmdnmj Sj}s} hn Ld{gjshnb [j}jd{me& ;0 I. LD[GJSHNB[J]. 4;;& 4;= %485=(& dvdhfdkfj dsrrr.kdzj{.ze.jcz!iej}}!camzljns}!]drxj{*;0dnc*;0pjsj{.pco %{joj{{hnb sa sejp{dmshmj ao hnsj{p{jshnb p,vdfzj} d} d ljd}z{j ao sej cjb{jj ao vdfhchsx ao {j}jd{me {j}zfs}&h.j.&p,vdfzj }zme d}p6 .0004 h} ehbefx }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns a{ ehbefx }hbnhohmdns dncsej{joa{j lzme la{j vdfhc sedn dp,vdfzj ao& }dx& .0:& dnc nashnb seds }zme d p{dmshmj h}hndpp{ap{hdsj(.

:= O. Xdsj}& Sej Hnofzjnmj ao ]sdsh}shmdf Ljseac} oa{ [j}jd{me Ra{gj{} An sejCjvjfapljns ao sej ]mhjnmj ao ]sdsh}shm}& 3? I.DL.]SDS.D]]N 48& == %48:4(.

:3 ]jj& j.b.& C.E. Gdxj& H} P{aao ao ]sdsh}shmdf ]hbnhohmdnmj [jfjvdns1& ?4 RD]E. F.[J_. 4===& 4=:?,?3 %485?(7 Jp}sjhn / Ghnb& }zp{dnasj 3;& ds 38,::7 Jp}sjhn& Ld{shn /]menjhcj{& }zp{dnasj 3;& ds 45;2,33.

:: Lds{huu Hnhshdshvj} Hnm. v. ]h{dmz}dna& 4=4 ]. Ms. 4=08& 4=48 %;044( %D fdmg ao}sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns cdsd caj} nas ljdn seds ljchmdf jupj{s} edvj na {jfhdkfj kd}h} oa{hnoj{{hnb d mdz}df fhng kjsrjjn d c{zb dnc dcvj{}j jvjns}.(7 hc. %nashnb seds ljchmdfp{aoj}}handf} dnc {j}jd{mej{} ca nas fhlhs sej cdsd sejx man}hcj{ sa sej {j}zfs} ao{dncalhyjc mfhnhmdf s{hdf} a{ sa }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns jvhcjnmj(. D} hs sz{n} azs& hn sej}dlj cjmh}han seds {jmabnhyjc sej ch}shnmshan kjsrjjn }sdsh}shmdf dnc p{dmshmdf}hbnhohmdnmj& sej Maz{s mhsjc Sralkfxdnc Htkdfd} dzsea{hsx oa{ zpeafchnb sej }zoohmhjnmxao sej pfdhnshoo} malpfdhns. ]jjhc. ds 4=;= %Rj kjfhjvj seds sej}j dffjbdshan} }zoohmj sa{dh}j d {jd}andkfj jupjmsdshan seds ch}mavj{x rhff {jvjdf jvhcjnmj }dsh}oxhnb sejldsj{hdfhsx {jtzh{jljns& Kjff Dsfdnshm Ma{p. v. Sralkfx& dnc sa dffaWr\ sej maz{s sa c{drsej {jd}andkfj hnoj{jnmj seds sej cjojncdns h} fhdkfj oa{ sej lh}manczms dffjbjc& Htkdf. . . . _hjrhnb sej dffjbdshan} ao sej malpfdhns d} d reafj& sej malpfdhns dffjbj} odms}}zbbj}shnb d }hbnhohmdns {h}g sa sej mallj{mhdf vhdkhfhsx ao Lds{huu} fjdchnb p{aczms.(%mhsdshan} alhssjc(. Hs h} ed{c sa bdzbj rehme h} la{j znmj{sdhn9 seds sej farj{ maz{s}rhff oaffar sej Maz{s} jupfhmhs m{hshmh}l} hn Lds{huu ao avj{,{jfxhnb an }sdsh}shmdf}hbnhohmdnmj a{ hs} la{j apdtzj {joj{jnmj sa Sralkfx!Htkdf seds lhbes a{ lhbes nas}zbbj}s dn hnsjncjc }aosjnhnb ao sej pfjdchnb }zoohmhjnmx }sdncd{c. Oa{ la{j an Lds{huu&}jj C.E.. Gdxj& S{dppjc hn sej Lds{huu9 Sej Z.]. ]zp{jlj Maz{s dnc sej Njjc oa{]sdsh}shmdf ]hbnhohmdnmj& =8 P[AC.]DOJSX/FHDK.[JP. 4002 %;044( %dndfxyhnb ]zp{jljMaz{s} ch}mz}}han ao }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj sj}shnb hn Lds{huu(.

:? YHFHDG /LMMFA]GJX& }zp{d nasj 3=& ds :: dnc ;=5,33 %ch}mz}}hnb dnc jupfdhnhnb manshnzjc

hnofzjnmj ao mzfs ao }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj(.


