TWO DECADES OF COORDINATED RESEARCH ON RICE BEAN IN

INDIA – AN OVERVIEW

R.P. Dua, B.S. Phogat and H.L. Raiger

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi – 110012

Underutilized Crops Of AICRP (UUC)I. FOOD CROPS

A. PSEUDOCEREALS

Grain Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.)

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.

Chenopodium (Chenopodium spp.)

Job’s tear (Coix lacryma-jobi)

B. FOOD LEGUMES/ PULSES

Rice bean (Vigna umbellata)

Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis)

Faba bean (Vicia faba)

Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)

C. OILSEEDS

Perilla (Perilla frutescens)

Paradise tree (Simarouba glauca)

D. VEGETABLES

Kankoda (Momordica dioica)

Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)

Salt bush (Atriplex spp.)

List of Underutilized Crops

II. FODDER CROPSAmaranths (Amaranthus spp.)Salt bush (Atriplex spp.)

III. ENERGY, HYDROCARBON AND INDUSTRIAL PLANTSJojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)Guayule (Parthenium argentatum)Jatropha (Jatropha curcas)Tumba (Citrullus colocynthis)Paradise Tree (Simarouba glauca)Perilla (Perilla frutescens)

List of Underutilized Crops

Testing centres in the hills and plains

Location (7): Ranichauri, Palampur, Sangla (V), Almora (V), Shimla, Shillong, Bhowali

Hills

Location (15): Ambikapur, Bangalore, Bhubaneshwar, Hisar, Faizabad, Ranchi, Rahuri, Mandor, Mettupalayam, Ludhiana, New Delhi, S.K. Nagar, Lucknow (V), Akola, Jodhpur

Plains

UNDERUTILIZED PULSE CROP- RICEBEAN

• A dual purpose crop for quality fodder and pulse

• Rice bean is preferred due to its wider adaptability, better nutritional value, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and store pests. It has rich genetic diversity.

• Predominantly grown under rainfed conditions as a mixed crop, under shifting cultivation or in kitchen gardens and backyards in the tribal regions of the North-eastern hills, hilly tracts of Eastern and Western Ghats in Peninsular India and the sub-temperate Western Himalayas.

• Earlier in Pulses Project, its research was prioritized under the All India Co-ordinated Research Project (AICRP now Network) on Underutilized Crops in 1991, during the VIII Five Year Plan.

• Focused research work was carried out on germplasm augmentation through collection and introduction, characterization and evaluation, multi -location evaluation of promising germplasm lines, development of varieties and standardization of cultivation practices for different agro-ecological regions.

INTRODUCTION

Resistant plants after hybridization of rice bean and black gram

RICE BEAN FREE FROM ALL DISEASES

Meliod beetle (Mylabris sp.)

Diversity among Ricebean seeds

Germplasm Introduction

No. of Accs. Sources

148 USA (82), Belgium (39), Indonesia (8), Brazil (5), Cali Colombia (5), Taiwan (4), Germany (2), Costa Rica (1), UK (1), Zaire (1)

Germplasm Collection

No. Accs. Sources

About 2000 Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam

Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand

Orissa, West Bengal

Jharkhand, Bihar

Uttar Pradesh, Punjab

Madhya Pradesh,

Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, western ghats

Germplasm Evaluation & Documentation

• Germplasm evaluation over 2000 accessions of rice bean has been carried out between 1976 and 2009 at NBPGR and its regional stations.

• A total of 316 accessions were identified to be promising for different traits. These comprised of 53 exotic and 263 indigenous accessions.

• Three catalogues were published for documenting the performance of the evaluated germplasm.

• Multilocation evaluation of 1122 accessions has been carried out at six locations during 1991 to 2009 under the aegis of AICRN on Underutilized Crops.

Germplasm Conservation

• A total of 1979 accessions of rice bean germplasmhave been stored in the National Gene Bank.

• A total of 983 accessions are being maintained at five active germplasm sites.

