PROCEEDINGS

Twelfth International

Detonation Symposium

Sponsored by:Air Force Research Laboratory

Army Research LaboratoryIndian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center

Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLos Alamos National LaboratoryOffice of Naval Research

Sandia National Laboratories

U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and

Engineering Center

August 11-16, 2002

Wyndham San Diego at Emerald Plaza

San Diego, California

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

CONTENTS

Page

MICRODETONICS

Session Chairs: Malcolm Cook and Leanna Minier

Microenergetic Processing and Testing to Determine Energetic Material Propertiesat the Mesoscale

A. S. Tappan, A. M. Renlund, G. T. Long, S. H. Kravitz, K. L. Erickson, W. M. Trott and M. R. Baer 3

Detonation Properties of Explosives Containing Nanometric Aluminum Powder

P. Brousseau, H. E. Dorsett, M. D. Cliff and C. J. Anderson 11

Nanometric Aluminum Powder Influence on the Detonation Efficiency of ExplosivesA. Lefrancois, G. Baudin, C. Le Gallic, P. Boyce and J-P. Coudoing 22

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

Session Chairs: Patrick Baker, Lionel Borne, and Jerry Forbes

Effects of Explosive Crystal Internal Defects on Projectile Impact Initiation

L. Borne and A. Beaucamp 35

The Use of Digital Image Cross-Correlation (DICC) to Study the Mechanical

Properties of a Polymer Bonded Explosive (PBX)P. J. Rae, H. T. Goldrein, S. J. P. Palmer, J. E. Field, R. W. P. White and A. L. Lewis 44

Digital Speckle Radiography of ExplosivesS. G. Grantham, W. G. Proud and J. E. Field 49

Proton Radiographic and Numerical Modeling of Colliding, Diverging PBX-9502

Detonations

C. L. Mader, J. D. Zumbro and E. N. Ferm 55

Measurements of Temporal Profiles of Pressure in Shocks Propagating in Water

G. I. Pangilinan and T. P. Russell 61

Energetic Materials and Atomic Force Microscopy: Structure and Kinetics

B. L. Weeks and J. M. Zaug 66

Kinetics of HMX and Phase Transitions: Effects of Particle Size at Elevated

TemperatureC. K. Saw 70

v

THERMAL HAZARDS RESPONSE

Session Chairs: David Frost and Deanne Idar

Characterization of the Unconfined Slow Cook-Off Response of Nitramines and

Nitramine Composites with TNT

T. R. Krawietz, R. L. McKenney, Jr. and R. J. Ortiz 79

Quantitative Analysis of Damage in PBX 9501 Subjected to a Linear Thermal

Gradient

B. Asay, B. Henson, P. Peterson, J. Mang, L. Smilowitz and P. Dickson 87

A Model for High Explosive Cookoff

A. L. Nichols III, A. Anderson, R. Neely and B. Wallin 94

A Model of the 0-8 Phase Transition in PBX9501

L. Smilowitz, B. F. Henson, B, W. Asay and P. M. Dickson 103

Energetic Material Response in a Cookoff Model Validation ExperimentA. I. Atwood, P. O. Curran, D. T. Bui, T. L. Boggs and K. B. Lee 112

RESPONSES TO MECHANICAL DAMAGE

Session Chairs: Mel Baer and Boris Kondrikov

Thermal and Mechanical Damage of PBX's

G. Scholtes, R. Bouma, F. P. Weterings and A. van der Steen 121

Experimental and Modeling Studies of Crush, Puncture, and Perforation Scenarios

in the Steven Impact Test

K. S. Vandersall, S. K. Chidester, J. W. Forbes, F. Garcia, D. W. Greenwood, L. L. Switzer

andC. M. Tarver 131

A Test Method and Model to Determine the Thermal Initiation Properties of an

Energetic Material in a Low Pressure Long Duration Event

J. G. Glenn, J. C. Foster, M. Gunger, J. Yao and A. Beliveau 140

Influence of Mechanical Properties on Non-Shock IgnitionR. V. Browning and R. J. Scammon 149