21/36

;044\ SRALKFXDNC HTKDF] LJD]Z[J ;4

}zk}sdnshvj }hbnhohmdnmj. Rejsej{ }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns a{ nas& rhse

{jmabnhshan ao sej fhlhsjc ljdnhnb ao d na,}hbnhohmdnmj ohnchnb& {jdcj{}dnc

pafhmxldgj{}& hn pd{shmzfd{mazfc {jd}andkfx kj manmj{njc kx sej ehbej{

nzlkj{ dnc {dsj ao a{cj{} b{dnshnb ch}lh}}df }hnmj Htkdf kase avj{dff dnc hn

jvj{x md}j mdsjba{x judlhnjc.

K. Mfd{hoxhnb sej Ma}s} ao ]jsshnb dn Hndpp{ap{hdsjfx Ehbe Se{j}eafc oa{]sdsh}shmdf ]hbnhohmdnmj

Dcchshandffx& sej {j}jd{mej{} odhfjc sa ldgj mfjd{ seds hn jlpfaxhnb sej

}sdsh}shmdf sj}s seds sejx z}jc sejx rj{j ljd}z{hnb anfx sej fhgjfheaac ao dodf}j,pa}hshvj j{{a{seds h}& sehnghnb sej Maz{s} cjmh}han} rj{j {j}pan}hkfj

oa{ sej ehbej{ ch}lh}}df {dsj} rejn& hn odms& sejx rj{j nas.

D} nasjc dkavj& sej pz{pa}j ao cahnb nzff expasej}h} }hbnhohmdnmj sj}shnbh} sa bdzbj sej p{akdkhfhsx seds dn d}}amhdshan a{ chooj{jnmj kjsrjjn sra

vd{hdkfj} razfc kj oaznc seds h} d} jus{jlj a{ la{j jus{jlj sedn sej anj

ak}j{vjc ho sej nzff expasej}h} rj{j s{zj %h.j.& seds na {jdf d}}amhdshan a{

chooj{jnmj juh}s}(. D }sdsh}shmdf fjvjf ao }hbnhohmdnmj }js ds .0: ljdn} seds sej{j}jd{mej{ h} j}}jnshdffx ljd}z{hnb anfx anj sxpj ao j{{a{9 sej p{akdkhfhsx sedsanj razfc sehng sej{j h} dn joojms rejn& hn odms& sej{j h} nas.

:2Kjxanc sej

pa}}hkhfhsx ao ldghnb d odf}j,pa}hshvj lh}sdgj& sej{j h}& ao maz{}j& dnasej{ ghnc

ao j{{a{9 sej pa}}hkhfhsx seds anj razfc nas sehng sej{j h} dn joojms rejn& hn odms&sej{j h} anj %d Sxpj HH a{ odf}j,njbdshvj j{{a{(. Kase ghnc} ao j{{a{} }eazfc

ldssj{. Rj razfc nas rdns az{ c{zb {j}jd{mej{ sa manmfzcj j{{anjaz}fx sedssej c{zb }ej hnvj}shbdsjc edc pa}hshvj joojms} seds hs chc nas dmszdffx edvj. Rj

df}a }eazfc kj manmj{njc seds sej {j}jd{mej{ rhff j{{anjaz}fx sehng sej c{zb

edc na joojms rejn& hn s{zse& hs} joojms} rj{j ehbefx kjnjohmhdf.Rhse {jbd{c sa jphcjlhafabhmdf }szchj}& Lhmedjf B{jjn ch}mz}}j} sej

hnvj{}j {jfdshan}ehp kjsrjjn sej sra sxpj} ao j{{a{. B{jjn nasj} seds sej la{j

anj ra{{hj} dkazs ldghnb d odf}j pa}hshvj j{{a{& sej b{jdsj{ sej mednmj} aolh}}hnb joojms} seds d{j {jdffx sej{j.

[jtzh{hnb seds d }szcx ohnchnb d pa}hshvj d}}amhdshan kj

}sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns kjoa{j hs h} s{jdsjc d} p{akdshvj oa{

pz{pa}j} ao p{avhnb dn joojms rhff dfla}s dfrdx} p{aczmj

la{j j{{a{ ao sej odf}j njbdshvj vd{hjsx %odva{hnb cjojncdns}(

sedn sej odf}j pa}hshvj} %odva{hnb pfdhnshoo}( hs dvahc}. Seh}

{j}zfs} kjmdz}j }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj cjldnc} seds dn joojms

lz}s kj d {j}zfs seds razfc ammz{ se{azbe {dncal mednmj fj}}

sedn ohvj pj{mjns ao sej shlj. Dff azsmalj}& na ldssj{ ear

ehbe sej ldbnhszcj ao sej joojms& d{j {jijmsjc znfj}} sej{j h} d

p{akdkhfhsx ao ohvj pj{mjns a{ fj}} seds sej joojms oaznc h} czj

sa mednmj. Kzs& seh} lhnhlhydshan ao odf}j pa}hshvj} malj} ds dma}s{jijmshnb sej juh}sjnmj ao dn joojms rejn anj s{zfx

juh}s}d odf}j njbdshvj& rehme h} kjsd j{{a{.:5

:2 B{jjn& }zp{dnasj :0& ds ?5;.:5Hc. ds ?52.


