two lectures on autism - monash...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004
Two lectures on autism
This first lecture contains some of the material that has
been published in
1. Gustafsson L. “Inadequate cortical feature maps: a
neural circuit theory of autism” Journal of
biological Psychiatry 1997; 42: 1138-1147.
2. Gustafsson L. “Neural network theory and recent
neuroanatomical findings indicate that inadequate
nitric oxide synthase will cause autism” In: Pallade
V, Howlett RJ, Jain L, editors. Lecture notes in
artificial intelligence 2003; Vol 2774, part II. New
York: Springer-Verlag. P 1109-14.
3. Gustafsson L. “Comment on ‘Disruption in the
Inhibitory Architecture of he Cell Minicolumn:
Implications for Autism’” The Neuroscientist 2004;
Vol 10, Nr. 3, p. 189-191.
The second lecture will be based on the joint research by
Lennart Gustafsson and Andrew Paplinski.
![Page 2: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004
![Page 3: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Rules for changing synaptic strengths
(from Gally & Montague)
![Page 30: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Two-dimensional neural columns,
entirely driven by nitric oxide
In the left map the supply of nitric oxide was low, in the
right map it was high.
![Page 34: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Two lectures on autism
Second lecture
This second lecture reflects our current level of
understanding of the importance of the nature of the
attention shifting abnormality that is prevalent in autism.
We have previously used two-dimensional stimuli and
results obtained have been published in
Gustafsson L. and Paplinski A., “Self-organization of an
artificial neural network subjected to attention shift
impairments and novelty avoidance: Implications for the
development of autism”, Journal of Autism and
Developmental Disorders, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 189-198,
April 2004.
In this lecture we use higher-dimensional stimuli and
draw from a conference presentation:
Paplinski A and Gustafsson L., “An attempt in modelling
early intervention in autism using neural networks”, in
Proceedings 2004 IEEE International Joint Conference
on Neural Networks, Vol.1, pp. 29-34.
![Page 42: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
A block diagram of learning for the purpose
of testing the importance of different
attention shifting mechanisms
![Page 45: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Resulting map from learning with normal
attention shifting (attention shifted to
source of new stimulus). Stimuli from both
sources are learned well.
![Page 47: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Number of attention shifts grows linearly in
normal attention shifting. The familiarity
with source B grows faster than familiarity
with source A.
![Page 48: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Resulting map from learning with a general
attention shifting impairment (attention
shifted to source of new stimulus with low
probability). Stimuli from both sources are
learned well.
![Page 49: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Number of attention shifts grows sluggishly
ly in general impairment of attention
shifting.
![Page 50: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Resulting map from learning with attention
shifting restricted by familiarity preference.
Stimuli from source B (the source with the
lowest variability are learned well.
![Page 51: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Attention shifting ceases to occur when
source B has become familiar (above a
threshold level) and is also more familiar
than source A.
![Page 52: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Observations of attention shifting are fed
into an early intervetion controller to
counteract the ceasing of attention shifting.
Observations include acceptance of
attention shifting to a source ( and ) and
rejection of attention shifting to a source (
and ). The probability for the next stimulus
coming from source A is the output of the
controller. When a source is starting to be
rejected it is given more chances for
exposure to the self-organizing map.
![Page 53: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Resulting map from learning with attention
shifting restricted by familiarity preference
and early intervention. Stimuli from both
sources are learned well.
![Page 54: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The controller steps in to give source A
preferential treatment. There will be an
overshoot so it will have to change the
preferential treatment several times before
the map will become familiar with both
sources. Attention shifting to both sources
resumes.
![Page 55: Two lectures on autism - Monash Universityusers.monash.edu/~app/CSE2330/04/Lnts/ModellingAutism.pdf · Lennart Gustafsson August 18, 2004 Two lectures on autism This first lecture](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042413/5f2def1d722b6f00c8792c2c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)