REACTION ZONE CHEMISTRY

Session Chairs: Henric Ostmark and Gerry Pangilinan

Particle Velocity Measurements of the Reaction Zone in Nitromethane

S. A. Sheffield, R. Engelke, R. R. Alcon, R. L. Gustavsen, D. L. Robins, D. B. Stahl, H. L. Stacyand M. C. Whitehead 159

vi

Investigation of Dense Explosives Detonation Chemistry by Labelled Carbon Atoms

and Conductivity Measurements

V. F. Anisichkin, S. D. Gilev, A. P. Ershov, D. A. Medvedev, N. P. Satonkina, A. M. Trubachev

and Y. V. Yanilkin 167

Influence of Initial Density on the Reaction Zone for Steady-State Detonation

of High ExplosivesA. V. Utkin, S. A. Kolesnikov, S. V. Pershin and V. E. Fortov 175

Reduction of Detailed Chemical Reaction Networks for Detonation Simulations

P. Hung and J. E. Shepherd 183

AUTHOR-ATTENDED POSTER SESSION

Session Chairs: Lloyd Bonzon, Alice Atwood, Irene Hooton, Ashwani Kapila,Yolanda Lanzerotti, Thomas Russell, Harold Sandusky, Peter Taylor

and William Wilson

JAGUAR Procedures for Detonation Properties of Aluminized ExplosivesE. L. Baker, C. Capellos and L. I. Stiel 195

Nondetonative Explosions and Burning of Composition-B ExplosiveA. Birk, P. Baker, D. E. Kooker, R. Lieb, S. Stegall and J. Delaney 203

On Cavity Collapse and Subsequent IgnitionN. K. Bourne and A. M. Milne 213

Joints, Cracks, Holes, and Gaps in Detonating ExplosivesW. C. Davis and L. G. Hill 220

Detonation Wave Structure in Liquid Homogeneous, Solid Heterogeneous and

Agatized HEA. V. Fedorov 230

Shear Deformation and Shear Initiation of Explosives and PropellantsB. Krzewinski, O. Blake, R. Lieb, P. Baker and L. VandeKieft 234

Study of Physical-Chemical Transformations in Detonation Wave by the Electric

Conductivity MethodS. D. Gilev and A. M. Trubachev 240

Detonation Performance of Aluminized Compositions Based on BTNENM. F. Gogulya, A. Yu. Dolgoborodov, M. N. Makhov, M. A. Brazhnikov and V. G. Shchetinin 249

A Surface Burning Model for Melt Cast TNT

R. H. Guirguis 256

Detonation Characteristics of Emulsion Explosives as Functions of Void Size

and Volume

Y. Hirosaki, K. Murata, Y. Kato and S. Itoh 263

vii

Single and Double Shock Initiation of EDC37

D. A. Salisbury, P. Taylor, R. E. Winter, R. L. Gustavsen, S. A. Sheffield and R. R. Alcon 271

Determination of JWL Parameters from Underwater Explosion Test

S. Itoh, H. Hamashima, K. Murata and Y. Kato 281

Detonation and Sensitivity Properties of FOX-7 and Formulations Containing FOX-7

S. Karlsson, H. Ostmark, C. Eldsater, T. Carlsson, H. Bergman, S. Wallin and A. Pettersson 286

Heterogeneous Chain Mechanism of Lead Azide Initiation by a Laser Pulse in the

Transparence Region of a CrystalA. V. Khaneft 292

Numerical Modeling of Nonideal Detonations in Ammonium Nitrate/Aluminum

Mixtures and Their Blast Effect

B. A. Khasainov, B. S. Ermolaev, H-N. Presles and P. Vidal 296

Mechanical Behavior of Energetic Materials During High Acceleration

Y. Lanzerotti and J. Sharma 303

Effect of Polymorph Transformation of HMX after Thermal Treatment on Its

Sensitivity to Impact Friction

V. N. Lashkov, 0. L. Ignatov, V. N. Lobanov, A. V. Strikanov and A. N. Shestakov 306

Fracture in PBX 9501 at Low Rates

C. Liu and R. Browning 311

Thermal Properties of Crystals and Polymers at Static High Pressures

J. R. Carney, T. P. Russell, G. I. Pangilinan and H. D. Ladouceur 317

Simulation of Aquarium Tests for PBXW-115 (Aust.)J. P. Lu, H. Dorsett and D. L. Kennedy 323