Varieties of Ricebean Identified and Released under AICRN on Underutilized Crops

S.No.

Name of

variety

Year of identification/ release

Developed by

Av. yield

(q/ha)

Salient features Areas for which

recommended

1. RBL-1 1987 PAU, Ludhiana

15.00 Normal duration, high seed yield

Punjab State

2. PRR-1 1995 GBPUA&T, Ranichauri

16.00 Normal duration, high seed yield

Hills of Uttarakhand

3. PRR-2 1997 GBPUA&T, Ranichauri

15.00 Normal duration, high seed yield

North-west hilly region

4. RBL-6 2000 PAU, Ludhiana

18.00 Normal duration, high seed yield

Plains region

5. RBL-35 2003 PAU, Ludhiana

15.00 Early maturing Plains region

6. RBL-50 2003 PAU, Ludhiana

15.50 Normal duration, high yield, green colour seed

Plains region

7. BRS-1 2003 NBPGR, Bhowali

17.00 Black seed colour, high seed yield

Hilly region

Agronomic practices standardized• In plains, sowing rice bean on 20th July and 5th August

recorded significantly higher yield than early or late sowing.

• Pre-emergent application of pendimetheline has given almost similar results as that of hand weeding in final yield.

• In hills, intercropping rice bean with maize in 2:1 ratio resulted in highest rice bean equivalent yield, LER and B:C ratio.

• In peninsular India, growing pigeonpea and rice bean in 1: 2 row ratio resulted in highest rice bean equivalent yield , land equivalent ratio (1.34) and benefit cost ratio (2.10).

Grain/Fodder Yield (q/ha) of Rice bean, Green gram, Black gram and Cowpea in Plains

S. No

Crops Ludh-iana

Hisar S.K. Nagar

Banga-lore

Bhuba-neswar

Mean

1. Rice bean (grain)

17.95* 8.41 0.18 5.44* 12.70* 8.94

2. Green gram (grain)

12.64 12.00 13.50 4.79 7.43 10.07

3. Black gram (grain)

8.48 10.11 8.70 3.82 9.76 8.17

4. Rice bean (fodder)

145.00 - 11.26 70.15 14.36 60.19

5. Cowpea (fodder)

490.00 - 14.00 101.50 18.80 156.08

Performance of rice bean in comparison to other pulse crops in higher hills

91.98102.4581.50Cow pea

132.75140.53124.96Rice bean

Fodder yield (q/ha)

9.2510.707.80Black gram

10.0311.648.41Green gram

12.1513.8010.5Rice bean

Grain yield (q/ha)

Mean20072005Crop

Gross return (Rs./ha) and cost benefit ratio of different crop rotations in hills.

2.1919346.0042375.5031969.0010406.50Rice bean –pea

3

1.6817846.0030 102.5019005.0011097.50Rice bean –mustard

2

1.4619206.5028090.0015240.0012850.00Rice bean –wheat

1

B : C ratio

Total cost of

cultivation

Pooled income

2nd

season crop

1st season crop (rice

bean)

TreatmentS. No

Yield of Rice bean in Farmers' Fields (Kharif 2003)Centre (No. of

farmers)Selected Varieties

Average Yield

(q/ga)

Farmer’s Preference

Palampur (8)(HimachalPradesh)

BRS-2 7.00 BRS-2 preferred due to high yield and seed colourbut some farmers also preferred BRS-1 due to high yield and its resemblance with mash colour

BRS-1 6.25

Chaukhamba 5.50

PRR 1 5.50

Naini 5.28

Local 3.75

Umiam (10)(Meghalaya)

RCRB 1-6 12.90 RCRB 1-6 due to high yield and early maturity & MNPL 2 because of bold seed, good in taste and medium height plant

MNPL 2 8.41

RBL 6 6.06

Imphal (5)(Manipur)

