Turkey

Link to syllabus

Link to WDI

Link to Encyclopedia of the Orient

Orhan Pamuk and Sevket Pamuk

Link to Orhan Pamuk

Link to text version

Link to Turkey Chronology

Link to Map of Ottoman Empire

Via Encyclopedia of the Orient

Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent, 1580

Turkey: Major Cities

Istanbul and Surrounding Areas

Turkey Physical Map+

Population Density

Turkey after the Treaty of Sevres (1920)

Number of Industrial Establishments in Izmir (Smyrna) by Nationality of Ownership, 1920Turkish 1,216 British 13

Greek 4,002 French &Belgian

10

Armenian 28 German & Austrian

8

Jewish 21 American 2 Source: Keyder, in Quataert (1994) Manufacturing in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey, 1500-1950

View of the Bosphorus, and Dolmabache Palace

Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 165

A Street in Istanbul, ~1870

Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 164

Knife Sharpener, Istanbul ~1865

Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 181

Egg Seller, Istanbul ~1865

Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 99

Palanquin, Istanbul ~1860

Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 184

Haci Bekir-store selling “Turkish Delight” Istanbul ~1890

Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 98

Ritual Ablution at the Suleymaniye Mosque, ~1900

Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 178

Istanbul: Galata Bridge 1890

Source: Cizgen, Photography in the Ottoman Empire page 19

Abdulhammid II

1842-1918Ruled 1876-1909

Started out as a reformer, but grew more opposed to change.Described as an autocrat who seldom left the palace. Approved a Constitution in 1877, suspended it in 1878.Sultan who was forcedfrom office by the “YoungTurks.”

Mustafa Kamal Atatürk

1881-1938. Born in area now called GreeceFamily was middle class; father was a timber merchant. Went to military schools. Vital role against British in Gallipoli campaign. 1920 sets up government in Ankara. By 1926 he has abolished rivals.1934 National Assembly bestows on him title of Ataturk (Father of the Turks)Late 1930s strengthens ties to Britain and France, against Germany and Italy.After his death, Ismet Inonu becomes pres.,until 1950.

Mustafa Kamal Atatürk

Atatürk’s Program

Regulations that hindered the use of central elements in the Oriental (i.e. non-European) clothing style, Introduction of Latin alphabet, Reduction of the centrality of Islam in Turkish public life, Equality of all citizens regardless of religion, Emancipation of women and mass education The political system had elements from Western democracy, but it was essentially a one-party system.Intended characteristics of the new Turkey:• Republicanism • Nationalism • Populism • Statism (State control over the basic means of production, where the banks were used as the administrative body) • Secularism • Revolutionism

Atatürk’s legacy

Military and Politics Military was guarantor of the unity of the country in the 1920s under Ataturk, and continues to support his nationalist, etatist, secular program. The military is not viewed as excessively enriching itself in the role of ultimate guarantor, as indicated by public support of its actions. Military coups in 1960, 1971, 1980, 1997. That of 1960 led to the death of the Prime Minister (Menderes). In 1980 there was political unrest due to economic problems, ineffective political parties. In 1997 the action was taken against Erbakan, deemed to be too Islamic.

Suleyman Demirel

Born: 1924, into a peasant family.

P.M. 1965-1971, late 1970s, 1991-2President 1993 - 2000

Studied engineering. Supported NATO but opposed EU.Forced to resign by military, whowere worried about terrorism.

Turgut Ozal

1927-1993

P.M. 1983-89President 1989-93

Father was teacher of Islam.Studied mechanical engin.,worked at World BankProtégé of Demirel

Pushed for opening up andwesternizing the economy.However, there was muchinflation and unemployment

Tansu Ciller

Born 1946

P.M. 1993-1996

Ph.D. from U. of Conneticut,where she worked as a researcher.Driven out of office overquestions of corruption

Necmettin Erbakan

Born: 1926P.M. 1996-97

Professor of Physics, wholived and studied in Germany for many years.

Leader of Welfare Party. Sometimes described as an Islamist and a populist. Was forced to resign by pressure from military.

Supports entry into EU.

Recep Tayyip Erdogan

Born: 1954P.M. March 2003-

Born in a town in northern Turkey,into a lower middle class family.Previously mayor of Istanbul, where he had a reputation for honesty. Knows no foreign language, and little economics. 1998: convicted of incitingreligious hatred; his acceptabilityas P.M. was not guaranteed.Said to be charismatic leader.Pushing for entrance to EU.