22/36

;; OJCJ[DF MAZ[S] FDR [J_HJR W_afzlj ?94

B{jjn {jlhnc} z} seds sej sjn}han kjsrjjn Sxpj H dnc Sxpj HH j{{a{} cjldnc}

seds hn }jsshnb sej dpp{ap{hdsj }hbnhohmdnmj fjvjf anj lz}s man}hcj{ sej }szcx}

pz{pa}j} dnc sej {jfdshvj ma}s} ao kase sxpj} ao j{{a{}. Sej OIM {j}jd{mej{}

rj{j {hbes sa s{x sa lhnhlhyj sej fhgjfheaac ao d odf}j pa}hshvj j{{a{. Earjvj{&

hn dcchshan& sejx }eazfc edvj ldcj mfjd{ sa {jdcj{} seds d odf}j njbdshvj j{{a{ej{j& sej pa}}hkhfhsx ao sehnghnb seds Sralkfx dnc Htkdf rj{j nas {j}pan}hkfjoa{ sej hnm{jd}j} hn sej ch}lh}}df b{dns {dsj rejn& hn odms& sejx rj{jdf}a

ldssj{}. Hncjjc& anj lhbes {jd}andkfx cjmhcj& bhvjn sej }sdgj} hnvafvjc hn

sj{l} ao izchmhdf dmmj}}& seds d odf}j njbdshvj j{{a{ ldssj{} la{j.[jdcj{}dnc j}pjmhdffx sej pafhmx ldgj{} rea mallh}}hanjc seh}

}szcxrazfc edvj kjjn od{ kjssj{ }j{vjc ho sej {j}jd{mej{} edc ldcj mfjd{ sejcdnbj{ ao hbna{hnb sej pa}s,Htkdf chooj{jnmj} seds rj{j oaznc hn ch}lh}}df

p{dmshmj} dnc azsmalj} lj{jfx kjmdz}j sejx rj{j nas }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns ds

sej .0: fjvjf. Sa {jdcj{} zns{dhnjc hn }sdsh}shmdf sj}shnb& seh} ljdn} sejx }eazfcedvj zncj{fhnjc sej pahns pfdhnfx seds z}hnb sej manvjnshandffx ehbe kd{ ao .0:

oa{ }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj md{{hj} sej {jdf cdnbj{ seds dmszdf mdz}df joojms} rhff

kj lh}}jc. Jvjn la{j hlpa{sdnsfx& sej {j}jd{mej{} }eazfc edvj s{hjc sa

cjsj{lhnj sej p{akdkhfhsx ao odf}j,njbdshvj j{{a{& dnc nas lj{jfx fhlhsjc sejh{dndfx}h} sa Sxpj H j{{a{. Seh} mazfc edvj kjjn canj kx ljd}z{hnb sej parj{ao sej }szcxdn dndfx}h} seds dffar} {j}jd{mej{} sa cjsj{lhnj sej fhgjfheaac

seds d }szcx rhff ohnc d }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns expasej}hyjc joojms ho d {jdf

d}}amhdshan juh}s}.:8

Kx man}hcj{hnb sej }szcx} parj{& sej {j}jd{mej{} mazfcedvj ldcj d kjssj{ j}shldsj ao sej dpp{ap{hdsj }hbnhohmdnmj fjvjf sa z}j kx

sdghnb hnsa man}hcj{dshan sej ma}s} ao kase sxpj} ao j{{a{}. Sejh{ j}shldsj}

lhbes edvj kjjn }zk}jtzjnsfx tzj}shanjc& kzs ds fjd}s sej ch}mz}}han razfc

edvj kjjn s{dn}pd{jns dnc& sej{jkx& mazfc edvj ejfpjc oamz} pafhmxldgj{}

dssjnshan rej{j hs }eazfc kj9 nas an }zlld{x cjmfd{dshan} ao }sdsh}shmdf}hbnhohmdnmj kzs an ear sa jvdfzdsj sej }szcx} jlph{hmdf ohnchnb} hn fhbes ao

sej njjc sa kdfdnmj kase ghnc} ao pasjnshdf j{{a{}. Seh} ra{g h} nas jd}x& kzs hs

h} sej ghnc ao jooa{s seds h} cjldncjc kase ao jlph{hmh}s} dnc pafhmxldgj{}.

