アナログ・デジタル電子回路基礎

FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUIT

イントロダクション

Kazu. TAKASHIO

Two Aspects of Electricity

!  Electricity as energy.. !  Electricity as information expression..

!  Power electronics !  Light electronics

Electric Circuits

Circuits for effective use of electricity, as energy.. !  Ohm’s law

E = IR !  Kirchhoff’s laws

‒  The first law.. At any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node.

‒  The second law.. The sum of the EMFs in any closed loop is equivalent to the sum of the potential drops in that loop.

Electronic Circuits

Circuits focusing on changes in electric quantity as signal or information and being used for processing and transmitting the information..

!  In appliances．． ‒  Washing machine ‒  Microwave ‒  Air conditioner

Actually, difficult to distinguish which side is an electric circuit and which side is an electronic circuit..

Macroscopic or Microscopic

!  Electricity as Energy flow !  Electricity as Signal flow ⇒ Physically the same thing!!

!  Electronic circuit 　＝ Digital ?

!  Electric circuit 　＝ Analog ? ⇒ Those are lies!!

Different aspects Macroscopic view or Microscopic view

http://www.ssda.or.jp/energy/index.html

Electron Devices

!  Passive devices ‒  Resistor ‒  Capacitor ‒  Inductor

!  Active devices ‒  Diode ‒  Transistor

Printable Circuit..

!  Electronic Tattoo

出展：IDEA★HACK 記事「皮膚にプリントする『電子タトゥー』がヤバい」

Micro-Chip for Women’s Body.. !  http://d.hatena.ne.jp/yasuda0404/20140708/1404800188

Smart Dust

Metallic flakes wafting from his hand, Kris Pister of the University of California at Berkeley demonstrates one possible offshoot of robotics research-Smart Dust. Miniature machines, each the size of a dust mote, may eventually saturate the environment, invisibly performing countless tasks.. (from http://www.menzelphoto.com/)

Circuit Simulator: LTspice !  An electronic circuit simulator developed by LINEAR TECHNOLOGY Corporation..

!  Based on the SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis), a lot of circuit simulators such as PSpice adopted..

!  Many semiconductor device makers provide SPICE models of their own products..

!  No limit to # of devices..

LTspice: Installation !  Download from the LINEAR TECHNOLOGY web page..

!  http://www.linear-tech.co.jp/designtools/software/#LTspice

LTspice: How to use? !  LTspice IV Start Guide

!  http://cds.linear.com/docs/en/software-and-simulation/LTspiceGettingStartedGuide.pdf

!  Shortcut Keys on Windows (Hot Keys) !  http://cds.linear.com/docs/en/software-and-simulation/

LTspiceIV_flyer.pdf !  Shortcut on MacOS X

!  http://cds.linear.com/docs/en/software-and-simulation/LTspiceShortcutsForMacOSX.pdf

LTspice: References !  電子回路シミュレータ LTspice 入門編（CQ 出版社） !  トランジスタ技術 SPECIAL No.123 実験＆シミュレーション！電子回路の作り方入門（CQ 出版社）

!  LTspice IV Getting Started Guide >> SFC-SFS

LTspice: First Step !  ex: Switching operation of a NPN Transistor

LTspice: Operations !  Create a new schematic..

!  MacOS X：File > New > New Schematic !  Win：Menu > File > New Schematic

!  Place electronic components.. !  MacOS X:

!  Right click on the schematic > Draft > Component or [F2] !  [g] key for a GND mark !  Return with [Esc] key

!  Win: see above figure.. !  Parts rotation: [Ctl] + R

New Schematic Place Diode Place Inductor

Place Capacitor Place Resistor

Add Net Label Place Ground Draw Wire

LTspice: Operations !  Connect components..

!  MacOS X: Right click > Draft > Wires !  Win: Click the Draw Wire icon

!  Set parameters of each component.. !  Click R1，R2, and define the following values..

!  R1：220，R2：10k !  Define a transistor model: Right click on Tr. > Pick new transistor

!  Q1：2N3904 (Small signal high speed NPN transistor) !  Label wires..

!  MacOS X: Right click > Draft > Net Name !  Win：Click [Add Net Label] icon

LTspice: Operations !  Power source: Right click on the ‘V’

!  PS V1: DC 5V !  PS V2: Switching PS (in Advanced Menu)

!  Vinitial：0 !  Von：3.3 !  Vdelay：10n !  Trise：5n，Tfall：5n !  Ton：500u !  Tperiod：1m !  Ncycles：10

LTspice: Simulation !  Setup simulation conditions..

!  MacOS X: Right click on the schematic > Draft > SPICE directive 　> Right click on the text area > Help me edit.. > Analysis Cmd.

!  Win: Right click > Edit Simulation Cmd. !  Transient mode (Waveform observation) > Stop Time：12ｍ

LTspice: Simulation !  Run simulation.. : [Run] icon !  Select a signal.. : VIN／VOUT／IB（Base current）

!  Voltage Probe

!  Current Probe

Exercise !  Raise switching frequency..

!  Change timing conditions of the signal source !  Ton = 1u !  Tperiod = 2u

!  Stop Time = 10us !  Observe the changes of waveform..