Abdullah Gul, 1950-

Click for interview on EuroNews July, 2006

Born in central Turkey toworking class parents.Studied at Istanbul U.Has worked in U.K., speaks decent English.

Currently President, andworries many secularists.

Has been Foreign Minister and Prime Minister. Takes secondary role toErdogan in the AKP.

Alcohol ban

Source : Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Report: October 4, 2009.

Other Economic Items

Most of Turkey’s exports are manufactured goods

Large numbers of Turks migrated to Germany and other western European countries as guest workers.

Custom’s Union with European Union in 1995

Free Trade Agreement with Israel in 1996.

Limited FTA’s with Morocco and Syria in 2004.

Turkey is major intermediary for trade in hydrocarbons.

Distribution of Kurdish People

Abdullah Ocalan Born around 1950, to a peasant family in a small village in southern Turkey.Studied political scienceat Ankara U. Founder ofKurdish Workers’ Party,PKK. Captured by TurkishIntelligence (in Kenya) in 1999.Death sentencecommuted to life.

The PKK is blamed for~30,000 deaths sinceearly 1980s.

Kurdish language in Turkey In Turkey in 1938, Kurdish was banned; any public usage was sanctioned and an individual using Kurdish in public could be fined. During this time Kurdish lost ground, bilingualism increased, and very few learned to read or write their language. In 1961, with a new Turkish constitution, Kurdish publications began to appear, often bilingual, but frequently banned as soon as they appeared. Moreover, since 1967 through the late 80s there was a hardening of attitude and a series of laws were promulgated which are intended to repress the use of Kurdish. In 1991, however, the Turkish government declared its intention to legalize the use of Kurdish, and this happened, gradually. Kurds in Turkey who no longer speak their language nevertheless symbolically regard it as proof of their ethnic identity.

Source: http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/profiles/profk04.htm

Turkey: Real GDP/capitaTurkey

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Rea

l GD

P/c

apita

Turkey

100

1000

10000

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

log

Rea

l GD

P/C

apita

Turkey: Growth of Real GDP/CapitaTurkey: Growth Rate of Real GDP/Capita

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Perc

enta

ge

Turkey: Real Wages, 1850-1990Turkey: Real Wages, 1914=100

10

100

1000

1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

Year

Log

Rea

l Wag

es

Source: Pamuk 1995 “Long term trends in urban wages in Turkey, 1850-1990,” in Schulliers and Zamagni

Turkey: Income Distribution

Source: Hansen, page 276

Turkey: Distribution of Land Holdings

Source: Hansen page 278

Turkey: Terms of Trade:Source: Hansen (1991)

Turkey: Income levels, by region

Source: Hansen page 277

Turkey: Regional GDP/Cap, 1987

Source: Senesen in The Ravages of Neo-Liberalism, page 122

Turkey: Regional GDP/Cap, 1996

Source: Senesen in The Ravages of Neo-Liberalism, page 122

Turkey: Regional Schooling Ratios, 1990

Regions Primary Middle High School

Marmara 98 57 25 Aegean 89 43 21 Mediterranean 89 39 21 Central Anatolia 89 46 23 Black Sea 86 33 17 Eastern Anatolia 76 27 17 Southeastern Anatolia 75 21 14 National Average

87

40

20

Source: Gök in Balkan and Savran The Ravages of Neo Liberalism page. 96

Turkey: InflationTurkey

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Year

Infla

tion

Turkey Inflation and its Proximate Causes

TurkeyDeficit.xls

Turkey: Inflation and its Proximate Causes

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

Budget Deficit/GDP(%)Deficit/M2 lagged oneyearMoney (M2) growthrateInflation, consumerprices (annual %)

Turkey: RERs. From Central Bank of Turkey

Turkey: Inflation

during 2004Annual CPI and Target

                                                                                                  

2002 2003 2004 2005Target 35 20 12 8Realized 30 18 9 ?