M. [dh}hnb Pfdz}hkfj [jd}an} Rex sej Ak}j{vjc Chooj{jnmj} Lhbes NasEdvj Kjjn ]sdsh}shmdffx ]hbnhohmdns

H edvj d{bzjc }a od{ seds sa mfd{hox sa {jdcj{} sej fhlhs} ao sej }szcx}

{j}zfs}& sej {j}jd{mej{} }eazfc edvj ch}mz}}jc reds d ohnchnb ao na }sdsh}shmdf

}hbnhohmdnmj ljdn}& d} rjff d} reds sej ma}s} d{j ao }jsshnb dn hndpp{ap{hdsjfx

ehbe se{j}eafc oa{ }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj. Ohndffx& H d{bzj ej{j seds sej

{j}jd{mej{} }eazfc df}a edvj ldcj mfjd{ sej fhlhs} ao sejh{ }szcx} {j}zfs} kx

nashnb seds sej{j d{j nzlj{az} {jd}an} rex sej ak}j{vjc chooj{jnmj} lhbes nas

edvj {jdmejc sej p{jcjsj{lhnjc fjvjf ao }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj sejx }jfjmsjc.

4. Sej ]szcx ]eazfc Edvj Jlped}hyjc seds ]alj ao sejD}}zlpshan} Zncj{fxhnb sejh{ Jlph{hmdf Lacjf} Ldx NasEdvj Kjjn Ma{{jms

Anj ao sej {jd}an} sej dzsea{} mazfc edvj jlped}hyjc sa {jdcj{} rex sej

:8Hc. ds ?5:.


23/36

;044\ SRALKFXDNC HTKDF] LJD]Z[J ;=

chooj{jnmj} sejx ak}j{vjc lhbes nas edvj {jdmejc }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj ds sej

.0: fjvjf h} seds sej jlph{hmdf lacjf} z}jc ldx nas edvj kjjn ma{{jmsfx

man}s{zmsjc. Anj ao sej d}}zlpshan} ldcj kx sej OIM {j}jd{mej{} hn

man}s{zmshnb sej lacjf sejx z}jc sa mdfmzfdsj sej }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj ao sej

ohnchnb} rd} seds hs rd} dpp{ap{hdsj sa malpd{j sej ;040 ch}lh}}df {dsj} rhse dp{j,Sralkfx kd}jfhnj ao ch}lh}}df {dsj} z}hnb d }hnbfj mdsjba{x ao md}j} %sa{smd}j}( o{al sej ljdn ch}lh}}df {dsj ao se{jj ch}s{hms} %sej Ch}s{hms ao [eacj

H}fdnc& sej Jd}sj{n Ch}s{hms ao Lhmehbdn dnc sej Ch}s{hms ao Ld{xfdnc(.

Dfseazbe sej jooa{s ldx edvj kjjn rjff hnsjncjc& hs h} nas mfjd{ seds hs rd}{hbes sa {jb{j}} o{al seh} man}s{zmsjc p{j,Sralkfx kd}jfhnj. D} Sdkfj D,; hn

sej dppjnchmj} sa sej OIM }szcx }ear}& mans{affhnb oa{ chooj{jns ch}lh}}df {dsj}hn chooj{jns maz{s}& sej b{dns {dsj} hn jvj{x asej{ md}j mdsjba{x rj{j farj{ hn

;00? sedn sej man}s{zmsjc kd}jfhnj& {dh}hnb manmj{n seds sej lacjf}

malpd{h}an ao sej ch}lh}}df {dsj zncj{}sdsjc sej hnm{jd}j hn sej fdsj{ pj{hac.D }shff oz{sej{ dnc jvjn la{j pasjnshdffx p{akfjldshm d}}zlpshan h} seds sej

vd{hdkfj} }jfjmsjc s{zfx rj{j hncjpjncjns aoSralkfx dncHtkdf} joojms}. Sej

{jb{j}}han} sej OIM {j}jd{mej{} {dn mans{affjc oa{ se{jj vd{hdkfj}9 maz{s& md}j

sxpj dnc rejsej{ sej a{cj{ {j}pancjc sa dn dljncjc malpfdhns. Sej {j}zfs} aosejh{ lacjf} {jvjdf vdfzdkfj hnoa{ldshan& earjvj{& anfx ho sej}j vd{hdkfj}{jdffx d{j hncjpjncjns aoSralkfx dnc Htkdf} joojms}7 xjs hs h} nas mfjd{ seds

sejx dff d{j s{zfx hncjpjncjns. Oa{ hn}sdnmj& rex }eazfc rj d}}zlj sej ch}s{hms

maz{s h} jnsh{jfx hncjpjncjns aoSralkfx dnc Htkdf} joojms}1 Hs h} jvjn fj}}mfjd{ rex hs h} dpp{ap{hdsj sa h}afdsj azs rejsej{ sej maz{s} a{cj{ rd} hn

{j}pan}j sa d malpfdhns seds edc kjjn dljncjc. D} nasjc jd{fhj{& dn hnm{jd}jhn sej b{dns {dsj ldx kj dfd{lhnb jvjn rejn fjdvj sa dljnc ed} kjjn bhvjn&

j}pjmhdffx rejn sej OIM} arn cdsd }ear seds sej lavdns} }zmmj}} {dsj baj}

zp }hbnhohmdnsfx dosj{ sej pfdhnshoo ed} edc dn appa{sznhsx sa dljnc. Oz{sej{}shff& sej {j}jd{mej{} mea}j sa h}afdsj dff ao sej vd{hdkfj} rejn hs lhbes edvj

kjjn la{j dpp{ap{hdsj sa sdgj anfx d }hnbfj vd{hdkfj}dx& md}j sxpjdnc

}s{dshox rhsehn jdme md}j sxpj asej{ vd{hdkfj}& }zme d} sej chooj{jns maz{s}.Mednbhnb sej lacjf hn sej}j rdx} razfc edvj p{aczmjc chooj{jns sj}s {j}zfs}&

dnc bjnj{df {jdcj{} }eazfc edvj kjjn ldcj drd{j ao sej lacjf} }z}mjpshkhfhsx

sa lachohmdshan sa ejfp hnm{jd}j zncj{}sdnchnb ao sej }szcx} {j}zfs}.

