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Forests of Turkey: Main resource of ecotorism

WELCOME LADIES AND GENTLEMEN

BEFORE STARTING MY PRESENTATION,

I WOULD LIKE TO THANK A LOT TO MY BROTHERS;

DEAN PROF MIRZA FOR HIS KIND INVITATION AND TO VICE DEANS; PROF CEMAL AND PROF DALIBOR FOR THEIR HELP.

I AM REALLY GLAD TO BE WITH YOU HERE IN BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA

SINCE I HAVE PRACTICED ENGLISH GENERALLY IN WRTTING AND A LITTE BIT OF READING,

PLEASE EXCUSE MY PRONUNCIATION.

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http://www.ogm.gov.tr/lang/en/Documents/State%20of%20Forests.pdfhttp://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Yayinlar/T%C3%BCrkiye%20Orman%20Varl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1.pdfhttp://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Yayinlar/Forests%20of%20TURKEY.pdf

http://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Yayinlar/Orman%20Atlasi.pdf

WHILE PREPARING THIS PRESENTATION,

I BENEFITTED MAINLY FROM FOUR DIFFERENT SOURCES AS;

STATE OF TURKEYS FORESTS 2009 FORESTS OF TURKEYS 2012 ATLAS OF FOREST 2013 THE PRESENCE OF THE FORESTS IN TURKEY 2014

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Turkey forests in 2014

I would like to show you the status of Turkeys forests according to inventory of 2014.

On this map,

Bold lines show the border of regional forest directorate. Dark green patches are productive forest areas (in which crown density is greater than 10 percent). Light green lands demonstrate degraded forest areas (in which crown density is 10 or less than 10 percent).Off-white fields are agricultural and uncovered with plants areas.Blue sections are lakes, ponds of hydroelectric plant and rivers.

Millions years ago, 56 percent of Anatolia was occupied by forests, but today only 27 percent is so.

In fact, this is normal because;

We know that, for the natural forest formation, there should be certain conditions available in the site; and,

Approximately 20 percent of our country does not have these conditons.

And also, I will remind that one-thirth of Turkey consists of hot-dry and cold-dry regions and to make forestry is really very hard.----------------------------------------------During may-august period, if total relative humidity is less than 50 percent, total precipitation must be at least 100 mm; and if total relative humidity is 50 percent or more, in this case total precipitation should be greater than 50 mm.

As you know, this rule is called ombrohora theory.

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AS I MENTIONED EARLIER IN MY PRESENTATION,

FOREST AREAS OF TURKEY OCCUPY 27 PERCENT OF COUNTYRY.

ABOUT 22 MILLION HECTARES

AN AREA OF ABOUT 5 PERCENT OF ALL EUROPEAN UNION.

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IN THE SLIDE YOU WILL SEE THE STATE OF OUR FORESTS CROWN DENSITIES.

AS YOU KNOW, IF A STAND HAVE CROWN DENSITIES LESS THAN 40 PERCENT IT IS ACCEPTED AS DEGRADED ACCORDING TO SILVICULTURAL NORMS.

SHORTLY, ABOUT 60 PERCENT OF OUR FOREST AREAS CONSIST OF DEGRADED STANDS.

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OUR FORESTS CONSIST OF HIGH FORESTS RATHER THAN COPPICES.

BESIDES, CONVERSION FROM COPPICE TO HIGH FOREST FELLINGS STILL CONTINUES.

LIKEWISE, WE HAVE MORE CONIFEROUS FORESTS THAN DECIDUOS ONES.

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TURKEY HAS BOTH PURE AND MIXED FORESTS.

PURE FOREST LANDS ARE BIGGER THAN MIXED ONES. AND ALSO, NEEDLE LEAVED MIXED STANDS ARE SO.7

THE OLDEST NATURAL FORESTS OF EUROPE ARE ALSO IN TURKEY.

WE HAVE RICH GENE RESOURCES.

APPROXIMATELY TWELVE THOUSANDS PLANTS ARE INDIGENEOUS OF TURKEY AND THREE THOUSANDS OF THESE PLANTS ARE ENDEMIC.

AS SHOWN IN THE FIGURES, OAKS HAVE THE WIDEST DISTRIBUTION.

TURKISH RED PINE IS THE SECOND AND ANATOLIAN BLACK PINE IS THE THIRD ONE.

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THERE ARE

18 SPECIES OF QUERCUS 05 SPECIES OF PINUS 02 SPECIES OF BEECH 02 SPECIES OF FIR 07 SPECIES OF JUNIPER 01 SPECIES OF CEDAR 01 SPECIES OF SPRUCE.