Central Bank of Turkey

Privatization in Turkey, to Foreigners, 1989-2002

Source: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN018677.pdf

Also, more telecom, banks, airlines, tourism, iron and steel.Total =US$ 10 billion

Europeans Not Keen on Turkey’s EU BidSeptember 09, 2008

  Favour Oppose

France 20% 80% Germany 24% 76% Belgium 32% 68% Netherlands 33% 67% Britain 43% 57% Italy 44% 56% Spain 49% 51%

2008 Polling Data Do you personally favour or oppose Turkey’s accession into the European Union (EU)?

Source: Angus Reid Polling

Turkey: Population Growth RateTurkey: Population Growth Rate

0

1

2

3

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Perc

ent

Turkey: FertilityTurkey: Fertility

02468

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Child

ren/

Wom

an

Turkey: Infant MortalityTurkey: Infant Mortality

0

50

100

150

200

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Rate

per

thou

sand

Infant Mortality

Turkey: Illiteracy RatesTurkey: Illiteracy Rates

05

101520253035404550

1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Perc

enta

ge

Illiteracy rate, adulttotal (% of peopleages 15 and above)Illiteracy rate, youthtotal (% of peopleages 15-24)

Turkey: Primary EdTurkey: Primary Education

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Perc

enta

ge

Persistence to grade5, total (% of cohort)

Primary completionrate, total (% ofrelevant age group)

Turkey: Debt RatiosTurkey: Debt Service Ratios

0

10

20

30

40

50

1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

0

5

10

15

20

Total debt service (%of exports of goodsand services)

Total debt service (%of GNI)

Turkey: Land UseTurkey: Land Use

0

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

30000000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Hect

ares

Land use, arable land(hectares)

Land use, irrigatedland (hectares)

Turkey: Agricultural GDPTurkey: Agricultural GDP

10000000000

1E+11

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Log

Ag O

utpu

t

Turkey: G/GDPTurkey: G/GDP

02468

10121416

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Gov

't/G

DP

Turkey: DefenseTurkey: Defense

0

5

10

15

20

25

1985 1990 1995 2000

Year

Perc

enta

ge

Military expenditure(% of centralgovernmentexpenditure)

Military expenditure(% of GDP)

Turkey: Foreign AidTurkey: Foreign Aid

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.4

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Aid/

GNI

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Aid

per c

apita

($)

Aid (% of GNI)

Aid per capita(current US$)

Ottoman Empire, 1300-1683

Ottoman Empire 1798-1923

Ottoman Empire

Map of 19th Century Middle East

Map of MENA

Turkey: Two Estimates of Real Exchange Rates, 1995-2004

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160Ja

n-95

May

-95

Sep

-95

Jan-

96

May

-96

Sep

-96

Jan-

97

May

-97

Sep

-97

Jan-

98

May

-98

Sep

-98

Jan-

99

May

-99

Sep

-99

Jan-

00

May

-00

Sep

-00

Jan-

01

May

-01

Sep

-01

Jan-

02

May

-02

Sep

-02

Jan-

03

May

-03

Sep

-03

Jan-

04

May

-04

CPI Based Real Effective Exchange Rate (1995=100)

WPI Based Real Effective Exchange Rate (1995=100)

Source: Central Bank of Turkey

Articles on Turkey and the IMFTough love for Turkey Brett D Schaefer. The International Economy. Washington: May/Jun 2001.Vol.15, Iss. 3 The Turkish economic crisis is the first international economic challenge to confront the Bush administration. Turkey plays a pivotal role in advancing US policy goals in the Middle East, Europe and Eurasia. America therefore cannot neglect Turkey and should help it achieve economic stability.

TALKING TURKEY: Despite Its Problems, Turkish Military May Save Yilmaz Government to Thwart Islamist Victory Dorsey, James M.. The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. Washington: Sep 30, 1998.Vol.XVII, Iss. 6;  pg. 51 Against all odds, [Mesut Yilmaz] has persuaded Turkish business and finance circles -- accustomed to living with an annual inflation rate of 80 to 100 percent -- as well as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that he can reduce inflation to 20 percent by the end of next year. With no guarantee that he will remain in office that long and the specter of elections and increased political instability hanging over the country, that is no small feat.

Kenan Evren

1918-President 1982-89

General who came to power in1980, and won election in 1982

Bulent Ecevit

Born:1925 in Istanbul

P.M. 1974, 1978-80, 1998-2002Born into an intellectual family, Schooled in Istanbul, Britain and U.S.Described as a nationalist hostile toKurds. Invaded northern Cyprus.