;. Sej Ak}j{vjc Chooj{jnmj} Lhbes Nas Edvj Kjjn ]sdsh}shmdffx]hbnhohmdns Kjmdz}j ao sej ]hyj ao sej ]dlpfj ]szchjc

[jdcj{} razfc df}a edvj kjjn dhcjc kx dn zncj{}sdnchnb seds sej ak}j{vjc

chooj{jnmj} lhbes nas edvj kjjn }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns kjmdz}j ao sej }hyj ao

sej }dlpfj }szchjc. ]sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj cjpjnc} hn pd{s an }dlpfj }hyj& d}

rjff d} an sej }hyj ao sej joojms& sej vd{hdkhfhsx hn sej papzfdshan& dnc asej{

odmsa{}.?0

_j{x aosjn& sej fd{bj{ sej }dlpfj& sej la{j fhgjfx hs h} seds sej

{j}jd{mej{ rhff kj dkfj sa ak}j{vj dn joojms dnc& kx jusjn}han& sej }ldffj{ sej}dlpfj& sej fj}} fhgjfx hs h} seds sej joojms rhff kj cjsjmsjc. D} [andfc Md{vj{

ed} jupfdhnjc& }sdsh}shmdffx nan}hbnhohmdns {j}zfs} d{j manvjnshandffxhnsj{p{jsjc d} p{avhchnb na }zppa{s oa{ sej {j}jd{me expasej}h} jvjn rejn sej

dmszdf {j}zfs} }zppa{s hs. Rejn d }ldff }dlpfj h} z}jc& fd{bj chooj{jnmj} hn sej

?0 Md{vj{& }zp{d nasj 33& ds =5?.


24/36


{j}zfs} mdn la{j aosjn ammz{ kx mednmj dnc sej{joa{j p{avhcj na }sdsh}shmdffx

}hbnhohmdns jvhcjnmj hn }zppa{s ao sej {j}jd{me expasej}h}.?4

[hmed{c Fjlpj{s

ed} ldcj sej }dlj pahns oa{ d fdr iaz{ndf dzchjnmj9

Dn jvjn b{jdsj{ se{jds sa }mhjnmj,kd}jc zncj{}sdnchnb} h} sejp{akfjl ao far parj{. Pd{shmzfd{fx rejn }dlpfj} d{j }ldff&jvjn }s{anb {jfdshan}ehp} ldx nas kj }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns.

Seh} ldx fjdc {j}jd{mej{} sa {jpa{s Wd\ ohnchnb ao na

{jfdshan}ehp hn sej cdsd rejn d {jfdshan}ehp nas anfx juh}s} kzsh} }zk}sdnshvjfx hlpa{sdns.

?;

Sej mzfp{hs ao }ldff }dlpfj }hyj h} pd{s ao sej }sa{x rhse sej }sdsh}shmdf sj}shnb

seds rd} canj d} sa sej OIM} ohnchnb} hn hs}Htkdf }szcx& d} d tzhmg }mdn ao sej

hnchvhczdf md}j mdsjba{hj} {jdchfx {jvjdf}. Oa{ judlpfj& man}hcj{ sej Sa{s}md}j}. D} }earn hn Sdkfj 3 ao sej }szcx& sej sasdf nzlkj{ ao ak}j{vjc a{cj{}

}hnmj Sralkfx dnc dosj{ Htkdf rd}& {j}pjmshvjfx& 4: dnc =;. Jlpfaxljns

Ch}m{hlhndshan md}j} rj{j jvjn }ldffj{ %iz}s 42 a{cj{} p{j,Sralkfx dnc ;5

a{cj{} pa}s,Htkdf(.


Dmshan an Lashan ;00?

