two types of reproduction
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Two Types of Reproduction. Asexual Reproduction. used by some plant and invertebrate species requires 1 parent offspring are genetically identical to the parent uses body cells. Body Cells. called somatic cells (somato- means “body” ) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Two Types of Reproduction
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Asexual Reproduction
•used by some plant and invertebrate species
•requires 1 parent•offspring are genetically identical to the parent
•uses body cells
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Body Cells• called somatic cells (somato-
means “body”)• body cells are diploid =
contain 2 sets (pairs) of chromosomes (diplo- means “double”)
• made by the process of mitosis throughout the entire body
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Steps of Asexual Reproduction
1.Body cells are made by mitosis
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Steps of Asexual Reproduction
2. The organism undergoes binary fission, budding or regeneration to create an offspring
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Sexual Reproduction• used by most species• requires male and female• offspring are genetically different
from the parents
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Gametes Cells
• Gametes cells are haploid = contain 1 set (single) of chromosomes (haplo- means “single”)
• made by the process of meiosis inside reproductive organs
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Steps of Sexual Reproduction
1. Gametes cells are made by meiosis (like “double mitosis”)
Cells divide twice
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Steps of Sexual Reproduction
2. Male and female gamete cells come together to form one body cell (called a zygote)
Cell frommale
parent
Cell from female parent
zygote
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Steps of Sexual Reproduction
3. The zygote undergoes mitosis repeatedly until it develops into a complete organism
Etc…
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Memory Phrase
Meosis made ME-osis
Mitosis made my-TOES-es
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Mitosis
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mitosis• mitosis is the division of
the cell nucleus in which the chromosomes in the parent cell divide into two identical sets
• mitosis occurs in somatic cell = body cells
• The function of mitosis is to divide the nucleus so that new cells can receive the same chromosomes
• Cell division occurs in a series of stages, or phases
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Interphase (Intro)• 'living' phase of the cell, in
which the cell obtains nutrients, grows, copies its DNA, and conducts other "normal" cell functions
• Chromosomes are copied (# doubles): This gives a total of 2 x 46 chromosomes (92)
• Prepares for cell division
• The chromosomes are not visible and the DNA appears as uncoiled chromatin.
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Prophase (Prepare)
• Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide)
• chromatin coils and forms chromosomes
• Each chromatid pair (or pairs of chromosomes) is joined together, forming an 'x-shaped'
• The nuclear membrane, nuculeolus, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex break up
• Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite ends of cell
• Spindle fibers form between the poles
Sister chromatids
Centromere
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Metaphase (Middle)
• The chromosomes meet in the middle of the cell
• Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) attach to the spindle fibers
Sister chromatid
s
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Anaphase (Away)• Chromatids (or pairs
of chromosomes) separate
• Chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell towards the poles
• Chromatids end up at opposite poles
Sister Chromatid
s split
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Telophase (The end)• Identical set of chromatids at
opposite poles
• Centrioles and spindle fibers disappear
• Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods)
• Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform
• Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells - each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes
• Cytoplasm pinches inward
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Cytokinesis• cytokinesis is the
division of the cell = 2 daughter cells
• animal cells– cell pinches inward
to form two daughter cells
• plant cells– cell forms a cell
plate which develops into a cells wall separating two daughter cells
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Onion Root Tip
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/01.html