Shock Initiation of Explosives by Micro SlapperR. Mendes, J. Campos, I. Plaksin and J. Ribeiro 330

Measurements of Underwater Explosion Performances by Pressure Gauge Using

FluoropolymerK. Murata, K. Takahashi and Y. Kato 336

Isentropic Compression of High Explosives with the Z Accelerator

D. B. Reisman, J. W. Forbes, C. M. Tarver, F. Garcia, D. B. Hayes, M. D. Furnish and J. J. Dick 343

The Diverging Sphere and the Rib in Prompt Detonation

P. C. Souers, E. McGuire, R. Garza, F. Roeske and P. Vitello 349

Mechanical Properties Determination by Real-Time Ultrasonic Characterization

of Thermally Damaged Energetic MaterialsA. S. Tappan, A. M. Renlund, J. C. Stachowiak, J. C. Miller and M. S. Oliver 356

Quasi-Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of New and Virtually-AgedPBX 9501 Composites as a Function of Temperature and Strain Rate

D. G. Thompson, D. J. Idar, G. T. Gray, W. R. Blumenthal, C. M. Cady, E. L. Roemer,W. J. Wright and P. D. Peterson 363

viii

The Effect of AL203 Phase Transitions on Detonation Properties of Aluminized

ExplosivesS. B. Victorov 369

Stability Effects of Artificial Viscosity in Detonation ModelingP. Vitello and P. C. Souers 377

The Scaled Thermal Explosion ExperimentJ. F. Wardell and J. L. Maienschein 384

The Level Set Method Applied to Three-Dimensional Detonation Wave PropagationS. Wen, C. Sun, F. Zhao and J. Chen 394

Low Speed Impact of Pristine and Aged Solid High ExplosiveS. Wortley, A. Jones, M, Cartwright and J. Allum 399

NON-IDEAL EXPLOSIVEPERFORMANCE

Session Chairs: John Anderson, Erik Matheson and Philip Miller

DSD Front Models: Nonideal Explosive Detonation in ANFO

J. B. Bdzil, T. D. Aslam, R. A. Catanach, L. G. Hill and M. Short 409

A New Concept for the Modeling of Detonation Waves in Multiphase Mixtures

A. Chinnayya, E. Daniel, R. Saurel, G. Baudin, and C. Le Gallic 418

Shock Wave Pressure in Free Water as a Function of Explosive CompositionG. W. Lawrence 428

Temperature and Pressure Measurements Comparison of the Aluminized Emulsion

Explosives Detonation Front and Products ExpansionA. Lefrancois, J.-Y. Grouffal, P. Bouinot and S. Mencacci 432

Small-Scale Safety and Performance Characterization of New Plastic Bonded

Explosives Containing LLM-10ST. D. Tran, P. F. Pagoria, D. M. Hoffman, B. Cunningham, R. L. Simpson, R. S. Lee and J. L. Cutting ...

440

COMPOSITE EXPLOSIVE PERFORMANCE

Session Chairs: John Anderson, Erik Matheson and Philip Miller

The Role of Damage Mode in Delayed Detonation of Composite EnergeticMaterials

E. R. Matheson and J. T. Rosenberg 451

Effect of AI/AIH3 and Mg/MgH2 Components on Detonation Parameters of Mixed

ExplosivesA. A. Selezenev, V. N. Lashkov, V. N. Lobanov, O. L. Ignatov, A. Yu. Aleinikov, A. V. Strikanov,