Na. ao

A{cj{} ;040

Na. ao

A{cj{} Chooj{jnmj

Sa{s} Cjnhjc =0.0* %;4( ;5.;* %=4(

B{dnsjc Dff a{ ]alj

[jfhjo 20.0* %38( 24.5* %28( '4.5*

Rhse Dljncljns ;4.3* %4:( ;8.4* %=;( '2.2*

Rhseazs Dljncljns 35.?* %=3( 3;.2* %32( ,:.8*

Mhvhf Cjnhjc ;2.8* %:4( ;;.0* %:4(

[hbes}

B{dnsjc Dff a{ ]alj

[jfhjo 20.=* %4;4( 25.0* %454( '2.2*

Rhse Dljncljns ;4.4* %=5( =;.5* %2?( '44.2*

Rhseazs Dljncljns 35.=* %5=( 3:.=* %40:( ,=.0*

Jlpfaxljns Cjnhjc =;.?* %=4( ;8.3* %=:(

Ch}m{hlhndshan

B{dnsjc Dff a{ ]alj

[jfhjo ?2.3* %?3( 20.?* %53( '=.;*

Rhse Dljncljns 42.8* %42( ;=.:* %;5( ':.?*

Rhseazs Dljncljns 38.:* %32( 32.4* %:?( ,;.3*

) p 0.04& {jfdshvj sa sej fhgjfheaac seds sej lashan rhff kj cjnhjc.

p 0.0:& {jfdshvj sa sej fhgjfheaac seds sej lashan rhff kj b{dnsjc rhseazs fjdvj sa dljnc.


Rhse }dlpfj }hyj} seh} }ldff& sa }dx seds sej chooj{jnmj} cjsjmsjc rj{j nas

}sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns h} nas }dxhnb vj{x lzme ds dff. Hs caj} nas ljdn seds sej

?4Hc.?; Fjlpj{s& }zp{dnasj 3:& ds ;=?.


25/36

;044\ SRALKFXDNC HTKDF] LJD]Z[J ;:

Maz{s} cjmh}han} d{j nas {j}pan}hkfj oa{ sej ehbej{ nzlkj{ ao a{cj{} dnc

ehbej{ b{dns {dsj hn kase ao sej}j mdsjba{hj} %d} rj rhff ch}mz}} kjfar(. Na{

caj} hs }dx lzme dkazs sej ldbnhszcj ao sej joojms} ak}j{vjc.

Hn dcchshan sa sej p{akfjl ao }ldff }dlpfj }hyj& sej }hyj ao sej joojms df}a

ldssj{} hn ljd}z{hnb }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj& d} nasjc dkavj. Joojms }hyj pa}j}d znhtzj medffjnbj sa {j}jd{mej{} }szcxhnb [zfj 4;%k(%?( ch}lh}}df a{cj{}& d}Gjvhn Mfj{lans dnc ]sjpejn Xjdyjff edvj pahnsjc azs. Mfj{lans dnc Xjdyjff

nasj seds nas dff [zfj 4;%k(%?( lashan} d{j dfhgj dnc anfx }alj rhff kj pz{j

Sralkfx!Htkdf lashan} seds medffjnbj sej odmszdf }zoohmhjnmx ao dffjbdshan}. ?=Sejx }zklhs seds kjmdz}j pz{j Sralkfx!Htkdf lashan} rhff man}shszsj anfx d

pj{mjnsdbj ao dff lashan} sa ch}lh}} oa{ odhfz{j sa }sdsj d mfdhl& sej joojms} aosej md}j} rhff kj ld}gjc kx sej nan,Sralkfx!Htkdf lashan}. Hn dnasej{ pdpj{

pzkfh}ejc kjoa{j sej OIM }szcx& Mfj{lans oz{sej{ jfdka{dsj} an sej pahns9

WH\o anj rj{j sa malphfj dff ch}lh}}df cjmh}han}& sej joojms} ao

Sralkfx,Htkdf razfc kj ed{c sa ljd}z{j kjmdz}j sej}j

p{jmjcjns} dppfx sa anfx d {j}s{hmsjc }zk}js ao lashan} sa

ch}lh}} %dnc {j}zfs hn ohndf ch}lh}}df oa{ d }ldffj{ }zk}js(.Seds h}& Sralkfx,Htkdf rhff edvj hs} khsj anfx hn md}j} hnrehme sej pfdhnshoo mdnnas pfjdc la{j cjsdhf dnc sej pfdhnshoo

njvj{sejfj}} }zj} rhseazs sej cjsdhf. Sej asej{ md}j} rhff

avj{rejfl dnc ld}g sej }zk}js}. Hn asej{ ra{c}& sej nzlkj{}ao lashan} dnc ch}lh}}df} lhbes kj ehbe jnazbe sa manmjdf

dnx joojms ao sej njr {jbhlj.?3

Rejn sej OIM {jpa{sjc seds sej mednbj} hn ch}lh}}df b{dns {dsj rj{j nas

}sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns& hs pj{edp} }eazfc edvj malj d} na }z{p{h}j. Kjmdz}jpz{j Sralkfx!Htkdf lashan} d{j anfx anj ghnc ao [zfj 4;%k(%?( lashan&

Mfj{lans p{jchmsjc seds hs razfc kj vj{x ed{c sa ohnc }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns

jvhcjnmj aoSralkfx dncHtkdf} joojms} se{azbe b{a}} tzdnshsdshvj jooa{s} fhgjsea}j zncj{sdgjn kx sej OIM }szcx.?:

=. Sej ]szcx ]eazfc Edvj [jpa{sjc sej Dmszdf Sj}s [j}zfs}dnc& ]jpd{dsjfx& Ldcj Mfjd{ seds ds d Farj{ Fjvjf Ldnx ao

sej Joojms} Ak}j{vjc Razfc Edvj Kjjn ]sdsh}shmdffx

]hbnhohmdns

Sej }szcx }eazfc df}a edvj {jpa{sjc sej dmszdf sj}s {j}zfs} dnc& }jpd{dsjfx&

ldcj mfjd{ seds ds d farj{ fjvjf ldnx ao sej joojms} ak}j{vjc razfc edvj kjjn

}sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns. Sej p{akfjl kjbhn} rhse d fdmg ao s{dn}pd{jnmx

hn}aod{ d} sej {j}jd{mej{} chc nas {jpa{s sejh{ dmszdf sj}s {j}zfs}. Sej mallan

?= Mfj{lans / Xjdyjff& }zp{dnasj :& ds 5=8 n.??.?3 Mfj{lans& }zp{dnasj 8& ds 4=?? n.430.?:Hc. %ak}j{vhnb seds rejn H mansjlpfdsj sej pa}}hkhfhsx ao d {jfdshvjfx nanhnofdsjc

nzlj{dsa{ dnc dn hnofdsjc cjnalhndsa{ hn sej ch}lh}}df }zmmj}} {dsj& malkhnjc rhse sejhnjvhsdkfj md}j,}jfjmshan joojms& H dl fjos rancj{hnb rejsej{ dnx }szcx faaghnb ds sejnzlkj{} ao lashan} dnc ch}lh}}df} {jdffx mazfc {j}zfs hn dnxsehnb asej{ sedn d }earhnbao fhssfj hlpdms(.


26/36

;? OJCJ[DF MAZ[S] FDR [J_HJR W_afzlj ?94

p{dmshmj hn }mhjnshohm iaz{ndf} h} sa {jpa{s dmszdf p,vdfzj}& {dsej{ sedn lj{jfx

{jpa{shnb {j}zfs} d} }hbnhohmdns a{ nas.??

Sa hffz}s{dsj ear }zlld{x cjmfd{dshan} ao }hbnhohmdnmj a{ nan}hbnhohmdnmj

dkjs lh}zncj{}sdnchnb& man}hcj{ ear sej ohnchnb} rj{j {jpa{sjc oa{ Mhvhf

[hbes} md}j}. Sej {j}jd{mej{} {jpa{sjc seds sej b{dns {dsj hn Mhvhf [hbes} md}j}hnm{jd}jc dosj{Htkdf %d} sej jumj{ps o{al Sdkfj 3 }ear}& hs rjns o{al 20.=*sa 25*(& kzs seds seh} hnm{jd}j rd} nas }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns ds sej .0: fjvjf9


Dmshan an Lashan ;00? Na. ao A{cj{} ;040 Na. ao A{cj{} Chooj{jnmj

Mhvhf Cjnhjc ;2.8* %:4( ;;.0* %:4(

[hbes} B{dnsjc Dff a{ ]alj [jfhjo 20.=* %4;4( 25.0* %454( '2.2*

Rhse Dljncljns ;4.4* %=5( =;.5* %2?( '44.2*

Rhseazs Dljncljns 35.=* %5=( 3:.=* %40:( ,=.0*

) p 0.04& {jfdshvj sa sej fhgjfheaac seds sej lashan rhff kj cjnhjc.

p 0.0:& {jfdshvj sa sej fhgjfheaac seds sej lashan rhff kj b{dnsjc rhseazs fjdvj sa dljnc.Sdkfj 3 h} {jp{hnsjc o{al OIM ]szcx ds 43.

Seazbe sej p,vdfzj rd} nas {jpa{sjc& sej {j}jd{mej{} }zk}jtzjnsfx manoh{ljc

seds sejx mdfmzfdsjc hs d} .05& d {j}zfs seds h} nas }hbnhohmdns ds sej .0: fjvjf kzs

razfc edvj kjjn }hbnhohmdns ds .40.?2

Seh}& hn sz{n& {dh}j} sej pahns seds hsrazfc edvj dhcjc zncj{}sdnchnb dlanb bjnj{df {jdcj{} oa{ sej {j}jd{mej{} sa

edvj dmgnarfjcbjc seds dnx pd{shmzfd{ se{j}eafc ao }hbnhohmdnmj fjvjf h}

njmj}}d{hfx d{khs{d{x dnc seds ds d farj{ fjvjf ldnx ao sej ak}j{vjc chooj{jnmj}

razfc edvj kjjn }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns.?5

Jvjn [andfc Oh}ej{& rea la{j sedn

dnxanj hnofzjnmjc }mhjnmj} dcapshan ao .0: d} sej manvjnshandf fjvjf ao

}sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj& dmgnarfjcbjc sej d{khs{d{hnj}} ao sej mzsaoo dnc z{bjc

{j}jd{mej{} sa {jpa{s sej judms ohbz{j}& {dsej{ sedn {jfxhnb an }zlld{xcjmfd{dshan} ao }hbnhohmdnmj.