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WHILE THERE ARE ONLY 250 TREE SPECIES AND 475 SHRUB SPECIES IN ALL THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES TOTALLY,

IN TURKEY THE NUMBER OF TREE SPECIES IS 205 AND THE NUMBER OF SHRUB SPECIES IS 270.

AND ALSO, WE HAVE 50 FOREST TREES.

SO, I CAN EASILY SAY THAT VISITING TURKEY TO SEE TREE SPECIES MEANS VISITING ALMOST THE WHOLE EUROPE.

YOU CAN SEE SOME OF THEM IN THIS SLIDE.

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2 SPECIES OF ALDER 4 SPECIES OF ASH 6 SPECIES OF POPLAR 4 SPECIES OF LIME 12 SPECIES OF MAPLE 4 SPECIES OF ELM 4 SPECIES OF PRUNUS 1 ANATOLIAN CHESTNUT 1 STONE PINE 1 HORNBEAM 1 TURKISH HAZELNUT 1 EASTERN PLANE-TREE 1 ANATOLIAN SWEET GUM 9

IN THAT SLIDE YOU WILL SEE ,

THE AMOUNT OF THE ANNUAL ALLOWABLE CUT IS ABOUT 16 MILLION QUBIC METERS FROM TURKEYS FORESTS.

7 MILLION QUBIC METERS FROM REGENERATION PRACTICES BY USING EVEN-AGED SYSTEMS 3,5 MILLION QUBIC METERS FROM CLEARING FELLINGS IN EVEN-AGED STANDS

460 QUBIC METERS FROM SELECTION FOREST, BY THE USE OF SINGLE-TREE SELECTION SYSTEM IN UNEVEN-AGED STANDS

40 QUBIC METERS FROM CONTINUOUS FORESTS CONSISTING OF UNEVEN-AGED STANDS

APPROXIMATELY 5 MILLION QUBIC METERS FROM COPPICES

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AS FOR THE STATE OF CARBON FIXATION AND OXIGEN PRODUCTION IN TURKEY,

EACH YEAR, FORESTS OF TURKEY

FIX ABOUT 1.5 BILLION TON CARBON AND

PRODUCE ABOUT 39 MILLION TONE OXIGEN.

I WOULD LIKE TO REMIND THAT,

WE HAVE ONLY EIGHT (8) MILLIONS HECTARES PRODUCTIVE FOREST LANDS IN TURKEY AND,

THESE FORESTS PRODUCE SUCH OXYGEN THAT WOULD BE ENOUGH FOR FOUR (4) BILLION PEOPLE.

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AS KNOWN, THERE ARE THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF FORESTS.

THESE ARE FROM LARGE TO SMALL;

ECONOMIC,ECOLOGIC, ANDSOCIO-CULTURAL.

63 PERCENT OF TUKEYS FORESTS HAVE BEEN MANAGED FOR ECONOMIC PURPOSE (TO PRODUCE WOOD AND NONWOOD PRODUCTS).

32 PERCENT OF OUR FORESTS HAVE BEEN PROTECTED FOR ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

5 PERCENT OF THE FOREST AREAS IN TURKEY HAVE BEEN USED FOR SOCIO-CULTURAL NEEDS.

IF WE LOOK AT THE SUB-FUNCTIONS OF FORESTS IN TURKEY;

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THE FOLLOWING ARE THE SUB-FUNCTIONS OF OUR FORESTS MANAGEMENT.

SUB-FUNCTION LANDS ARE RANGED FROM LARGE TO SMALL;

FOREST PRODUCTSNATURE PROTECTIONHYDROLOGICEROSION PROTECTIONNATIONAL DEFENSEAND THE OTHERS, ESTHETIC, ECOTOURISM & RECREATION, CLIMATE PRODUCTION, PUBLIC HEALTH AND SCIENTIFIC

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Scenery from Turkeys Forests (The oldest natural forests of Europe)

AND NOW, SCENIC VIEWS OF FORESTS IN TURKEY.

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http://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Yayinlar/Orman%20Atlasi.pdf

FOR THE FIRST 15 SLIDES I BENEFITED FROM THE BOOK CALLED FOREST ATLAS, PUBLICATION OF GENERAL DIRECTORATES OF TURKEY.15

THE PLACE YOU SEE IS FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY. SERIK-ANTALYA, PINUS BRUTIA FORESTS. TURKISH RED PINE IS ONE OF THE FAST GROWING SPECIES OF TURKEY.