V. N. Trasov and N. A. Imkhovik 459

ix

Steady-State Model of Heterogeneous Detonation with Reactive Metallic Particles

A. Gonor, I. Hooton and S. Narayan 463

NUMERICAL MODELS FOR IGNITION AND DETONATION

Session Chairs: Serge Lecume and Art Ratzel

Application of a Multiphase Mixture Theory with Coupled Damage and Reaction to

Energetic Material ResponseR. G. Schmitt, P. A. Taylor and E. S. Hertel 475

Numerical and Theoretical Investigations on Detonation-Inert Confinement

Interactions

T. D. Aslam and J. B. Bdzil 483

A Statistical Hot Spot Reactive Flow Model for Shock Initiation and Detonation

of Solid High ExplosivesA. L Nichols and C. M. Tarver 489

Direct Numerical Simulation of Weak Shocks in Granular Material

S. G. Bardenhagen, K. M. Roessig, J. E. Guilkey, O. Byutner, D. Bedrov and G. D. Smith 497

Isochoric Burn, an Internally Consistent Method for the Reactant to Product

Transformation in Reactive Flow

J. E. Reaugh and E. L. Lee 504

Simulation Study of the Elastic Mechanical Properties of HMX

T. D. Sewell, D. Bedrov and G. D. Smith 510

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION AND AGING

Session Chairs: Thomas Brill and Gert Scholtes

Thermal Decomposition of HMX: Morphological and Chemical Changes Induced

at Slow Decomposition Rates

R. Behrens 519

Shock Initiation of New and Aged PBX 9501

R. L. Gustavsen, S. A. Sheffield, R. R. Alcon and L. G. Hill 530

Thermal Decomposition of PETN and HMX over a Wide Temperature RangeV. N. German, S. E. Grebennikova, L. Ye. Kornilova, S. P. Lobanova andL. V. Fomicheva 538

Experimental and Computational Study of the Thermal Decomposition of Uronium

Nitrate (Urea Nitrate)

R. I. Hiyoshi, T. B. Brill, Y. Kohno, O. Takahashi and K. Saito 544

Study into the Influence of Temperature and Time Factors (160°C, 1-7 Days)onHMX Structure

T. Ye. Kirsanova, V. N. German, A. M. Zlobin, T. G. Kirianova, Ye. S. Kozlova, V. N. Kolesnikova,

S. P. Lobanova, Yu. P. Orlikov, A. M. Podurets, A. K. Fisenko and L. V. Fomicheva 551

x

Changes in the Mechanical Properties of Energetic Materials with AgingD. A. Wiegand 557

EQUATIONS OF STATE

Session Chairs: Scott Stewart and Masatake Yoshida

EXP6: A New Equation of State Library for High Pressure ThermochemistryL. E. Fried, W. M. Howard, and P. C. Souers 567

Transport Properties of Fluid Mixtures at High Pressures and Temperatures.Application to the Detonation Products of HMX

S.Bastea 576

CMEX Project: Development of a Constitutive Model for Cast Plastic Bonded

ExplosivesM. Quidot, P. Racimore and P. Chabin 584

Direct Simulation of Detonation Products Equation of State by a Composite Monte

Carlo Method

M.S.Shaw 592

Thermodynamic Representations for Solid Products in Ideal Detonation Predictions

M. Braithwaite and N. L. Allan 601

EQUATIONS OF STATE AND RELATED EXPERIMENTS

Session Chairs: Peter Haskins and Charles Mader

Compressive Properties of PBXN-110 and Its HTPB-Based Binder as a Function

of Temperature and Strain Rate

W. R. Blumenthal, D. G. Thompson, C. M. Cady, G. T. Gray III and D. J. Idar 611

Equation of State and Structural Changes in Diaminodinitroethylene from

Experimental Studies and Ab-initio Quantum Calculations

S. M. Peiris, C. P. Wong, M. M. Kuklja and F. J. Zerilli 617

Equation of State for Modeling the Detonation Reaction Zone

D. S. Stewart, S. Yoo and W. C. Davis 624

A WBL-Consistent JWL Equation of State for the HMX-Based Explosive EDC37from Cylinder Tests

P.W. Merchant, S.J. White and A.M. Collyer 632

Reactive Flow Modeling of the Interaction of TATB Detonation Waves

with Inert Materials

C. M. Tarver and E. M. McGuire 641

Detonation Study of Energetic Micro-samplesI. Plaksin, J. Campos, P. Simoes, A. Portugal, J. Ribeiro, R. Mendes and J. Gois 650

xi

DETONATION FAILURE & STABILITY

Session Chair: Ronald Lee

Propagation of Detonation Waves in Radially Graded ExplosivesR. Guirguis, A. Landsberg, H. Sandusky and A. Wardlaw 661