?8

3. Sej ]szcx ]eazfc Edvj Ch}mz}}jc sej Chooj{jnmj KjsrjjnAnj,Sdhfjc v. Sra,Sdhfjc Sj}s} dnc Pahnsjc Azs seds d

Pfdz}hkfj D{bzljns Mdn kj Ldcj hn seh} Mansjus oa{ Z}hnb

sej Anj,Sdhfjc Sj}s

Ohndffx& sej {j}jd{mej{} df}a mazfc edvj dmgnarfjcbjc seds dfseazbe sejxz}jc dn dmmjpsjc sj}s& gnarn d} d sra,sdhfjc sj}s& sa mdfmzfdsj sej p,vdfzj}& d

iz}shohdkfj d{bzljns mdn kj ldcj hn seh} mansjus oa{ z}hnb d chooj{jns sj}s

?? Gdxj& }zp{dnasj 35& ds 4=33.?2 Jldhf ma{{j}pancjnmj o{al Iaj Mjmhf sa Fannx Eaooldn& Dzbz}s ;& ;044 %mapx an

ohfj rhse dzsea{(.?5]jj bjnj{dffxSeald} R. Nhu / I. Idmg}an Kd{njssj& Sej Cdsd Dndfx}h} Chfjlld9

Kdn a{ Dkdncan. D [jvhjr ao Nzff Expasej}h} ]hbnhohmdnmj Sj}shnb: [J]JD[ME HN SEJ]MEAAF]& Odff 4885& ds =7 Calhnhm Kjdzfhjz,P{jva}s& Manohcjnmj Hnsj{vdf}9 O{al Sj}s} ao]sdsh}shmdf ]hbnhohmdnmj sa Manohcjnmj Hnsj{vdf}& [dnbj Expasej}j} dnc ]zk}sdnshdfJoojms}& ; SZSA[. HN TZDNS.LJSEAC] OA[ P]XMEAFABX44 %;00?(.

?8 Gdxj& }zp{dnasj 35& ds 4=3=,33 %mhshnb dnc tzashnb Oh}ej{} ra{g(.


27/36

;044\ SRALKFXDNC HTKDF] LJD]Z[J ;2

%gnarn d} d anj,sdhfjc sj}s( oa{ jvdfzdshnb }sdsh}shmdf }hbnhohmdnmj. Jvjn

seazbe sej sra,sdhfjc sj}s z}zdffx rhff kj sej la{j dpp{ap{hdsj sj}s sa z}j&

{jd}andkfj d{bzljns} mdn kj ldcj hn odva{ ao sej anj,sdhfjc sj}s hn seh}

mansjus& }hnmj sej joojms} ao sej Maz{s} md}j} d{j fhgjfx sa kj znhch{jmshandf

%seds h}& rejn hs h} choohmzfs sa kjfhjvj seds d }s{hmsj{ pfjdchnb sj}s razfc fjdc saojrj{ ch}lh}}df}(.20

Edc sej anj,sdhfjc sj}s kjjn z}jc& hs razfc edvj xhjfcjc d p,vdfzj ao .0=84

oa{ sej hnm{jd}j hn sej {dsj ds rehme lashan} sa ch}lh}} hn Mhvhf [hbes} md}j}

rj{j b{dnsjc& rehme razfc edvj ldcj sej hnm{jd}j }sdshmdffx }hbnhohmdns jvjnds sej manvjnshandf ohvj,pj{mjns fjvjf. D anj,sdhfjc sj}s df}a razfc edvj

{j}zfsjc hn d farj{ p,vdfzj sedn sej OIM {j}jd{mej{} {jpa{sjc oa{ md}j} hn sejAsej{ mdsjba{x& sej fd{bj}s md}j mdsjba{x. Md}j} hn sej Asej{ mdsjba{x

hnmfzcjc dnshs{z}s& [HMA& J[H]D& mapx{hbes& pdsjns& jnvh{anljnsdf& asej{

}sdszsa{x dmshan}& dnc d nzlkj{ ao asej{ md}j sxpj}. Sej anj,sdhfjc p,vdfzj oa{sej b{dns {dsj hnm{jd}j oa{ Asej{ h} .0:=8. Nas ds sej .0: fjvjf& kzs cd{n mfa}j.

Ear mfa}j1 Pzs hs seh} rdx9 ho sej {j}jd{mej{} edc lh}macjc jvjn d }hnbfj md}j&

ldghnb sej b{dns {dsj 482 hn}sjdc ao 48? %d} {jpa{sjc(& sejn p


28/36


ljdn} sa }dx seds sej ak}j{vjc chooj{jnmj} hn ch}lh}}df azsmalj} dosj{ Htkdf

rj{j nas }sdsh}shmdffx }hbnhohmdns. Hn dcchshan& hs h} jtzdffx vhsdf sa gjjp hn lhnc

reds sej {j}jd{mej{} mazfc nas cjsjms. Sa sejh{ m{jchs& ds vd{haz} shlj} hn sejh{

cjfhkj{dshan}&

twombly & iqbal assesment on mtd hoffman abstract

Documents