NOW I WOULD LIKE TO DRAW YOUR ATTENTION TO THAT CLEARED AREA.

IN THE CLEARED AREA, THE UNIFORM CLEARCUT SYSTEM BASED ON THE NATURAL SEED ABSCISSION AND SEED ADDITIONAL HAS BEEN APPLICATED.

THE SILVICULTURAL SYSTEM IS USED ONLY IN TURKISH RED PINE STANDS IN TURKEY AND THE SPECIFIC METHOD HAS BEEN CREATED BY TURKISH FORESTERS.

YES, AS YOU CAN SEE THE AREA IS VERY LARGE.

IT IS ABOUT 70 HECTARES, AND WILDLIFE HAS NEVER BEEN CONSIDERED AT ALL.

WHEREAS THAT AREA SHOULD BE MAXIMUM 2-5 HECTARES.

AND ALSO THE CLEARED AREAS MUST BE DISTRIBUTED INTO THE REGENERATION FIELDS.

UNFORTUNATELY, TURKISH FORESTERS HAVE NOT GIVEN UP WORKING IN LARGE LANDS,

AND STILL WORKS FIELDS OF 10-15 HECTARES.

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THIS IS FROM THE WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION OF TURKEY, YAYLACIK-YENICE-KARABUK.THE LIGHT GREEN TREES ARE PINIS SYLVESTRIS

DARK GREEN ONES ARE ABIES NORMANNIANA SSP BORNMULLERIANA, AND

YELLOW ONES ARE FAGUS ORIENTALIS

ISNT IT A FANTASTIC SCENERY?

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BAKRAZ-YENICE-KARABUK IS ALSO IN THE WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION.

ANOTHER FASCINATING PHOTO TAKEN IN AUTUMN,

ORIENTAL BEECH + SCOTCH PINE MIXED FOREST. 18

DEVREK-YENICE-KARABUK, WESTERN BLACK SEA REION OF TURKEY.

ANATOLIAN BLACK PINE + ORIENTAL BEECH + QUERCUS SPP. MIXED STANDS.

ONE OF THE VIRGIN FORESTS FOUND IN TURKEY.19

CIMIL-IKIZDERE-RIZE, EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION OF TURKEY.

PICEA ORIENTALIS, FAGUS ORIENTALIS, CASTANEA SATIVA, ABIES NORDMANNIANA SSP NORDMANNIANA, ALNUS GLUTINOSA MIXED FORESTS.

THERE ARE BLACK LOCUST GROUPS IN THE FORESTS, TOO. THIS IS ONE OF THE EXOTIC SPECIES OF TURKEY BUT IN NATURALIZATION STAGES.

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AYIKAYASI-BOLU, WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION OF TURKEY

SCOTH PINE, ABIES NORDMANNIANA SSP BORNMULLERINA, QUERCUS AND FAGUS ORIENTALIS MIXED FORESTS.21

DENIZLI, CENTRAL AEGEAN REGION OF TURKEY.

PURE TURKISH RED PINE FORESTS.

IN THE AREA OF REGIONAL FOREST DIRECTORATE OF DENIZLI,

THERE ARE ALSO BOTH OF PURE ANATOLIAN BLACK PINE STANDS,

PURE TAURUS CEDAR STANDS,

TURKIS RED PINE + ANATOLIAN BLACK PINE MIXED STANDS AND

ANATOLIAN BLACK PINE + TAURUS CEDAR MIXED STANDS.

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A SCENERY FROM THE EASTERN BLACK SEA PLATEAUS OF ARTVIN.

SPRUCE, NORDMAN FIR, ORIENTAL BEECH MIXED FORESTS.23

KARLIK-UGURLU-BURDUR, BACK TO TAURUS MOUNTAIN, MEDITERRANEAN REGION.

CEDRUS LIBANI + ABIES CILICICA MIXED FORESTS.24

MUSTAFAKEMALPASA- BURSA, MARMARA REGION OF TURKEY.

A VIEW FROM THE CHESNUT FORESTS.

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SENKAYA-ERZURUM, EASTERN ANATOLIA REGION OF TURKEY

WE HAVE FIVE NATURAL PINUS SPECIES, ONE OF WHICH IS SCOTCH PINE.

IT IS POSSIBLE TO SEE SCOTCH PINE ALONG THE COASTS OF CAMBURNU SURMENE TRABZON

AND ALSO AT 2750 M ELEVATION IN ZIYARETTEPE-SARIKAMIS, EASTERN ANATOLIA REGION.26

AKDAGMADENI-YOZGAT, CENTREAL ANATOLIA REGION.