On the Detonation Failure Diameter of the DINA/Acetonitril Solution

A. N. Dremin, A. V. Anan'in, V. A. Garanin, L. T. Eremenko, S. A. Koldunov, Yu. M. Litvinov

and D. A. Nesterenko 669

Propagation of Axially Symmetric Detonation Waves

R. L. Druce, F. Roeske, P. C. Souers, C. M. Tarver, C. T. S. Chow, R. S. Lee, E. M. McGuire,

G. E. Overturf and P. A. Vitello 675

Characterization of Detonation Wave Propagation in LX-17 Near the

Critical Diameter

T. D. Tran, C. M. Tarver, J. Maienschein, P. Lewis, M. Moss, R. S. Lee and F. Roeske 684

Critical Conditions for Ignition of Metal Particles in a Condensed ExplosiveD. L. Frost, F. Zhang, S. B. Murray, and S. McCahan 693

DETONATION THEORY

Session Chairs: Anatoly Dremin and Paul Urtiew

Molecular Level Studies of Poly-Nitrogen ExplosivesP. J. Haskins, J. Fellows, M. D. Cook and A. Wood 705

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Detonation in Defective Explosive CrystalsT. C. Germann, B. L. Holian, P. S. Lomdahl, A. J. Heirn, N. Gr0nbech-Jensen and J.-B. Maillet 711

Thermodynamic Theory of Non-Ideal Detonation and Failure

W. B.Brown 718

Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Multimolecular Collisions of

Nitromethane and Compressed Liquid Nitromethane

S. A. Decker, T. K. Woo, D. Wei and F. Zhang 724

DETONATIONPHYSICS EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

Session Chairs: Eric Lundstrom and Ron Winter

Molecular and Microscopic Structural Effects in the Detonation of Fluid ExplosivesJ. Cooper, G. A. Leiper and G. W. Neilson 733

Temperature Profile Calculation from Emission Spectroscopy Measurements in

Nitromethane Submitted to Plate ImpactsV. Bouyer, G. Baudin, C. Le Gallic, I. Darbord and P. Herve 743

New Innovations in Shock Diagnostics and Analysis Using High-Speed Multi-Point

Velocimetry (VISAR)K. J. Fleming, T. A. Broyles, V. M. Loyola and G. E. Clark 752

xii

On the Backward Superdetonation in Homogeneous Explosives0. Heuze and F. Chaisse 758

Macro- and Microstructural Analysis of TATB Samples Submitted to a Combined

Thermal/Mechanical Insult

C. Le Gallic, M. Labrunie, F. Davoine, P. Bouinot, A. Lefrancois and R. Belmas 764

NEWEXPLOSIVE COMPOUNDS

Session Chairs: Gerardo Pangilinan and Alfred Stern

Detonation Properties and Reaction Rate Modeling of Melt Cast Ammonium

Dinitramide (ADN)H. Ostmark, A. Helte, S. Karlsson, A. Hahma andH. Edvinsson 775

Shock Initiation and Detonability of Isopropyl Nitrate

F. Zhang, A. Yoshinaka, S. Murray and A. Higgins 781

MODELS FOR SAFETY-RELATED RESPONSES

Session Chairs: Chungwei Sun and Craig Tarver

Progress in Statistical Crack Mechanics: An Approach to Initiation

J. K. Dienes, J. Middleditch, J. D. Kershner, Q. H. Zuo and A. Starobin 793

A Burn Model Based on Heating Due to Shear Flow: Proof of Principle Calculations

F. J. Zerilli, R. H. Guirguis and C. S. Coffey 800

A Combined Experimental/Numerical Methodology to Assess the Sensitivity ofPBX's

P. Chabin, P. Brunet and S. Lecume 805

Effect of Thermal Nonhomogeneity on Explosion or Detonation in an

Annular Cookoff

D. W. Schwendeman and A. K. Kapila 813

Cook-off Experiments for Model Validation at Sandia National Laboratories

M. J. Kaneshige, A. M. Renlund, R. G. Schmitt and W. W. Erikson 821

A Threshold Criterion for Impact IgnitionY. Partom 831

HAZARD RESPONSE EXPERIMENTS & ANALYSIS

Session Chairs: Joseph Foster and Yehuda Partom

Pressure Wave Measurements During Thermal Explosion of HMX-Based

High ExplosivesJ. W. Forbes, F. Garcia, C. M. Tarver, P. A. Urtiew, D. W. Greenwood and K. S. Vandersall 837

xiii

Understanding and Predicting the Thermal Explosion Violence of HMX-Based

and RDX-Based Explosives—Experimental Measurements of Material Propertiesand Reaction Violence