MNPL 1 13.09 MNPL 1 – Due to higher yield, good taste and bold seed

MNPL 2 12.79

PRR 1 9.61

RBL 1 8.72

Note: Figures in parenthesis indicate the number of farmers Contd…

Yield of Rice bean in Farmers' Fields (Kharif 2003)Centre (No. of

farmers)Selected Varieties

Average Yield

(q/ga)

Farmer’s Preference

Nagrasu (3) Rudraprayag(Uttrakhand)

RBL 1 14.20 RBL 1 and RBL 6, due to higher yieldRBL 6 11.90

Naini 10.20

PRR 1 8.50

Local 7.20

Raitoli (3) Rudraprayag(Uttrakhand)

RBL 1 12.50 RBL 1 and RBL 6, due to higher yieldRBL 6 11.50

Naini 8.40

PRR 1 8.10

Local 6.80

Bhattgaon (3) Rudraprayag(Uttrakhand)

RBL 1 12.00 RBL 1 and RBL 6, due to higher yieldRBL 6 11.50

Naini 8.50

PRR 1 7.90

Local 6.80

Note: Figures in parenthesis indicate the number of farmers Contd…

Yield of Rice bean in Farmers' Fields (Kharif 2003)Centre (No. of

farmers)Selected Varieties

Average Yield

(q/ga)

Farmer’s Preference

Ambikapur (2)(Chhatisgarh)

BRS 1 8.77 BRS 2 and BRS 2 due to higher yieldBRS 2 9.09

Naini 6.10

PRR 2 6.39

Jagdalpur (3)(Chhatisgarh)

RBL 1 6.37 RBL 6 and BRS 1, due to higher yieldRBL 6 8.44

BRS 1 6.94

BRS 2 5.27

Chintapalle (4)(Andhra Pradesh)

MNPL 1 9.13 MNPL 2 and MNPL 3, due to higher yieldMNPL 2 15.37

MNPL 3 13.01

Semiliguda (3)(Orissa)

MNPL 1 10.99 PRR 2 and MNPL 1, due to higher yieldNaini 10.30

PRR 1 9.53

PRR 2 12.50

Note: Figures in parenthesis indicate the number of farmers

Weighted mean seed yield (q/ha) of rice bean varieties tested for four years in North–Western hills

III11.28(18)

15.75(4)

12.55(6)

8.44(3)

7.88(5)

RBL-13

I12.46(18)

15.21(4)

13.59(6)

10.17(3)

10.54(5)

PRR-22

II11.91(18)

13.91(4)

13.53(6)

8.43(3)

10.45(5)

PRR-11

RankMean

Weighted

2008200720062005VarietyS. No.

Figures in parentheses indicate the number of locations

Weighted maturity days of rice bean varieties tested for four years in North–Western hills

II132.94(22)

141.64(5)

134.66(6)

122.46(5)

132.72(6)

RBL-13

I126.51(22)

137.44(5)

125.46(6)

116.65(5)

126.67(6)

PRR-22

I126.52(22)

135.91(5)

126.05(6)

118.80(5)

125.61(6)

PRR-11RankMean

Weighted2008200720062005VarietyS.

No

Figures in parentheses indicate the number of locations

RICE BEAN NORMAL MATURING GENOTYPE

AN EARLY MATURING GENOTYPE IN RICE BEAN

Value addition in Rice bean

The supplementation of rice bean flour (20 & 40 %) with wheat increased quality of biscuits in respect of protein, fat, ash and crude fibre. The texture and acceptability of sweet balls prepared by supplementation of rice bean flour (40%) with Bengal gram were at par with the un-supplemented ones.

Value Added Products in Rice bean in combination with other Underutilized Crops (Amaranth & Buckwheat)

Pasta Spaghetti

Noodles Curls

Nuggets Pappad

FUTURE THRUSTS

• Development of early maturing and determinate varieties.

• Minimising anti-nutritional factors like tripsin and cymotripsin inhibitors.

• Studies on factors for Flatulence and off-flavor

• Value addition

• Molecular characterization in respect of YMV and storage pest resistance

• Resistance to Phoma exgua and flower beetle