A VIEW FROM A YOUNG SCOTCH PINE STAND.

THERE ARE STILL A LOT OF YOUNG STANDS THAT WILL BE APPLIED TENDING FELLINGS.

THUS IN THE STAND, GENERATION TENDING AND RELEASE CUTTING HAVE BEEN NOT MADE IN TIME.

IT IS URGEGENT THAT THE FIRST THINNING CUTTINGS BE APPLIED HERE.

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Photo: Fatih TONGUC

ALPINE ZONE FORESTS OF EASTERN SPRUCE

ELEVATION 2150 MSLOPE SOUTHIKIZDERE-RIZE, EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION.

TURKEY FORESTS ARE STILL PRESSED BY CLEARANCE FROM BOTTOM AND BY TRANSHUMANS FROM ABOVE.

YOU CAN SEE A TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF SUCH CONDITION IN THIS SLIDE.

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Photo: Fatih TONGUC

EASTERN SPRUCE TREES IN THE ZONES OF BORADLEAVED TREE.

ELEVATION 550 MSLOPE EASTIKIZDERE-RIZE, EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION.

THE ZONES CONSISTED OF ORIENTAL SPRUCE,

QUERCUS SPP.,

CASTANEA SATIVA,

ALNUS GLUTINOSA,

CARPINUS SPP.,

TILLIA RUBRA,

AND AS AN EXOTIC SPECIES OF BLACK LOCUST.

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Photo: Hseyin FAKIR

NATURE PROTECTION AREA OF SWEETGUM, LIQUIDAMBAR ORIENTALIS, SUTCULER-ISPARTA, MEDITERRANEAN REGION.

IN THIS AREA, FIFTEEN MONUMENTAL TREES HAVE BEEN FOUND AND THE LARGEST TREE IS 34 M HEIGHT AND 130,6 CM DBH.

THE TALLEST TREE IS AT THE HIGHT OF 41,5 M. 30

Photo: Hseyin FAKIR

ANATOLIAN BLACK PINE FORESTS FROM ISPARTA, BACK TO TAURUS MOUNTAINS IN MEDITERRANEAN REGION.

THESE FORESTS ARE LOCATED IN ELAVATION OF 1000 TO 2100 METERS.

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NATURE PROTECTION AREA OF TAURUS CEDAR, CIGLIKARA-ELMALI-ANTALYA.

THE OLDEST LIVING TREES OF TURKEY ARE LOCATED AT THE TAURUS MOUNTAINS.

LETS SEE TWO OF THE MAGNIFICENT TREES.

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KOCA KATRAN

ONE OF THE OLDEST TREES IN TURKEY WAS FOUND IN CIGLIKARA FORESTS,

AND IT IS CALLED AS KOCA KATRAN

ESTIMATED AGE 2000 YEARSHEIGHT 25.0 MDBH 262 CM 33

AMBAR KATRANI

WHEN IT COMES TO THE OLDEST TREE IN TURKEY, IT IS IN KARACAOREN VILLAGE OF KUMLUCA, ANTALYA.

LOCAL NAME OF THE TREE IS AMBAR KATRANI, AND THE TREE HAS;

ESTIMATED AGE 2300 YEARSHEIGHT 26,7 MDBH 250 CM34

Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden.http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/33944715.html

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yZilPENm6Hg/UegZmWf-jgI/AAAAAAAABJw/__fGefG3txg/s1600/20130715+(4)bb.jpg

The trunk of the above tree is less than 600 years old

but its roots date back to 9,550 years ago,

and this makes it the world's oldest known living tree, scientists say.

The Norway spruce, of a species commonly used as Christmas trees in Europe,

was found in 2004 on a Swedish mountain.35

THE FIRST NATIONAL PARK OF TURKEY IS CALLED YOZGAT CAMLIGI, AND IT WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1958.

LAST NATIONAL PARK THAT IS ESTABLISHED AT ERZURUM PROVINCE, EASTERN ANATOLIA, IN 2009.

AND THE NAME OF THIS PARK IS NENE HATUN HISTORICAL NATIONAL PARK

I AM COMING TO THE END OF MY PRESENTATION LASTLY, I WILL SHOW YOU ONLY SOME SLIDES BELONGING TO SEVEN LAKES NATIONAL PARK,.

THIS PARK HAS BEEN SET IN 1965.

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