J. L. Maienschein, J. F. Wardell, R. K. Weese, B. J. Cunningham and T. D. Tran 846

Structural and Chemical Changes in PBX Induced by Rapid Shear Followed

by CompressionS. Lecume, A. Lefrancois and P. Chabin 856

Validation Experiments for Modeling Slow Cook-Off

H. W. Sandusky, G. P. Chambers, W. W. Erikson and R. G. Schmitt 863

Direct Observation of Cook-Off Events Using a Novel Glass-Windowed Vehicle

and Pipe Bombs

C. Stennett, M. D. Cook, R. I. Briggs, P. J. Haskins and J. Fellows 871

NUMERICAL MODELS FOR DETONATION PHYSICS

Session Chairs: Patrick Brousseau and Ron Fedkiw

Cumulative Damage Hotspot Model for Use with Arrhenius Based Ignition and

Growth Model

M. D. Cook, P. J. Haskins, C. Stennett and A. D. Wood 881

A Fully Conservative Ghost Fluid Method and Stiff Detonation Waves

D. Nguyen, F. Gibou and R. Fedkiw 887

The Burning Rate of Aluminum Particles in Nitromethane in Cylinder Tests

A. M. Milne, A. W. Longbottom, D. J. Evans, P. J. Haskins, M. D. Cook and R. I. Briggs 895

Simulation of Detonation Problems with the MLS Grid-Free MethodologyJ. Yao, M. E. Gunger and D. A. Matuska 901

Modeling of Double Shock Initiation of TATB-Based ExplosivesYu. A. Aminov, N.S. Es'kov and Yu. R. Nikitenko 910

NUMERICAL MODELS

Session Chairs: Patrick Brousseau and Ron Fedkiw

Links Between Detonation Wave Propagation and Reactive Flow Models

D.C.Swift and S.J. White 917

Temperature-Based Reactive Flow Model for ANFO

R. N. Mulford, D. C. Swift and M. Braithwaite 927

INITIATIONMODELING—MICROMECHANICS

Session Chairs: Igor Plaksin and Anita Renlund

Theoretical and Experimental Mesoscale Studies of Impact-Loaded Granular

Explosive and Simulant Materials

M. R. Baer and W. M. Trott 939

xiv

An Engineering Model of Shock Initiation

P. M. Howe and D. C. Benson 951

Modeling Reactive Compaction of HMX

K.A. Gonthier 958

Mesoscale Modelling of Reaction in HMX-Based ExplosivesD. C. Swift, R. N. Mulford, R. E. Winter, P. Taylor, D. A. Salisbury and E. J. Harris 967

On the Characterization and Mechanisms of Shock Initiation

in Heterogeneous ExplosivesL. Hill and R. Gustavsen 975

INITIATION MODELING—CHEMISTRY

Session Chairs: Martin Braithwaite and Alfred Stern

Evidence for Thermal Equilibrium in the Detonation of HMX

B. F. Henson, L. Smilowitz, B. W. Asay, P. M. Dickson and P. M. Howe 987

Initiation of Detonation in Liquid Explosives by a Reflected Shock Wave

A. J. Higgins, F. X Jette, A. Yoshinaka and F. Zhang 993

Modeling Detonation Propagation and Failure Using Explosive Initiation

Models in a Conventional HydrocodeJ. Starkenberg 1001

INDEXES

Indexes of the Proceedings for the Eleven International Symposia on Detonation,1951-1998

B. W. Asay, W. E. Deal, J. B. Ramsay, A. M. Roach, and B. E. Takala 1009

Registrants 1037

Author Index 1049

XV